1、第三講概要寫作李仕才?典例展示2021浙江高考樣題閱讀下面短文,根據其內容寫一篇60詞左右的內容概要.Gettingridofdirt,intheopinionofmostpeople,isagoodthing.However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenupthesk

2、inandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidtheKingofEnglandin1546.ThusbeganalongtimewhentherichandthepoorinEuropelivedwithdirtinafriendlyway.HenryIV,KingofFrance,wasfamouslydirty.Uponlearningthatanoblemanhadtakenabath,theK

3、ingorderedthat,toavoidtheattackofdisease,thenoblemanshouldnotgoout.Thoughthebeliefinthemerit好處ofdirtwaslonglived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversincethe18century.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Cleanwatersupplyandhandwashingarepracticalmeansofpreventingdisease.Ye

4、t,itseemsthatstandardsofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondsciencesinceWorldWarn.Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea:Clothesneedtobewhiterthanwhite,clothseversofter,surfacestoshine.Hasthehatefordirt,however,gonetoofar?Attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays.Manyfirsttimeparentsnervouslytrytowarntheirchildre

5、nofftouchingdirt,whichmightberesponsibleforthespreadofdisease.Onthecontrary,MaryRuebush,anAmericanimmunologist免疫學家,encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.Andthelatter后者positionisgainingsomeground.【參考范文】Peoplehavemixedopinionsaboutdirtonourskin.要點1Foralongtimeinhistory,peopleof

6、someEuropeancountriesbelievedthatdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.要1點2However,peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestowardsdirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentoldthatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.要點3Yet,somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.要點4?思路導航、審題體裁；議論文人稱第三人稱時態一般

7、現在時和一般過去時為主要點1 .第However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.是本篇文章的主題句,亮明了總的觀點.2 .第二段主要談論的是在16世紀,人們認為“dirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease.3 .第三段用“Though引出人們對dirt觀點的轉變.sincethe18thcentury.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth."4 .最后一段Onthecontrary引出專豕的觀點,免疫學豕認為dirt有助于增強免疫

8、系統.二、要點分析1 .文章第一段就是本篇文章的主題句,亮明了總的觀點："However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.換句話說："Differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsdirt.再結合下文談到的主題可知“Differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsdirtontheskin.范文中的要點1"Peoplehavemixedopinionstowardsdirtonourskin.概括非常精練.2 .第二段主要談到了在16世

9、紀,人們認為“dirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease"尤以英、法兩國的貴族為代表.結合第三段第一句"Thoughthebeliefinthemerit好處ofdirtwaslonglived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversincethe18century.可知,直到18世紀之前,人們都認為dirt是很“友好的,有助于預防疾病.范文中的要點2"ForalongtimeinhistorypeopleofsomeEuropeancountriesbelievedtha

10、tdirtprotectedpeoplefromgettingill.很好地總結了這些要點.3 .第三段用“Though引出人們對dirt觀點的轉變.sincethe18thcentury.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.再結合本段最后一局部"Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea.可得出要點3"However,peoplebegantochangetheirattitudestowardsdirtabout200yearsago.Peoplehavebeentold

11、thatwashingdirtoffourbodycankeepushealthy.4 .文章最后一段第一句指出,現在人們對于dirt的態度還是有所不同,"Onthecontrary引出專家的觀點,一位免疫學家認為dirt有助于增強免疫系統.這一觀點得到了一些支持.范文中的要點4"Yet,somescientistsbelievethatexposuretosomedirtmayhelpourimmunesystem.表達很恰切.三、要點連接在寫完了要點之后,下一步的工作就是要把這些要點用適當的連接詞進行連接,使上下句之間具有連貫性.本篇文章整篇結構是總分結構,要點2和要點

12、3在觀點上截然相反,因此,兩者之間需要表示轉折的連接詞,范文用了“However'恰到好處.要點3和要點4在觀點上又存在不同,因此,范文用了連接詞“Yet.?技法提導一、必備水平概要寫作是基于閱讀理解和書面表達的有機結合體,是閱讀理解和書面表達的溝通橋梁.這一題型主要考查學生對文章主旨大意的概括和準確獲取關鍵詞的水平,同時考查學生用簡潔的語言概括文章重要信息的水平以及對文章整體結構的把握水平.因此考生必須具備以下三種水平：1 .要具有準確理解文章的水平要看清楚文章的結構,設法反映出原文中的所有要點和作者的觀點.2 .要具有意義篩選的水平學會區分事實和觀點、重要和次要、普遍與特殊、相關與

