1、陽 虎 教 育 資 料初中基礎語法知識 姓名 _ 一、名詞1、可數名詞和不可數名詞怎樣來表示數量？哪些名詞既可數又不可數名詞？(6個單詞) 基數詞+可數名詞復數或用many, a few, a lot of /lots of /plenty of, some, any+可數名詞復數：eight oranges, many students, lots of tomatoes, some boys (注意區別some _某個男孩), any matches (注意區別any _ 任何比賽), six boxes of books 基數詞+量詞(piece, kind, box, bottle,

2、cup, glass, bag)+不可數名詞或用much, a little, a lot of /lots of /plenty of, some, any+不可數名詞：two pieces of paper, three boxes of orange, forty bags of rice, five cups of tea, much water, some drink, any advice _(工作，作品、工廠), _(橙汁，桔子), _(時間，次數、倍數), _(雞肉，小雞), _(紙，試卷、報紙), _(玻璃，玻璃杯), _(空間，房間)2、可數名詞復數如何變？ 規則(1)、一

3、般情況加_：pen_, doctor_ (2)、以_，_，_，_，結尾的詞加_：bus_，class_，box_，fox_，watch_，brush_, wish_ (3)、以輔音母加_結尾的詞變“_”為“_”再加_：city_, factory_, country_, family_, baby_, story_, party_, century_, worry_ (4)、以元音字母加_結尾的名詞的復數形式只加_：boy_, day_, key_, way_, toy_ (5)、以_結尾的詞多數都加_：hero_，potato_，tomato_ (6)、詞末有兩個元音字母的詞和外來詞只加_：

4、zoo_，radio_，photo_，piano_ (7) 以_或_結尾的詞，多數變_為_再加_：knife_，leaf_, half_, thief_, wife_ (注意：roof(屋頂)roofs；scarf_ / _)。 不規則(7個單詞) man_，woman_，tooth_，foot_，goose_，child_，mouse_, policeman_, policewoman_, Englishman_ 單數形式而只能表示復數(2個單詞) _ 人, _ 警察 單復數形式相同(5個單詞) _ 中國人，_ 日本人，_綿羊，_鹿，_魚，_方式 復數形式只能是單數 (3個單詞) _新聞,

5、_ 數學, _ 物理, _ 瀑布, _ 美國 一般只有復數無單數 (4個單詞) _(褲子), _眼鏡, _ 衣服, _ (貨物), _ (筷子) 復合詞的復數如何變 (1) 主名詞為復數：banana tree_, daughter in law _,(兒媳)，boy student_， girl friend_，shoe factory_ (2) 如是man或woman作定語時，同時變復數：man driver_(男司機) woman doctor_(女大夫) (3) sport一般用復數作定語：sports bag_, sports shoe_ 人名復數的用法及意思是什么？ The +人名

6、表示_ The Greens = _ family 謂語用_3、名詞所有格的加法及用法 (1) 單數后_：a _ (學生)room, my _(母親) father (2) 以_結尾的復數在_后加_：_(雙胞胎) rooms, _ (教師) Day (注意：以_結尾的單數名詞加_，如是姓氏(名字)時，則可以直接加_或加_：an _ (女演員) experience, a _(女服務員) job，_ (James) sister或_ sister，_ (Jones) books或_ books) (3) 特殊名詞復數加_：_ (兒童) Day, _(婦女) Day, _ (鼠) hair (4)

7、 由and連接的表示共同擁有加_為所有格：_ (瑪麗和約翰) father, _ (Nick and Tim) bedroom （注意：分別擁有則_加所有格：_ (Jim and Mike) mothers, _ (Jack and Lucy) chairs） (5) 在表示時間、距離、長度、重量、價格、世界、國家等名詞的所有格要用_(此結構可以用連字號表示，此時所有格只能用單數)：a twenty _ (分鐘) walk= a _ walk，ten _(英里) journey = _ journey(旅行)，a _ (船) length(長度)，two _ weight = two-poun

8、d weight(兩磅重), ten _ worth = ten-dollar worth(值10美元)。4、雙重所有格的組成是什么？（1） a(two)+名詞_(_)+_+名詞_（_物主代詞） =one (two) _ +名詞_（_物主代詞）+名詞_：我父親的一個朋友a _ of _ _= one of my _ _, 我照片中的一張a photo of _ = one of _ _ （2）the +名詞+_+名詞=(the)+名詞_+名詞：the _(貓) name =the name _ the _, the _(狗) legs =the legs _ the _, _ (中國) pop

