1、英語常見的修辭格Figuresofspeech（修辭）arewaysofmakingourlanguagefigurative.Whenweusewordsinotherthantheirordinaryorliteralsensetolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreatesuggestiveimagery,wearesaidtobespeakingorwritingfiguratively.Nowwearegoingtotalkaboutsomecommonformsoffiguresofspeech.1） Simile：（明喻）Itisa

2、figureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristic（特性）incommon.Tomakethecomparison,wordslikeas,as.as,asifandlikeareusedtotransferthequalityweassociatewithonetotheother.Forexample,Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.2） Metaphor：（暗喻）It

3、islikeasimile,alsomakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelements,butunlikeasimile,thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Forexample,theworldisastage.3） Analogy:（類比）Itisalsoaformofcomparison,butunlikesimileormetaphorwhichusuallyusescomparisonononepointofresemblance,analogydrawsaparallelbetweentwounlikethi

4、ngsthathaveseveralcommonqualitiesorpointsofresemblance.4） Personification:（擬人）Itgiveshumanformoffeelingstoanimals,orlifeandpersonalattributes（賦予）toinanimate（無生命的）objects,ortoideasandabstractions（抽象）.Forexample,thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.5） Hyperbole:（夸張）Itisthedeliberateuseofoverstatementorexagg

5、erationtoachieveemphasis.Forinstance,healmostdiedlaughing.6） Understatement:（含蓄陳述）Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofemphasizingafactbydeliberately（故意地）understatingit,impressingthelistenerorthereadermorebywhatismerelyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.Forinstance,Iti

6、snolaughingmatter.7） Euphemism:（委婉）Itisthesubstitutionofanagreeableorinoffensive（無冒犯）expressionforonethatmayoffendorsuggestsomethingunpleasant.Forinstance,wereferto"die"as"passaway".8） Metonymy（轉(zhuǎn)喻）Itisafigureofspeechthathastodowiththesubstitutionofthemaneofonethingforthatofanothe

7、r.Forinstance,thepen（words）ismightierthanthesword（forces）.9） Synecdoche（提喻）Itisinvolvesthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.Forinstance,theysaythere'sbreadandworkforall.Shewasdressedinsilks.10） Antonomasia（換喻）Ithasalsotodowithsubstitution.Itisnotoftenmentionednow,thoughitisst

8、illinfrequentuse.Forexample,Solomonforawiseman.Danielforawiseandfairjudge.Judasforatraitor.11） Pun:（雙關(guān)語）Itisaplayonwords,orratheraplayontheformandmeaningofwords.Forinstance,acannon-balltookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.（Here"arms"hastwomeanings:aperson'sbody;weaponscarriedbyasoldier.）

9、12） Syllepsis:（一語雙敘）Ithastwoconnotations.Inthefirstcase,itisafigurebywhichaword,oraparticularformorinflectionofaword,referstotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,whileproperlyapplyingtooragreeingwithonlyonofthemingrammarorsyntax（句法）.Forexample,Headdressedyouandme,anddesiredustofollowhim.（Hereusisusedtore

10、fertoyouandme.）Inthesecondcase,itawordmayrefertotwoormorewordsinthesamesentence.Forexample,whilehewasfighting,andlosinglimbandmind,anddying,othersstayedbehindtopursueeducationandcareer.（Heretolosingone'slimbsinliteral;toloseone'smindisfigurative,andmeanstogomad.）13） Zeugma:（軻式搭配）Itisasinglew

11、ordwhichismadetomodifyortogoverntwoormorewordsinthesamesentence,witherproperlyapplyinginsensetoonlyoneofthem,orapplyingtothemindifferentsenses.Forexample,Thesunshallnotburnyoubyday,northemoonbynight.（Herenoonisnotstrongenoughtoburn）14） Irony:（反語）Itisafigureofspeechthatachievesemphasisbysayingtheoppo

12、siteofwhatismeant,theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense.Forinstance,wearelucky,whatyousaidmakesmefeelrealgood.15） Innuendo:（暗諷）Itisamildformofirony,hintinginaratherroundabout（曲折）wayatsomethingdisparaging（不一致）oruncomplimentary（不贊美）tothepersonorsubjectmentioned.Forexample,thewe

13、athermansaiditwouldbeworm.Hemusttakehisreadingsinabathroom.16） Sarcasm:（諷刺）ItSarcasmisastrongformofirony.Itattacksinatauntingandbittermanner,anditsaimistodisparage,ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.Forexample,lawsarelikecobwebs,whichmaycatchsmallflies,butletwaspsbreakthrough.17） Parado