13、不相關、原因和結果等復雜的邏輯關系.3 .要具有用英文解釋英文的水平用自己簡單的語言解釋比擬復雜的語言文字,切記不可抄襲原文.二、寫作步驟1 .閱讀全文首先要通讀全文,對文章的體裁和大意有所了解.閱讀時要快速地找到主題句,以便抓住中心,理解全文.考生還需要根據文章內容列出一個簡單的提綱,以便在寫作過程中不會遺漏要點,總結全面.2 .寫出初稿在寫作過程中,考生要注意詞數要求,使用精煉的句子概括文章的要點,可以引用所給閱讀材料的重要詞語,但不可過多,否那么便失去了概要的意義；考生還需謹記：概要必須全面、清楚地表達所給閱讀材料的信息,客觀、準確地反映所給閱讀材料的真實意圖,不可隨意添加或增減內容.3

14、 .修正定稿初稿完成后,要將其與所給閱讀材料核對一遍,看原材料中的要點是否在概要中都得到了體現,語句間的銜接是否符合邏輯,同時還需要檢查句子是否有錯誤,時態和語態的使用是否正確,標點、格式、大小寫是否有誤等.通過細致的修正與調整,力爭使文章在各個方面都萬無失.三、應試技巧1 .議論文議論文類型的文章通常包括論點、論據和結論三局部,其關鍵是找出主題句或結論句.因此寫議論文的概要主要是找出主題句、支撐句和結論句.假設文中有一分為二的觀點的,兩種觀點都要概括,不要漏掉其中一方的觀點.概要模板：論點+論據+結論.議論文可用以下開頭語：Thepassage/authorarguesthat.本文/作者主

15、張Thepassage/authorhighlightstheimportanceof.本文/作者強調了的重要性.Thepassage/authordiscussestheimpactof.本文/作者討論了的影響.Thepassage/authorcompares.with.本文/作者比擬了與2 .說明文此類文章通常會有中央句多在首段,寫概要時要注意找出中央句,抓住關鍵詞,然后重組文章的信息,用自己的話表述出來.不同類型的說明文的幾種參考模板：1描寫某事物的性質功用.即“對象+性質功用+利好：Inthepassagethewriterintroduces.對象tous.性質或功用對象帶來的利好

16、(2)針對某個問題提出解決方法或舉措.即“問題+解決方法：Thepassagetellsus.(問題)(方法1)(方法2)(方法3)(3)介紹某現象及其原因和結果.即“現象+原因+結果：Theauthor/writersaid/talksabout.(現象)(原因/本質1)(原因/本質2)(結果)說明文可用以下開頭語：CDAccordingtothepassage,wecanknow.根據文章我們可知 Thispassage/articleismainlyabout.這篇文章主要是關于 Inthepassage,thewriter/authormainlytellsus.在這篇文章中作者主要告

17、訴我們Anewstudyfound.一個新的研究發現Thepurposeofthereportistoshow.這一報告的目的是說明3.記敘文記敘文的概要,一般包括記敘文的六個要素：找出時間(when),地點(where),什么人(who),做了什么事(what),原因是什么(why),結果怎么樣(how),也就是考生應先通讀閱讀短文,找出這六個要素,然后用自己的話將這六個要素串成幾句話即可.當然,不一定每篇記敘文都包含這六個要素,但某人做了某事,結果如何是應當包括的.如果是夾敘夾議的文章,作者對故事的內容發表了議論,或指出了故事給人們的啟示的,我們概括時要加上這一內容.因此,概要中一般應包括

18、：(1)誰做了什么(whodidwhat)(2)結果怎么樣(whatwastheresult)(3)文章揭示了什么(包括作者的看法、觀點、感悟,或寫作目的.假設原文沒有提及,概括時可以不寫)記敘文可用以下開頭語：Thepassage/storyismainlyabout.本文/這個故事主要是關于Theauthortellsusastoryabout.作者告訴我們一個關于的故事Thepassageisastoryabout.本文是一個關于的故事Accordingtothepassage,weknow.根據短文,我們知道四、概要寫作四項原那么1 .概要寫作時,一定要使用第三人稱.2 .概要寫作時,

19、一定不可參加自己的觀點.3 .概要寫作時,一定不可對原文內容加以評論.4 .概要寫作時,一定不要引入與原文內容無關的信息.?實戰演練?閱讀下面短文,根據其內容寫一篇60詞左右的內容概要.Areyoushy?Ifyouare,youarenotalone.Infact,closeto50percentofpeopleareshy.Almost80percentofpeoplefeelshyatsomepointintheirlives.Thesedays,shynessisbecomingmoreandmorecommon.Now,scientistsaretryingtounderstands

20、hyness.Theyhavesomeinterestingideasaboutwhypeopleareshy.Isitpossibletobebornshy?Manyscientistssayyes.Theysay15to20percentofbabiesbehaveshyly.Thesebabiesarealittlequieterandmorewatchfulthanotherbabies.Interestingly,theseshybabiesusuallyhaveshyparents.Asaresult,scientiststhinkthatsomeshynessisgenetic.