9、ulation =the population _ _, Chinas capital =the capital of China二、數詞1、寫出1-110和2048，8563的基數詞和序數詞，基數與序數如何轉換 _ /_ =1st _ /_ =2nd _ /_ =3rd _ /_ =4th _ /_ =5th _ /_ =6th _ /_ =7th _ /_ =8th _ /_ = 9th _ /_ =10th _ /_ =11th _ /_ =12th _ /_ =13th _ /_ = 14th _ /_ =15th _ /_ =16th _ /_ =17th _ /_ =18th _

10、/_ =19th _ /_ =20th _ /_ =21st _ /_ =22nd _ /_ =23rd _ /_ =24th _ /_ 25th _ / _ = 29th _ /_ =30th _ /_ = 40th _ /_ =50th _ /_ =60th _ /_ =70th _ /_ =80th _ /_ = 90th _ /_ =91st _ /_ =99th _ /_ =100th _ /_ =101st _ /_ = 102nd _ / _ = 110th_ /_ =_ /_ = _ 注意：序數詞前一般用_表示“第幾”：_ ninth girl 第九的一個女孩, _ eight

11、eenth desk第十八的一張桌子； 但也可用_或_表示“再、又”，相當于another或基數詞+more：_ ninth girl = _ nine girls = nine _ girls 再要九個女孩 基數與序數如何轉換：名詞+基數(每詞首字母大寫= the +序數+名詞(每詞的首字母小寫) 第8單元: _ _ = the _ _ 5路公交車: _ _ 5 = the _ 5 _2、準確數與概數；鐘點；時間長度距離名詞等的表達法和用法 基數詞+_ (百) /_(千)_ /_ (百萬) +名詞_，some /many /few /several (無基數詞) _ (百) /_(千)_ /

12、_ (百萬) + _ +名詞_ 點+分（30）=分+_ /_+點： 在5:20 at _ =at _ five, 點+分（30）=60-分+_+點+1：在4:40 at four _ = at _ five 譯：9:28 _, _ 11:45 _, _ 基數+名詞_+形容詞相當于名詞=基數-名詞_-形容詞復數：twelve _(歲) old = twelve-_ -_，而基數+名詞_+形容詞相當于形容詞作定語 =基數-名詞_-形容詞：a twelve _(歲) old boy = a twelve-_-_ boy3、分數如何表示，作主語時謂語如何確定？ 組成： _(one)+_(有的加上連字符

13、號)，謂語根據所修飾的_的數來確定謂語的數：3/4 _ _ = _ _, Six _ (11) of water _ run out of. Four _ (9) of apples _ in the bag.三、代詞1、人稱代詞的主格和賓格分別是哪些？如何區別使用？(寫出) I _ you _ she _ they （作主語，位于動詞前） _ us _ him _ it _ （作賓語，位于動詞后）2、物主代詞的名詞性和形容詞性分別是哪些？如何區別使用？(寫出)my _ your his her _ their （不能單獨用，后面須接名詞）_ ours yours _ _ its _ (單獨用

14、，后不接名詞) 注意its_, its _(漢語)3、反身代詞有哪些？(寫出) 常與哪些動詞或介詞搭配？(6個動詞，3個介詞) myself _(我們自己) yourself yourselves _ (他自己) _ (她自己) itself _ (他們自己) (單獨用，作賓語，一般不作主語) _ (教) /hurt /_(幫助) / dress / call /kill oneself; by / for / of/ be angry with oneself 注意：不可作定語表示某物是自己的，只能用名詞+of ones own： a car of _ _ = _ _ car 我自己的車(不

15、能說myself car或a car of myself)4、不定代詞有哪些？(寫出) 復合不定代詞有哪些？(寫出) 它們用什么代詞代替？位置如何？ 不定代詞：_ 兩者都, _ 所有都, _ 一些，某一, _ 一些，任何一個, _ 兩個中任一個, _兩個都不, each, one, few, little 復合不定代詞：everything, everybody, everyone, everywhere, anything, anybody, anyone, anywhere, something, somebody, someone, somewhere, nothing, nobody,

