1、T TRANSLATIONRANSLATION A APPRECIATIONPPRECIATIONBrief Brief IntroductionIntroductionContemporaryContemporary：嚴復：信、達、雅傅雷：神似論錢鐘書：化境論魯迅：寧信而不順-目的：引入英文句式的表達法梁實秋、趙景深：寧錯務順-目的：可讀性強，便于交流瞿秋白：信順統一林語堂：忠實、通順、美許淵沖：優勢競賽論辜正坤：多元互補論TRANSLATION THEORIES IN CHINAAncient:Ancient:三國支謙的“因循本旨，不加文飾”東晉釋道安的“五失本三不易”六朝鳩摩羅什的“依實

2、出華”隋代彥琮提出“八備說”唐朝玄奘的“五不翻”所謂“五失本”，通俗地說就是，將原典翻譯為漢語時，有五種情況易于失去原本的面貌(不僅僅是“失去原意)：（1）胡語和漢語的語序或語言結構不同，翻譯時要改變原文語序采用漢語語序，因而譯文失去了原典的語法結構特征。(2)原典的語言本是質樸無華，而中國人一向喜好文飾，所以漢譯時會因修飾而失去原文語言質樸的特點。(3)原典常有反覆重述的情形，翻譯時容易被隨意刪削，會失去原典的文本特點。(4)原典經文中，常附有解釋說明性的文字，漢譯時若被任意刪除，同樣會失去原典的文本特征。(5)佛經有自己獨特的語體，它在說完一事再接敘它事之時，常有重述前文的情形，漢譯時多省

3、略重覆的部分，所以會失去原文的語體特征。所謂“三不易”，即譯經的時候有三種不容易的情況：（1）佛經是依當時的情況而說的，而今時俗全然不同，要使經文變為今人可讀可懂的文章，不容易。(2)千年以上的圣賢所說的微言大義，要傳達給百世以下的今世凡夫所理解，不容易。(3)佛經是距佛世不久由大迦葉、阿難等具足神通的大阿羅漢結集而成，現在要由千年后的凡夫俗子來傳譯，不容易。”所謂“五不翻”，即五種不意譯而是用音譯的情形：1、秘密故不翻。具有神秘色彩的詞語應該不翻。如六字真言“唵嘛呢叭咪吽”意為“哦!蓮花里的珠寶”。不照字面意義翻譯出來，保持了佛語的神秘和莊重。2、含多義故不翻。如梵語“薄伽梵”一詞具有六種意

4、義：“自在、熾盛、端嚴、名稱、吉祥、尊貴”，這些詞無法找到等同的中文詞.3、無此故不翻。指源語所指代的事物在目的語文化中不存在或是找不到對應物，如“閻浮樹”。閻浮樹只產于印度等地， 在中國并無對應物，因此翻譯時只能保留原音。4、順古故不翻。對于某些詞語約定俗成的翻譯方法，應該不做更改。5,生善故不翻。具有特殊意義或功能的詞語也應該采用音譯， 因為有些詞匯用音譯能令人產生尊重之念，否則容易讓人忽視。例如梵文里“般若”的意思和智慧差不多，如果我們把“般若”翻譯成“智慧”就顯得過于輕淺。誠心愛法，志愿益人，不殫久時，其備一也； 誠心熱愛佛法，立志幫助別人，不怕費時長久。將踐覺場，先牢戒足，不染譏惡，

5、其備二也； 品行端正，忠實可信，不惹旁人譏疑。詮曉三藏，義貫兩乘，不苦暗滯，其備三也； 博覽經典，通達義旨，不存在暗昧疑難的問題。旁涉墳史，工綴典詞，不過魯拙，其備四也； 涉獵中國經史，兼擅文學，不要過于疏拙。襟抱平恕，器量虛融，不好專執，其備五也； 度量寬和，虛心求益，不可武斷固執。耽於道術，淡於名利，不欲官銜，其備六也； 愛道術，淡于名利，不想出風頭。要識梵言，乃閑正譯，不墜彼學，其備七也； 精通梵文，熟悉正確的翻譯方法，不失梵文所載的義理。薄閱蒼雅，粗諳篆隸，不昧此文，其備八也。 兼通中國訓詁之學，不使譯本文字欠準確。嚴復：信、達、雅嚴復在天演論（Evolution and Ethics

