1、 專題講解： 定語從句一. 知識疏理：1. 定語從句2. 先行詞3. 關系詞的用法：包括關系代詞與關系副詞二. 專題講解：一. 什么是定語從句？定語可以由形容詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、分詞、副詞、不定式以及介詞短語等來充當，也可以由一個句子來充當。定語從句用來修飾名詞、代詞或整個主句。充當定語功能的句子稱為定語從句。e.g: Tom is a hardworking student who always gets first in his class.湯姆是一個用功的學生，他在班里總是第一名。（修飾名詞student。）e.g: Football is played over 80 countri

2、es, which makes it popular.80多個國家都在踢足球，因此足球很流行。（修飾整個主句Football is played over 80 countries。）二. 先行詞與關系詞1. 什么是先行詞：被定語從句修飾的名詞、代詞稱為先行詞。e.g: Dont forget the book that I told you to bring.別忘了我讓你帶的書。（the book為先行詞。）2. 什么是關系詞： 引導定語從句的關聯(lián)詞為關系詞，分為關系代詞與關系副詞。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等，關系副詞在定語從句中作狀語。關系代詞有： that, whic

3、h, who, whom, whose關系副詞有：where, when, why, e.g: I will never forget the days when I stayed in New York.注意：關系詞一般緊跟在先行詞之后引導定語從句。定語從句總在被修飾的先行詞后面。在定語從句中，關系代詞起著代詞和連詞的作用，關系副詞起著副詞和連詞的作用。在定語從句中，關系詞代替先行詞，因此在定語從句中不能再重復作用相當于先行詞的詞。下面的句子是錯誤的：This is the right book that you are looking for the book.（應去掉the book。）

4、This is the right book that you are looking for it.（應去掉it。）常見的關系代詞指代對象代指人代指物既可指人也可指物主格who, thatwhich, that, that賓格whom, that所有格whosewhose常見的關系副詞指代對象先行詞關系副詞及相應介詞結構時間時間先行詞：day, year, date, timewhen, during which地點地點先行詞：the place, the city, Beijingwhere, in which, from which原因原因先行詞：the reasonwhy, that,

5、 for whiche.g: Our chemistry teacher is a man who/that can make his class lovely and interesting.我們的化學老師可以使他的課堂生動有趣。（who/ that在定語從句中作主語，代指人a man。）e.g: The books that/ which they bought were written by me.他們買的那些書是我寫的。（that/which 在定語從句中作賓語，代指物 the books。）e.g: Make marks in places where you have questi

6、ons.在你有問題的地方做出標記.（where為關系副詞，在定語從句中作地點狀語。）e.g: I still remember the time when we first met scores of years ago.我依然記得幾十年前我們第一次見面的情景。（when為關系副詞，在定語從句中作時間狀語。）重點：關系代詞選擇三步驟： 步驟一：首先找出先行詞。e.g: The book that/which you just laid on the top shelf is mine.你剛才放在高層書架上的書是我的。（the book是先行詞，指物。）步驟二：確定先行詞在從句中所作的成分。先行

7、詞the book在后面的定語從句中作laid的賓語，因此選擇指物的關系代詞which/that作賓語。步驟三：確定關系代詞的人稱和數(shù)。在此處由先行詞the book可知是第三人稱單數(shù)，如果關系代詞作主語，則從句的謂語動詞相應用單數(shù)。三。關系代詞的用法：常用關系代詞有who, whom, whose, that, which, 等。這些關系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。關系代詞主要起三種作用：代替先行詞、在定語從句中作成分、連接先行詞與定語從句。e.g: This is an old computer. It works much slower.這是一臺舊電腦。它工作起來速度較慢

8、。（普通代詞it代替an old computer。）This is an old computer which/that works much slower.這是一臺工作起來速度較慢的舊電腦。（關系代詞which/ that代替an old computer。）（1）who/whom的用法二者都用于指人。who在定語從句中作主語、賓語，whom在定語從句只作賓語。e.g: In this earthquake, the number of people who lost homes reached as many as 250 000.在這次地震中死亡的人數(shù)多達250 000。（who在定語