16、 none, nowhere 這些詞指物用_代替，指人用_或_代替，有形容詞修飾時放在這些單詞后面。 同時區別以下不定代詞：(1) little, few, a little, a fewlittle+不可數名詞(否定意思), few+可數名詞復數(否定意思), a little+不可數名詞(肯定), a few+可數名詞復數(肯定) The problem is very hard, _ people can work it out. There is _ rice, please buy some back home. I can speak only _ French, so I can

17、t talk with them. Quite _ students like playing games. I saw _ boy playing with a cat on the playground. (思考：填a few變哪個單詞)(2) any, some any+可數名詞復數/不可數名詞(用于否定句和疑問句)；any +可數名詞單數 表示任何一個(用于陳述肯定句) some+可數名詞復數/不可數名詞(用于陳述肯定句或委婉語氣的句子)；some+可數名詞單數表示某一個.(用于陳述肯定句) I ask for _ help. _ girls are reading under the

18、 tree. People can fly to the moon _ day. Would you like _ fruit? _ girl likes hearing nice words. Do you want _ milk? Did he eat _ apples? Would you like coffee, water or tea? _ is OK. I dont mind.(3) it, one, that, those, this it代替前文所指的物，特指，單數，也可代替時間、距離、或形式主語與賓語，也可指人，當不知對方性別時用it；one代替上文所指的同一類物，泛指，可

19、數單數，復數用ones，不可數用that代替，同時常用于兩者比較中的另一者，如果是復數則用those代替，另外打電話詢問對方是誰用that代替，不用you，而回答我是誰時用This is代替，不用Im。 I have a dog. _ is very clever. I have some toys, do you have _, Mike? Whos _? _ is Nick. I found _ easy to study English well. The weather in Chongqing is hotter than _ in Beijing in summer. Dont t

20、hrow it like _. _ orange is redder than that _. The books in the library are much more than _ in the bookstore.(4) no one, none, every one, everyone no one常指人，回答who，后不接of；而none指物或人均可，后可接of，回答how many或how much；every one 指人或物，后可接of，而everyone指人，后不接of。均表示數量是3或3者以上。 _ of us is here. _ are late. _ is happ

21、y to watch movies. _ of us is moved. -How many students are there in the classroom? - _. They are having P.E on the playground. -Who is in the classroom? - _. They are having P.E on the playground. -How much milk is there in the bottle? - _. Please give another one.(5) both, all, either, neither, an

22、y, none, each, every (注意：有的題答案不只一個)bothalleitherneitheranynoneeachevery數量=23=2=23323接of 可否可可可可可可可否名單復數復復單單單不單單可數與不可數可可、不可可可可、否可可可否單獨用可可可可可可可否謂語(單復)復復、單三單三單三單復、單三單三單詞組bothand.和.都(謂復)eitheror或者.或者(謂近)neithernor既不也不 (謂靠近)each otherevery three weeks每三天every other day每隔一天注意它們后接of時的名詞均為復數或代詞賓格，而all, none

23、of后還可以接不可數名詞。 There are many buildings on _ side of street. There are many trees on _ side of playground. There are many building on _ sides of street. There are many trees on _ sides of playground. - Do you want bananas or pears? - _, Id like apples. - Do you want bananas or pears? - _is OK, I dont

24、 mind. -Do you want bananas, oranges or pears? - _ , Id like apples. -Do you want bananas, orange or pears? - _ is OK, I dont mind. _ of them has spoken at the meeting. _ of them have spoken at the meeting. _ of your parents is at home. _ of your parents are at home. I am _ a student nor worker. I a

25、m _ a student and worker. _ twin is reading in the room. _ boy in the class loves her.(6) many, much, too much, much too, many more, much more, too many, so many, so much (注意：有的題答案不只一個) many /too many /so many + 可數名詞復數，many more +可數名詞復數than ； much /too much /so much +不可數名詞， much more +多音節形容詞/副詞(或不可數

26、名詞) than； much too +形容詞原級(副詞) We cant play with you because we have _ homework to do. This story is _ interesting than that one. I have _ books than you. He drank _ water than me. I dislike the TV play which is _ boring. There are _ people that the room cant hold them. Thank you _. = _ thanks. _ stu