21、Familysizemightcausepeopletobeshyaswell.ScientistsatHarvardUniversitystudiedshychildren.Theyfoundthat66percentofthemhadolderbrothersandsisters.Asaresult,theybecameshy.Atthesametime,childrenwithnobrothersandsistersmaybeshyaswell.Growingupalone,theyoftenplaybythemselves.Theyarenotabletolearnthesamesoc

22、ialskillsaschildrenfrombigfamilies.Youmayalsobeshybecauseofwhereyouwereborn.Whenscientistsstudiedshynessindifferentcountries,theyfoundsurprisingdifferences.InJapan,mostpeoplesaidtheywereshy.ButinIsrael,onlyoneofthreepeoplesaidso.Whatexplainsthedifference?OnescientistsaystheJapaneseandIsraelishavedif

23、ferentopinionsoffailure.InJapan,whenpeopledonotsucceed,theyfeelbadaboutthemselves.Theyblamethemselvesfortheirfailure.InIsrael,theoppositeistrue.Israelisoftenblamefailureonoutsidereasons,suchasfamily,teachers,friends,orbadluck.InIsrael,freedomofopinionandrisktakingarestronglysupported.ThismaybewhyIsr

24、aelisworrylessaboutfailureandarelessshy.Forshypeople,itcanbedifficulttomakefriends,speakinclass,andevengetagoodjob.Butscientistssayyoucangetoveryourshyness.Theysuggesttryingnewtheonlyone.thingsandpracticingconversation.Anddontforget-ifyouareshy,youarenot【寫作指導】本文是一篇說明文.這篇文章的主題段是第一段,主要告訴人們害羞是一種普遍的現象.因

25、此,在概括時要把文章主題段的中央詞shy,commonwhy用自己的話概括出來.為了防止雷同,用自己的話概括時要注意同義詞的轉換,如原文中的why可用thereason轉述.其次,還應注意不能遺漏要點,即害羞的原因,不同國家間的原因是不一樣的以及專家給出的克服害羞的建議等.最后,注意詞數在60詞左右,恰當使用過渡詞與亮點句型,以使行文連貫.【參考范文】Shynessiscommonandsomereasonsmayaccountforitaccordingtoscientists.要點1Theythinkshynessmaycomefromgenetics,familysizeandbirth

26、place.要點2Forinstance,youngerchildrenortheonlychildaremorelikelytobeshy.要點3IsraelisarelessshythanJapanesebecauseoftheirdifferentattitudestowardsfailure.要點4Tohelppeoplesufferingfromshyness,scientistsalsogivesomeusefulsuggestions.要點5?閱讀下面短文,根據其內容寫一篇60詞左右的內容概要.Wevereachedastrangesomewouldsayunusualpoint

27、.WhilefightingworldhungercontinuestobethematterofvitalimportanceaccordingtoarecentreportfromtheWorldHealthOrganizationWHO,morepeoplenowdiefrombeingoverweightthanfrombeingunderweight.It'sthegoodlifethat'smorelikelytokillusthesedays.Worse,nearly18millionchildrenundertheageoffivearoundtheworlda

28、reestimatedtobeoverweight.Whatsgoingon?Wereallydonthavemanyexcusesforourweightproblems.Thedangersoftheproblemhavebeendrilledintousbypublichealthcampaignssince2001andthemessageisgettingthroughuptoapoint.Inthe1970s,Finland,forexample,hadthehighestrateofheartdiseaseintheworldandbeingoverweightwasitsmai

29、ncause.Notanymore.Apublichealthcampaignhasgreatlyreducedthenumberofheartdiseasedeathsby80percentoverthepastthreedecades.MaybethatexplainswhythepercentageofpeopleinFinlandtakingdietpillsdoubledbetween2001and2005,anddoctorsevenoffersurgeryofremovingfatinsideandchangetheshapeofthebody.Nowonderitranksastheworld'smostbodyconsciouscountry.Weknowwhatweshouldbedoingto