9、從句中作主語。）e.g: The man whom you met just now is my friend.你剛才見到的那個人是我的朋友。（whom在定語從句作賓語。）（2）whose的用法：whose一般指人，但有時也指物。在定語從句中作定語。e.g: Youre the only one whose advice he might listen to.只有你的建議他可能會聽。（whose在定語從句中作advice的定語。）Id like a room whose window looks out over the sea.我想要一個通過窗戶可以俯看大海的房間。（whose在從句中作wi

10、ndow的定語。）（3）which的用法：which一般指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語。e. g: Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多數(shù)男孩子喜歡的一項運動。（which在定語從句中作主語）e. g: This is the pen which he bought yesterday. 這是他昨天買的那支鋼筆。（which在定語從句中作賓語，可以省略）（4）that的用法: that指人或物，在從句中可作主語或賓語，還可作表語。作賓語或表語時可省略。指人時相當于who或whom,指物時相當于which.e. g: The

11、number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year is rising.每年來參觀這個城市的人的數(shù)量在增多。（that在定語從句中當主語）e. g: Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?我今天上午見到的那個人在哪兒？（that在定語從句作賓語）四關系副詞的用法: 常用的關系副詞有where, when, why, that等。這些關系副詞在定語從句中作狀語。（1）where的用法：在定語從句中作地點狀語，指代地點。此時常可用in which, on which, a

12、t which, to which等結構代替。e.g: Potato can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.（Potato can be grown in places in which it is too cold to grow rice.）有些太冷不能種稻米的地方，可以種馬鈴薯。（2）when的用法：在定語從句中作時間狀語，往往代指時間。此時常可用on which, in which, at which, during which等代替。e.g: I shall never forget the days whe

13、n we worked on the farm.（I shall never forget the days on which we worked on the farm.）我永遠也不會忘記我們在農場勞動的那些日子。（3）why的用法：why在定語從句中作原因狀語。可以用for which代替。why不可引導非限制性定語從句，此時可用for which代替。e.g: I have come around to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting.我來是為了向你解釋我當時沒到會的原因。（why在從句作原因狀語。）（4）that

14、的用法在表明方式、時間或地點的先行詞后面，常用that來代替in which，when或where，that也可省去。that在句中不作任何成分，只起到引導定語從句的作用，修飾的先行詞常為the way, the time, the day, the place等，此時也可換為其他相應的關系副詞。 表示方式時。that（=in which）常省略。此時不能用how引導定語從句，但把the way去掉之后。可直接用how引導方式狀語。e.g: Can you work out a way （that/ in which） we can solve this problem？你能找出一種我們可以解

15、決這個問題的方法嗎？（that在定語從句中不作成分。） 表示地點時，that（where介詞which）也可省略。e.g: I have never been to the places（that/ where/ in which） the Indians live.我從未到過那些印第安人居住的地方。（that在定語從句中不作成分。） 表示時間時，that（=when=介詞which）也可省略。e.g: I still remember the days （that/ when/on which） I helped my father on the farm.我仍然記得在農場上給我爸爸幫忙的日

16、子。（that在定語從句不作成分。） 另外，關系副詞that有時還可用來代替關系副詞why，表示原因。e.g:The reason that（=why）he lost his life was lack of medical care.他的死是由于缺乏醫(yī)療護理。注意：在下面這個句子中，不能用why，只能用which或that。 I dont want to hear any reason （that/ which） you might give.我不想聽你給出的任何理由。（在這個定語從句中，that/ which作定語從句中謂語動詞give的賓語。）五。定語從句中需要注意的問題1. what，

17、how不可引導定語從句 what本身是復合關系代詞，等同于“先行詞關系代詞（which/that）”。因此不能用what引導定語從句。e.g: Time is what we demand most.（=Time is all (that) we demand most.）我們所需要的就是時間。Tell me what is happening.（=Tell me something that is happening.）告訴我正在發(fā)生什么事。She isnt what she used to be.（=She isnt the one (that) she used to be.）她不是過去