14、x:（似非而是的雋語）Itisafigureofspeechconsistingofastatementorpropositionwhichonthefaceofitseemsself-contradictory,absurdorcontrarytoestablishedfactorpractice,butwhichonfurtherthinkingandstudymayprovetobetrue,well-founded,andeventocontainasuccinctpoint.Forexamplemorehaste,lessspeed.18） Oxymoron:（矛盾修飾）Itisac

15、ompressedparadox,formedbytheconjoining（結(jié)合）oftwocontrasting,contradictoryorincongruous（不協(xié)'調(diào)）termsasinbitter-sweetmemories,orderlychaos（混舌L）andproudhumility（侮辱）.19） Antithesis:（對(duì)照）Itisthedeliberatearrangementofcontrastingwordsorideasinbalancedstructuralformstoachieveemphasis.Forexample,speechissil

16、ver;silenceisgolden.20） Epigram:（警句）Itstatesasimpletruthpithily（有禾U地）andpungently（強(qiáng)烈地）.Itisusuallyterseandarousesinterestandsurprisebyitsdeepinsightintocertainaspectsofhumanbehaviororfeeling.Forinstance,Few,savethepoor,feelforthepoor.21） Climax:（漸進(jìn)）ItisderivedfromtheGreekwordfor"ladder"and

17、impliestheprogressionofthoughtatauniformoralmostuniformrateofsignificanceorintensity,likethestepsofaladderascendingevenly.Forexample,Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.22） Anti-climaxorbathos:（突降）ItistheoppositeofClimax.Itinvolvesstatingone'sthoughtsinadescendingorderofsignificanceorintensity,fromstrongtowea

18、k,fromweightytolightorfrivolous.Forinstance,Butthousandsdie,withoutorthisorthat,die,andendow（賦予）acollege,oracat.23） Apostrophe:（頓呼）Inthisfigureofspeech,athing,place,ideaorperson（deadorabsent）isaddressedasifpresent,listeningandunderstandingwhatisbeingsaid.Forinstance,England!awake!awake!awake!24） Tra

19、nsferredEpithet:（轉(zhuǎn)類形容詞）Itisafigureofspeechwhereanepithet（anadjectiveordescriptivephrase）istransferredfromthenounitshouldrightlymodify（修飾）toanothertowhichitdoesnotreallyapplyorbelong.Forinstance,Ispentsleeplessnightsonmyproject.25） Alliteration:（頭韻）Ithastodowiththesoundratherthanthesenseofwordsforeff

20、ect.Itisadevicethatrepeatsthesamesoundatfrequentintervals（間隔）andsincethesoundrepeatedisusuallytheinitialconsonantsound,itisalsocalled"frontrhyme".Forinstance,thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,thefurrowfollowedfree.26） Onomatopoeia:（擬聲）Itisadevicethatuseswordswhichimitatethesoundsmadebyano

21、bject（animateorinanimate）,orwhichareassociatedwithorsuggestive（提示的）ofsomeactionormovement.英語修辭大全，英語作文常用修辭手法1 .比喻（metaphor）比喻就是打比方。可分為明喻和暗喻：明喻（simile）：Afigureofspeechinwhichtwoessentiallyunlikethingsarecompared.明喻：一種修辭手法，把兩種基本不相像的東西進(jìn)行比較用like,as,as.as,asif（though）或用其他詞語指出兩個(gè)不同事物的相似之處。例如：“Howlikethewint

22、erhathmyabsencebeen"or"Soareyoutomythoughtsasfoodtolife（Shakespeare）.如“我的離開好象是冬天來臨”或“你對(duì)我的思想就象食物對(duì)于生命一樣重要”（莎士比亞）Omylove'slikeared,redrose.我的愛人像一朵紅紅的玫瑰花。Themancan'tbetrusted.Heisasslipperyasaneel.那個(gè)人不可信賴。他像鰻魚一樣狡猾。Hejumpedasifhehadbeenstung.他像被裝了似的跳了起來。Childhoodislikeaswiftlypassingdre

23、am.童年就像一場疾逝的夢(mèng)。暗喻（metaphor）：縮寫met.,metaph.Afigureofspeechinwhichawordorphrasethatordinarilydesignatesonethingisusedtodesignateanother,thusmakinganimplicitcomparison.用一個(gè)詞來指代與該詞所指事物有相似特點(diǎn)的另外一個(gè)事物。例如：Hehasaheartofstone.他有一顆鐵石心腸。Theworldisastage.世界是一個(gè)大舞臺(tái)。“aseaoftroubles"憂愁之海"“Alltheworld'sast