6、 and Other Essays）的譯例言里感嘆“譯事三難，信、達、雅”，此三字真言從此成為中國數代翻譯家遵從的翻譯標準，同時也開創了中國現當代翻譯理論的先河。就翻譯理論而言，信達雅中的“雅”字在翻譯學術界所引起的爭議最大。他引用孔子的“言之無文，行之不遠”來闡釋“雅”的重要性。他認為不能用“近世利俗文字”，“理之精者，不能載以粗獷之詞，而情之正者，不可達以鄙倍之氣”許淵沖：“美化之藝術、創優似競賽”烏夜啼 林花謝了春紅，太匆匆！無奈朝來寒雨晚來風。胭脂淚，留人醉，幾時重？自是人生常恨水常東。TUNE：“CROWS CRYING AT NIGHT”Springs rosy color fad

7、es from forest flowersToo soon，too soon.How can they bear cold morning showersAnd winds at noon？Your rouged tears like crimson rainWill keep me drink in woe.When shall we meet again？The stream of life with endless grief will overflow.辜正坤：多元互補論翻譯標準的千年難題絕對標準絕對標準即原作本身，要想絕對忠實，只有一字不譯，照搬原作；最高標準最高標準即抽象標準，可

8、以理論表述為最佳近似度，即譯文與原文在各個層面的最佳近似程度；具體標準具體標準即分類標準，它們各自具有特定功能而又互相補充。絕對標準是最高標準的標準，最高標準又是具體標準的標準。這樣一來，一元的絕對標準和最高標準與多元的具體標準之間形成強大的辯證張力，在理論和實踐兩個方面都成功地解決了翻譯標準的千年難題。TRANSLATION THEORIES IN THE WESTthe pre-linguistics period of translationthe pre-linguistics period of translation triad: literal faithful freeTran

9、slation Studies (since the second half of the Translation Studies (since the second half of the 2020thth century) century) James S. Holmes (霍姆斯) Van Doorslaer (道斯萊爾) TRANSLATION THEORIES IN THE WESTmeaning and equivalencemeaning and equivalence Eugene A. Nida (奈達）shiftshift Jean-Paul Vinay (維奈) &

10、;Jean Darbelnet (達貝爾內)functional theories of translationfunctional theories of translation Katharina Reiss (賴斯)discourse and register analysis approachesdiscourse and register analysis approaches M. A. K. Halliday（韓禮德）Systems theoriesSystems theories Gideon Toury (圖里) Cultural and ideological turns

11、Cultural and ideological turns Andre Lefevere (勒菲弗爾) & Susan Bassnett (巴斯奈特) linguisitc,within the textcultural,beyondthe textliteraryMarcus Tullius Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero (西塞羅）西塞羅）The Roman rhetorician and politician (10643 BCE )And I did not translate them as an interpreter, but as an o

12、rator, keeping the same ideas and forms, or as one might say, the figures of thought, but in language which conforms to our usage. And in so doing, I did not hold it necessary to render word for word, but I preserved the general style and force of the language. (Cicero 46 BCE /1960 CE : 364)St Jerom

13、e (St Jerome (圣哲羅姆）圣哲羅姆）the most famous of all western translators (347420 CE )Now I not only admit but freely announce that in translating from the Greek except of course in the case of the Holy Scripture, where even the syntax contains a mystery I render not word-for-word, but sense for sense. (St

14、 Jerome 395 CE /1997: 25)many modern theoreticians concur that the main problem with the writings on translation in this period was that the criteria for judgements were vague and subjective and that the judgements themselves were highly normative. As a reaction against such vagueness and contradict

