1、 pollution污染 acid rain酸雨interaction of systems系統的交互作用environmental problem環境問題environmental disturbance環境破壞biotic habitat生物環境sulfur dioxide二氧化硫nitrogen oxide氧化氮carbon dioxide二氧化碳automobile exhaust汽車尾氣infectious diseases有傳染性的疾病waterborne diseases水傳染的疾病agrarian society農業社會industrial society工業社會industr

2、ial revolution產業革命urbanization城市化industrialization工業化developed country發達國家developing country發展中國家undeveloped country落后國家primary air pollutant一次大氣污染物secondary air pollutant二次大氣污染物monoxide一氧化物dioxide二氧化物trioxide三氧化物carbon monoxide一氧化碳carbon dioxide 二氧化碳sulfur dioxide二氧化硫sulfur trioxide 三氧化硫nitrous oxi

3、de一氧化二氮nitric oxide一氧化氮nitrogen dioxide二氧化氮carbon oxides碳氮化物sulfur oxides硫氧化物nitrogen oxides氮氧化物hydrocarbons碳氫化合物photochemical oxidants光化學氧化物particulates顆粒物inorganic compound無機化合物organic compound有機化合物radioactive substance放射性物質heat熱 noise噪聲contaminant污染物 strength強度 foreign matter雜質 domestic sewage生活污

4、水municipal wastewater城市廢水 microbe微生物microorganism微生物 bacteria細菌total solids總固體 inorganic constituents無機要素suspended solids (SS)固體懸浮物volatile suspended solids (VSS)揮發性懸浮固體顆粒 organic matter有機物質total organic carbon, TOC 總有機碳chemical oxygen demand, COD化學需氧量biochemical oxygen demand, BOD生化需氧量biodegradable

5、可微生物分解的contamination污染 recontamination再污染groundwater地下水 surface water地表水restriction限制 colloid膠體screening隔柵 coagulation凝聚flocculation絮凝 sedimentation沉淀filtration過濾 disinfection消毒chlorination氯化消毒 prechlorination預加氯 ozonation臭氧消毒 aeration曝氣 softening軟化 activated carbon活性炭adsorption吸附 reverse osmosis反滲透

6、desalination脫鹽處理microbial degradation微生物降解biological degradation生化降解biofilm process生物膜法activated sludge process活性污泥法attached-growth吸著生長suspended-growth懸浮生長shock loading沖擊負荷organic loading有機負荷mixed liquor suspended solids混合液懸浮固體metabolize 使代謝化metabolism新陳代謝dissolved oxygen 溶解氧pretreatment process 預處理

7、工藝primary clarifier初沉池equalization basin均質池biological treatment process生物處理工藝aeration basin曝氣池secondary clarifier二沉池biomass生物質heterotrophic bacteria異養菌autotrophic bacteria自養菌hydraulic retention time (HRT) 水力停留時間sludge residence time (SRT) 污泥停留時間solid waste固體廢物municipal城市化industrial工業的agricultural農業的

8、hazardous危險的residential住宅的commercial商業的putrescible易腐爛的combustible易燃的flammable可燃的explosive易爆的radioactive放射性的 汽車尾氣automobile exhaustLandfilling土地填埋 incineration: 焚燒 composting: 堆肥 compaction: 壓實，緊湊sanitary landfill衛生填埋 balance剩下的，余額，結余 batch-fed分批投料 refuse垃圾municipal waste城市垃圾 perform: 執行 shut down: 關

9、閉 energy recovery能量回收incomplete combustion不完全燃燒 combustion燃燒 volume reduction體積縮小 anaerobic厭氧硝化 中英互譯短語Biological degradation生化降解 equalization basin調節池 aeration basin曝氣池 sludge blocs污泥絮體 settling tank沉淀池 dissolved oxygen溶解氧suspended-growth懸浮生長 pulverized refuse垃圾破碎 biofilm生物膜well-compacted landfill壓實

10、填埋場 nutrient source營養源 mass-burning大量燃燒fluidized fed incarceration硫化床燃燒法 soil conditioners土壤改良劑 溫室效應greenhouse effect 由CO2引起的caust by CO2 世界碳預算the world carbon budget 天氣自然波動natural fluctuations 全球變暖global warming 厭氧的anaerobic 腐爛Putrefied 甲烷methane 臭氧層ozone layer 氣候模型climatic model 正常濃度：normal concen

11、tration 嚴重污染物： heavily polluted 決定因素：determining factor 光化學氧化物：photochemical oxidants 液體微滴：liquid particulates 含硫的：sulfur-containing 放射性物質：radioactiue substance 汽車尾氣：automobile exhaust wet oxidation濕式氧化 1、 Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us; that which we can see, hear

12、, touch, smell, and taste. 環境是我們周圍的物理和生物環境，我們可以看到、聽到、接觸到、聞到和品嘗到的。2、 Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air, water, or land that can harmfully affect the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms污

13、染可以定義為大氣、水或者土壤在物理、化學或者生物方面的特征所產生的不愉快的變化，它對人類的健康、生存和活動或者其他的有機體都產生了有害的影響。3、 Two examples of interaction between systems that cause major environmental disturbances are presented-the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a global problem, and the acid rain problem, normally of regional nature目前大氣中二氧化碳

14、的增多，是一個全球性的問題，還有酸雨問題，一般來說它都具有一定的區域特性，這就是兩個關于系統之間的相互聯系而產生重大環境問題的例子。4、 With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost arable land, disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant to controls.經過這些進步，盡管還是有一些破壞性的影響，例如耕地、森林的消失，環境的污染和新的生物反抗的控制5、

15、 Both phenomena, urbanization and industrialization, were and are fundamental causes of water and air pollution which the cities of that time were unable to handle.城市化和工業化兩者的現象，是過去和現在水污染和大氣污染的根本原因，在過去這些城市是處理不了的6、 Rapid advances in technology for the treatment of water and the partial treatment of wa

16、stewater took place in the developed countries over the next few decades.在接下來的幾十年理發達國家，在水治理和部分廢水治理技術方面都取得了快速的進展。1、 What Is Air Pollution? Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentrations to harm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials.