24、age”（Shakes陽0啕世界一臺(tái)戲”（莎士比亞）2 .換喻（metonymy）用某一事物的名稱代替另外一個(gè)與它關(guān)系密切的事物的名稱，只要一提到其中一種事物，就會(huì)使人聯(lián)想到另一種。比如用theWhiteHouse代替美國政府或者總統(tǒng)，用thebottle來代替wine或者alcohol,用thebar來代替thelegalprofession,用crown代替king等。例如：Hispursewouldnotallowhimthatluxury.他的經(jīng)濟(jì)條件不允許他享受那種奢華。Themotherdidherbesttotakecareofthecradle.母親盡最大努力照看孩子。Hesu

25、cceededtothecrownin1848.他在1848年繼承了王位。比喻一定要用一種事物比方另一種事物，無論明喻、隱喻和轉(zhuǎn)喻都是如此。轉(zhuǎn)喻雖然表面上只剩下喻體事物，省去了本體事物，但仍然是兩種事物相比。然而借代只有一種事物，不過沒說出該事物原來的名稱，另外借用一個(gè)名稱來代替它。修辭中這種“換一個(gè)名稱”的辦法，就是借代。替代的方式可以是人、物互代，部分和全體互代，單數(shù)代復(fù)數(shù)，描象代替具體或具體代替抽象等。如（1） Theriveriscrowdedwithmasts.河中帆橘林立（用船的一部分橘mast代替船boat本身）。（2） OursecondyearweattackedHomer.

26、第二年我們攻讀荷馬的作品（以人Homer代替其作品）。使用借代修辭方式要選用最突出最明顯的事物特征來代替事物名稱。借代運(yùn)用得好，能使語言表達(dá)簡潔明快、具體、形象，以避免重復(fù)、累贅，并給人以新鮮感。3 .舉隅，提喻（synecdoche）以局部代表整體（如用手代表水手），以整體代表局部（如用法律代表警官），以特殊代表一般（如用直柄剃刀代表殺人者），以一般代表特殊（如用賊代表扒手）,或用原材料代表用該材料制造的東西（如用鋼代表劍）例如：Heearnshisbreadbywriting.他靠寫作掙錢謀生。Thefarmswereshortofhandsduringtheharvestseason.在

27、收獲季節(jié)里農(nóng)場缺乏勞動(dòng)力。AustraliabeatCanadaatcricket.澳大利亞隊(duì)在板球比賽中擊敗了加拿大隊(duì)。HeistheNewtonofthiscentury.他是這個(gè)世紀(jì)的牛頓。4 .擬人(personification)擬人，人格化：給無生命的東西或者抽象的東西賦予人的個(gè)性或繪以人的形象，把事物或者概念當(dāng)作人或者具備人的品質(zhì)的寫法。例如：Hungersatshiveringontheroad饑餓站在路上顫抖Flowersdancedaboutthelawn花兒在草地上翩翩起舞Myheartwassinging.我的心在歌唱。Thistimefatewassmilingtoh

28、im.這一次命運(yùn)朝他微笑了。Theflowersnoddedtoherwhileshepassed.當(dāng)她經(jīng)過的時(shí)候花兒向她點(diǎn)頭致意。Thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.風(fēng)穿過樹叢，樹葉嘩嘩作響。5 .委婉(euphemism)用溫和的、間接的詞語代替生硬的、粗俗的詞語，以免直接說出不愉快的事實(shí)冒犯別人或者造成令人窘迫、沮喪的局面。例如：用tofallasleep;toceasethinking;topassaway;togotoheaven;toleaveus代替todie用seniorcitizens代替oldpeople用aslowlearner或者anunder

29、achiever代替astupidpupil用weightwatcher代替fatpeople用mentalhospital代替madhouse或者asylum用emotionallydisturbed代替mad用washroom,men's/women'sroom代替lavatory用handicapped代替crippled用lowincomebrackets;underprivileged;disadvantaged代替poorpeople6 .雙關(guān)(pun)用同音異義或者一詞二義來達(dá)到詼諧幽默的效果：表面上是一個(gè)意思，而實(shí)際上卻暗含另一個(gè)意思，這種暗含的意思才是句子真正

30、的目的所在。例如：Acannonballtookoffhislegs,sohelaiddownhisarms.(arms可指手臂或者武器)一發(fā)炮彈打斷了他的腿，所以他繳械投降了。“CanItryonthatgowninthewindow?”askedawould-becustomer.“Certainlynot,madam!"repliedthesalesman.我可以試穿一下櫥窗里的那件睡袍嗎？或者：我可以在櫥窗里試穿那件睡袍嗎？Sevendayswithoutwatermakeoneweak(week).七天沒有水使個(gè)人虛弱。或者：七天沒有水就是一周沒有水。7 .反語(irony