15、ions, translation theory in the second half of the twentieth century made various attempts to redefine the concepts literal and free in operational terms, to describe meaning in scientific terms, and to put together systematic taxonomies of translation phenomena. Although it may have dated or needs

16、to be rewritten, the map is still often employed as a point of departure for its potential to incorporate developments in this field.TranslationTranslationlingual mode (interlingual, intralingual);media (printed, audiovisual, electronic);mode (covert/overt translation, direct/indirect translation, m

17、other tongue/other tongue translation, pseudo-translation, retranslation, self-translation, sight translation, etc.);field (political, journalistic, technical, literary, religious, scientific, commercial).Translation studiesTranslation studiesapproaches (e.g. cultural approach, linguistic approach);

18、theories (e.g. general translation theory, polysystem theory);research methods (e.g. descriptive, empirical);applied translation studies (criticism, didactics, institutional environment).Nida Nida The key terms were first discussed by Roman Jakobson in 1959.Formal equivalence: Formal equivalence: Fo

19、rmal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content . . . One is concerned that the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language. (Nida 1964a: 159)Dynamic equivalence: Dynamic equivalence: Dynamic, l

20、ater functional, equivalence is based on what Nida calls the principle of equivalent effect , where the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message. (Nida 1964a: 159).For NidaNida, the success of the

21、translation depends above all on achieving equivalent effect or response .Nida (1964a: 160) considers that give one another a hearty handshake all round quite naturally translates the early Christian greet one another with a holy kiss .Shift Shift Vinay and DarbelnetThe two general translation strat

22、egies identified by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995/2004: 12837) are direct translation direct translation and oblique oblique translation. translation. oblique translation means shift from SL to TL.ServitudeServitude refers to obligatory transpositions and modulations due to a difference between the two

23、language systems. Thus, a translator will normally have no choice. Option Option refers to non-obligatory changes that may be due to the translators own style and preferences, or to a change in emphasis. The choices of the translator intrigue the study of the translational stylistics translational s

24、tylistics and and the cognitive process of translationthe cognitive process of translationFunctional theories of translationFunctional theories of translationFunctional theories from Germany in the 1970smove away from linguistic typologies towards culture.Reiss Reiss (賴斯) stresses equivalence at tex

25、t level, linking functions to text types and translation strategy.Snell-HornbySnell-Hornby(斯內爾霍恩比）s integrated approach to textHolz-MnttriHolz-Mnttri(赫爾茲曼塔里) s theory of translatorial action: process involving a series of players.VermeerVermeer(弗米爾) s skopos theory: translation depends on the purpos

26、e of the TT.NordNord(諾德）s translation-oriented text analysis.Why there should only be three types of language function? E.g. Nord feels the need to add a fourth phatic phatic function covering language that establishes or maintains contact between the parties involved in the communication.Whether te

27、xt types and genres can be differentiated on the basis of the primary function? Co-existence of functions within the same ST and the use of the same ST for a variety of purposes are common.The translation method employed depends on far more than just text type. The translators own role and purpose,

28、as well as sociocultural pressures, also affect the kind of translation strategy that is adopted.Since the 1970s, Hallidays systemic functional Hallidays systemic functional grammargrammar has come to be used in translation analysis, which includes:HouseHouses model for the assessment of translation

29、 with Register analysis BakerBakers discourse and pragmatic analysis for practising translators.Hatim and Masons Hatim and Masons adding of pragmatic and discourse levels to Register analysis.PolysystemPolysystem theory theory by Itamar Even-Zohar in 1970s. dynamic hierarchydynamic hierarchyPrimary

30、when: Primary when: 1) 1) a young literature is being established, 2) 2) a literature is peripheral or weak, 3) 3) there is a vacuum in the literature of the .P Position and translation strategyosition and translation strategypolysystemsocialculturalliteralTranslated literaturehistoricalFor TouryToury (1995: 13), translations occupy a a position position in the social and literary systems of the target culture, an