17、 There are two major types of air pollutants .A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration. It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rises above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air, such

18、as a lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline. A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components. Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants during a p

19、eriod of air stagnation. The geographic location of some heavily populated cities, such as Los Angeles and Mexico City, makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup什么是大氣污染？大氣污染一般定義為含有一種或多種濃度足夠高得而且對人類、其他動物、植物或者物質產生有害影響的物質，有兩種主要類型的大氣污染，一次大氣污染是一種化學物質直接排放到大氣中并達到一定

20、的有害濃度，他可以是空氣仲的自然組分，例如二氧化碳，當它的濃度升高到超過它的正常值時，或者一些平常在大氣中找不到的組分，例如汽車燃燒含鉛汽油而導致大氣中散發出一些化合物。二次大氣污染物是指在大氣中通入現有組分間發生的化學反應而產生的一種有害化學物質。嚴重的大氣污染通常是在靜風條件下經過一段時間后結果一個城市或其他地區的大氣中有高濃度的污染物。一些人口非常稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉磯和墨西哥的地理位置，使得它們經常特別易受空氣流動停滯和污積物的增加的影響。1、 The most severe consequence of CO2 induced global warming would be

21、 melting of the polar ice caps and he subsequent rise of ocean levels and inundation of coastal plains. 二氧化碳導致全球變暖最嚴重的后果將會是兩極冰塊的融化和海平面的上升以及沿海地區洪水的泛濫。2、 Although global warming from the already elevate levels of atmospheric CO2 has been predicted by most climatic models, such a warming has not been e

22、mpirically observed.雖然全球氣候變暖已經是通過大氣仲CO2的濃度升高而被許多氣候模型而預測得到，如此的一種變暖還沒有以經驗為主地觀察3、 Although they indicate trends in average surface temperatures and climate, they unfortunately coincide with increased industrialization and pollution雖然他們指出表面溫度和氣候的平均趨勢，但是他們不幸地與工業化增加和污染相一致4、 High biomass systems: Many curr

23、ent approaches to high biomass system employ a combination of fixed film suspended biomass in the process. High biomass systems have gained a certain popularity in Europe. During the past few years, a number of investigations undertaken in the Federal Republic of Germany have been reported. Among th

24、e advantages attributed to such systems have been improvements in nitrification performance, sludge settleability, and effluent quality.高生物質系統：現在很多應用在高生物質系統的方法是生物質固定膜上的組合工藝法。高生物質系統在歐洲得到了廣泛的普及，在過去的幾年里，由德國聯邦政府著手的大量調查研究都被報道，在這樣的優勢歸因于系統已經改善了硝化性能，污泥的沉降性和出水水質5、 Reasons for selecting high biomass systems o

25、ver construction of additional aeration tanks and clarifiers(or other secondary treatment process) include reduced space requirements, increased process stability, and capital/operating cost savings.選擇高生物質系統的原因是在傳統的曝氣池和澄清池或者其他二次處理工藝的構筑物中都有減少空間的需要，增加工藝的穩定性能和節省操作費用6、 High biomass systems call for inst

26、allation of supplemental equipment over that contained in a conventional activated sludge plant, More installed equipment generally implies more maintenance, and, to some extent, this is true for some of the systems. In addition, the presence of both suspended and fixed biomass forms and higher biom

27、ass concentrations may require a certain level of additional operator time to achieve optimum system performance.高生物質系統需要安裝輔助設備在那些常規的活性污泥廠里面，很多安裝的設備一般需要較多的維修費用，在某些程度上，對于一些系統來說這是真的，除此之外，現場的懸浮和固定的生物質的形式和高生物質濃度都需要一個合適程度的額外操作時間來達到最佳的系統性能。The presence of inert support media and higher biomass concentrati

28、ons in these systems can increase overall power consumption. To achieve desired mixing patterns in retrofitted aeration tanks, power input may have to be increased. Also, the presence of additional biomass increases system oxygen requirements which, in turn, requires additional power input. In addit

29、ion, high biomass systems generally yield higher levels of nitrification, which also can affect overall power consumption. Such factors should be addressed when analyzing operating costs. 這些系統的惰性支持介質和較高的生物量集中的出現能增加全部的耗電量。為了達到在曝氣池改進理想混合模型，使輸入有力量可能必須被增加。同時另外生物量的出現增加系統氧需求，依次需要額外的電源輸入。除此之外，高生物質系統一般達到較高的

30、硝化水平，也能影響全部的耗電量。當分析操作費用的時候，如此的因素應該被提到。英譯中1、 Typical waste generation facilities, activities, or locations associated with each of these sources are presented in Table1. The types of wastes generated, which are discussed next, are also identified.固體廢棄物的來源與設備、活動和土地有關的每一個這些來源在Table1中呈現，廢棄物類型的產生，然后被討論，也被識別2、 Haz