31、)使用與真正意義相反的詞，正話反說或者反話正說，從對(duì)立的角度運(yùn)用詞義來產(chǎn)生特殊的效果。對(duì)于我們讀者，更重要的還是從上下文來體會(huì)。例如：a. Whatanobleillustrationofthetenderlawsofhisfavouredcountry!-theyletthepaupersgotosleep!(Dickens)作者用noble,tender和favoured來諷刺當(dāng)時(shí)的英國法律，說明窮人只有失業(yè)和睡覺的權(quán)利。b. Hewasmyfriends,faithfulandjusttome:ButBrutussayshewasambitious;AndBrutusisanHONOUR

32、ABLEman.8 .矛盾修飾(oxymoron)把相互矛盾的兩個(gè)詞用在一起的修辭方法。它利用詞義表面的相互矛盾使表層的不和諧統(tǒng)一在思想內(nèi)容的深層，從而揭示事物對(duì)立統(tǒng)一的本質(zhì)特征，達(dá)到加深印象的目的。例如：deafeningsilence震耳欲聾的沉默amournfuloptimist.悲傷的樂觀Shereadthelong-awaitedletterwithatearfulsmile.她帶著含淚的微笑讀那封盼望已久的信。Thecoachhadtobecrueltobekindtohistrainees.教練為了對(duì)他的受訓(xùn)者仁慈就要對(duì)他們殘酷。Duringhisusefullifeheofte

33、nfelthewasuseless.在他大有作為的一生中他老是感到自己無用。其他還有sweetpain;thunderoussilence;luxuriouspoverty;heavylightness;livingdeath;impossiblehope等等。9 .Syllepsis指運(yùn)用一個(gè)詞同時(shí)和兩個(gè)(以上)的詞搭配，由此產(chǎn)生兩種(以上)迥異的搭配意義。有時(shí)一些平常的詞也能組成妙趣橫生的例子。如：a. Thesenatorpickeduphishatandhiscourage.b. Hehaltedinthedistrictwherebynightarefoundthelightests

34、treet,hearts,vowsandlibrettos.(O.Henry)他在市區(qū)停下。一入夜，那兒就會(huì)有最明亮的街道，最愉快的心靈，最易出口的實(shí)驗(yàn)和最輕松悅耳的歌曲。注：這里lightest修飾了street,hearts,vows和librettos四個(gè)賓語，但翻譯成漢語是我們要注意賦予不同的意思。c. Hepossessedtwofaulseteethandasympathetisheart.d. Helostthegameandhistemper.10 .腕式搭配(zeugma)把適用于某一事物的詞語順勢(shì)用到另外一事物上的方法。在同一個(gè)句子里一個(gè)詞可以修飾或者控制兩個(gè)或更多的詞，它

35、可以使語言活潑，富有幽默感。例如：Sheopenedthedoorandherhearttothehomelessboy.她對(duì)那無家可歸的男孩打開了房,也敞開了胸懷。AsIlefthomeafterbreakfast,Ishiveredinwardlyaswellasoutwardly.早餐之后我離開家的時(shí)候，我的里里外外都在顫抖。Iwouldmyhorsehadthespeedofyourtongue.我希望我的馬能有你的舌頭的速度。11 .移位修飾(transferredepithet)將本應(yīng)該用來修飾某一類名詞的修飾語用來修飾另一類名詞。例如：Therewasashort,thought

36、fulsilence.出現(xiàn)了一陣短暫的、令人沉思的寂靜。Theoldmanputareassuringhandonmyshoulder.老人把一只令人安心的手放在我的肩膀上。Heclosedhisbusylifeattheageofsixty.在六十歲時(shí)他結(jié)束了他那忙碌的一生。Thisisthecheapestmarketinthiscountry.這是這個(gè)國家最便宜的市場了。12 .頭韻(alliteration)兩個(gè)或者更多的詞以相同的音韻或者字母開頭就構(gòu)成頭韻。例如：proudasapeacockblindasabatsafeandsound“onscrollsofsilversnowy