18、的她了。 how為復合關系副詞。本身等同于the way in which，因此，不能用how引導定語從句。e.g:I dont like how you behave.（=I dont like the way (that/ in which) you behave.）我不喜歡你行事的方法。This is how I worked out this problem.（=This is the way (that/ in which) I worked out this problem.）這就是我解出這道題的方法。2關系代詞that和which的用法辨析that和which在定語從句中都可作主

19、語或賓語，指物。作賓語時，均可省略。通常情況下，二者可互換使用。但有時卻不宜隨便互換。 宜用that的情況1）當先行詞是all, much, little, few, something, anything, everything. none, nothing, some等不定代詞或被不定代詞修飾時。e.g: Have you taken down everything that Mr Li has said ?（李老師所說的話你都記下來了嗎？）e.g: There is little that I can do for you. （我?guī)缀醪荒転槟阕鋈魏问隆＃?） 先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時，只能用

20、thate.g: The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. （他們在倫敦參觀的第一站就是大笨鐘。）3） 先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時，只能用thate.g: This is the best film that I have seen. （這是我看過的最好的電影。）4）當先行詞有the only, the same, the very, 等詞修飾時。e.g: These articles are the very ones that should be read.(這些文章才是應該讀的。)Chatting was t

21、he only thing that interested her most. (聊天是她唯一感興趣的事。)5) 當主句是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句時。e.g: Who is the person that is standing at the gate？(站在門口的那個人是誰？)6）當先行詞有兩個或兩個以上，并且分別表示人和物時。e.g: She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in.(她把她所感興趣的人和物全拍攝了下來。)7) 當主句以here, there開頭時。e.g: Her

22、e is a hotel that youve been looking for.(這就是你一直在找的旅館。)There is a seat in the corner that is still not taken.(在角上還有一個空位。)六。典型例題分析：例題1Mr. Smith _ is smoking is looking for _ he lost yesterday.Awhom；whichBwho；whatCthat；whoDwhich；where例題2One of the most delicious drinks _ I like is orange juice.AwhichB

23、that CwhoseDwhom例題3We all like the story about the teacher _ happened in our school last week.A. whichBwho Cwhom Dwhat例題4. I know a place we can have a big meal.A. that B. where C. which D. what例題5. The designers helped us build the library are from the UK.A. which B. whom C. who D. whose例題6. There

24、are lots of things I need to prepare before the trip.A. who B. that C. whom D. whose例題7. People often like clothes can make then look young.A. what B. that C. who D. in which例題8. The little boy was wrapping the present would be sent to his teacher.A. who B. that C. what D. /例題9. -There are so many g

25、irls over there. Which one is your sister? -The one hat is yellow.A. who B. whose C. that D. which例題10. I shall never forget the day I spent with you.A. when B. that C. in which D. where七，專題練習：1. Nearly all the streets are in straight lines, _ from east to west. Those _ run from north to south are c

26、alled avenues.A. running; that B. run; who C. running; who D. run; that2. This is the case _ hes had all his money stolen.A. when B. where C. that D. on which3. Mr. Smith will pay a visit to Beijing this autumn, _ we will enjoy the Olympic Games in 2008. A. where B. when C. which D. how4. The artist

27、 will not paint people or animals but he will paint anything _ .A. that the little girl asks him B. the little girl asks him toC. for the little girl to ask him D. what the little girl asks him5. How did you get in touch with the travel agent, Robin?Oh, thats easy. I surfed the Internet and then cal

28、led one _ the telephone number is provided.A. which B. in which C. of which D. whose6. October 15 th is my birthday, _ I will never forget.A. when B. that C. what D. which7. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _ he can walk correctly and safely.A. when B. where C. which D

29、. whose8. There are several research centers in China _ a certain disease called Bird Flu is being studied.A. which B. where C. when D. what9. I hope that the little _ I have been able to do does good to them all.A. which B. what C. that D. when10. The time is not far away _ modern communications wi

30、ll become widespread in Chinas vast countryside.A. as B. when C. until D. before11. _ is known to everybody, Taiwan is a part of China. We must unify it.A. It B. As C. Which D. What12. I shall never forget the day _ Shen Zhou V was launched, _ has a great effect on my life.A. when, which B. that, which C. wh