37、sentences”(HartCrane)“寫滿銀色雪般句子的卷軸上”(哈特克蘭)LongandloudlylittleLilylaughed.小莉莉長時(shí)間地、大聲地笑著。Thewindowswavedviolentlyinthewind.窗戶在風(fēng)中劇烈地?fù)u動(dòng)。Thesunsankslowly.太陽慢慢地下沉。13 .漸進(jìn)(climax&Anticlimax)根據(jù)事物的邏輯關(guān)系，由小到大，由輕到重，由淺到深，由低到高，由少到多依次漸進(jìn)地進(jìn)行描述或論述。這種整齊的結(jié)構(gòu)可以使人們的思想認(rèn)識(shí)一層層深化提高，增強(qiáng)語言的感染力和說服力。例如：Icame;Isaw;Iconquer.我來了；我看到

38、了；我征服。Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.讀書使人充實(shí)；交談使人機(jī)智；寫作使人精確。Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.書有可淺嘗者，有可吞咽者，更有少數(shù)須消化咀嚼者。Lincolnrecognizedworthinthecommonpeople;helovedthecommonpeople;hefoughtforthecommonpeople;andhediedforthecommon

39、people.林肯認(rèn)識(shí)至U平民大眾的價(jià)值；他熱愛平民大眾；他為平民大眾而斗爭；他為平民大眾而獻(xiàn)身。相反，逐層遞減的修辭法叫做Anticlimax-突降法或漸降法。這種手法通常起到幽默的作用，如Thedutiesofasoldieraretoprotecthiscountryandpeelpotatoes.注：從“保衛(wèi)祖國”到“剝土豆皮”，起到喜劇效果。14 .HyperbatonorInversion倒裝Afigureofspeech,suchasanastropheorhysteronproteron,usingdeviationfromnormalorlogicalwordordertop

40、roduceaneffect.倒裝，倒置法：一種象倒裝法或逆序法的修辭方法，使用與正常或邏輯的語序相偏離的方法，從而產(chǎn)生一種效果E.g:Thencometheclimaxofthetrial.15 .Repetitive重復(fù)E.g:Fromthisnothingwillturnus,nothing.16 .Symbol象征Somethingthatrepresentssomethingelsebyassociation,resemblance,orconvention,especiallyamaterialobjectusedtorepresentsomethinginvisible.象征，標(biāo)

41、志：通過聯(lián)系、類似或傳統(tǒng)來代表其它事物的某件東西，尤指代表抽象東西的實(shí)體17 .Antithesis對(duì)偶Afigureofspeechinwhichsharplycontrastingideasarejuxtaposedinabalancedorparallelphraseorgrammaticalstructure,asin對(duì)偶：一種將強(qiáng)烈對(duì)立的想法并列于穩(wěn)定、對(duì)等的短語或語法結(jié)構(gòu)中的修辭方法，如在：“HeeforGodonly,sheeforGodinhim”(JohnMilton)“他只為上帝，她則為他心中的上帝”(約翰米爾頓)18 .Hyperbole夸張Afigureofspeech

42、inwhichexaggerationisusedforemphasisoreffect夸張法：一種比喻，使用夸張來強(qiáng)調(diào)或產(chǎn)生某種效果，比如：Icouldsleepforayear我能睡年Thisbookweighsaton.這書有一噸重Effectivehyperbole,however,ismorethanjusttoemphasizesomethinginexaggeratedterms.Inthehandsofexperiencedwritersitcanbeusedtoachievevariousliteraryeffects:tointensifyemotion,toelevate

43、oridealizepersonsoreventstoheroicstatus,ortopolefunatorridicule.1. Belindasmiled,andalltheworldwasgay.(AlexanderPope)2. Forshewasbeautiful-herbeautymadethebrightworlddim,andeverythingbesideseemedlikethefleetingimageofashade.(P.B.Shelley)3. Theysaid,whenhestooduptospeak,starsandstripescamerightoutint

44、heskyandoncehespokeagainstariverandmadeitsinkintotheground.Yetforthosewhouseexaggerationfrequently,themoderationintheuseofexaggerationseemstobetheruletofollow.把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或縮小，就叫夸張，即采用“言過其實(shí)”的說法，使事物的本質(zhì)特征更好地呈現(xiàn)出來。夸張的功能是突出事物的本質(zhì)特征，因而給人強(qiáng)烈印象或警悟、啟發(fā)。如：(1) Theoldmanlivedayearinaminute.老人度日如年。(2) Thewretchedm

45、anbecamefamousovernight.這可憐人竟一夜之間出了名。19 .RhetoricalQuestion反問Aquestiontowhichnoanswerisexpected,oftenusedforrhetoricaleffect.反問：一種無需回答的問題，常為說服效果而使用。“DidyouhelpmewhenIneededhelp?Didyouonceoffertointercedeinmybehalf?Didyoudoanythingtolessenmyload?"20 .UnderstatementUnderstatement,asthewordimplies,istheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itachievesitseffectofempha