27、dents like seeing the film “2012”.(7) other, the other, others, the others, another other +可數名詞復數=others，數量不只兩者(部分)；the other+可數名詞單數/數詞(可省略)或the other+可數名詞復數= the others，數量是兩者(部分)，one the other一個另一個.；others單獨用，常與some some others一些，一些，另一些，數量不只兩部分；the others單獨用，數量是兩部分；another+可數名詞單數 = one more+可數名詞單數或

28、another+基數+可數名詞復數 = 基數+more+可數名詞復數，數量是三者或以上，表示又(再)要。 Some are paying, _ are lying on the beach. I have two pens, one is red, _ is blue. I cant finish the work in two hours. I need _ hour. Tom does better in English than _ in the class. Hank is a good boy, he often helps _ (/_people) in trouble. I am

29、 shorter than _ _ classmates in my class. I am a bit hungrier, Id like _ two cakes. I have five friends. One is from Japan, _ four are from America.(8) bothand, eitheror, neithernor, not only but (also) (注意：有的題答案不只一個) bothand = not onlybut also是兩者都，謂語用復數形式，否定是neithernor；而eitheror是或者或者，要么要么，謂語是靠近原則；n

30、eithernor是既不也不，是對bothand的否定；謂語是靠近原則；not only but also = bothand 是不僅而且，謂語是靠近原則。 _ you _ I _ (be) workers. We work in the same factory. _ you _ I _ (be) students. We work in different shops. _ you _ he _ (go) to the cinema. I have one ticket here. I can speak _ French _Japanese and am good at them. I

31、can speak _ French _ Japanese. May you teach me them?四、動詞1、情態動詞的用法及有哪些？(寫出13個) can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, need, used to, had better, have to, (ought to) 后面只接動詞原形 This book _ be yours. It _ belong to me. Look, my name is on it. A. can, mustnt B. cant, must C. mustnt, mu

32、st D. must, cant - May I leave here now? - No, you _. A. neednt B. dont C. mustnt D. wont -Would you please bring the box here, Jack? - _. Im too busy now. A. Yes, I would B. No, I wouldnt C. Yes, I will D. No, I wont The boys and girls had better _ the words, please listen to me. A. write down B. t

33、o write down C. not write down D. not to write down My brother _ look after me, so he _ play football with you.A. need, mustnt B. needs, cant C. need, cant D. needs, mustnt 注意：1) 當could /would作委婉語氣時，它的回答不能用could /would, 用can (cant) /will (wont)回答； 2) must作“必須”時，否定句是mustnt意思是“不準，不能”，否定回答常用neednt /can

34、t；作“肯定，一定”時，用于肯定句，否定句是cant意思是“肯定不是”； 3) can /may均表示請求“可以”，此時二者可互換，回答常用can(cant)，sure, certainly, of course, all right等。 4) should作“應該”時= be supposed to v，Shall we v?表示“.行嗎/可以嗎？”= Why not do? = Lets v. = What /How about v-ing ? 回答常用Certainly, Of course, Sure, All right, Good idea. 5) 祈使句(肯定或否定)的附加疑問句

35、均可用will you? 肯定還可用will you。但Lets v，用shall we?2、動詞的形式 (五種形式) 原形、三人稱單數、現在分詞、過去式、過去分詞(1) 三人稱單數的加法 一般加_：visitvisits, needneeds 以_, _, _, _, _結尾加_：gogoes, missmisses, dressdresses, passpasses, fixfixes, fishfishes, finishfinishes, washwashes, watchwatches, teachteaches 元音字母+_直接加_：playplays, paypays, says

36、ays, buybuys, enjoyenjoys 輔音字母+_變_為_加_：studystudies, flyflies, copycopies, drydries, crycries, carrycarries, hurryhurries, worryworries, replyreplies, trytries 以_結尾加_：taketakes, lielies 特殊(2個) have_ be (are /am)_(2) 現在分詞的加法 一般加_：visitvisiting, playplaying, worryworrying, teachteaching 以不發音_結尾去_加_：ta

37、ketaking, writewriting （注意ee字母組合或e發音直接加-ing：see_, agree_, be_） 重讀閉音節且元音字母+輔音字母雙寫輔音字母-ing：put_, stop_, swim_, forget_, prefer_ (注意是字母組合或x結尾的不雙寫直接-ing：show_, throw_, know_, draw_, chew_, fix_, mix_) 以_結尾的變_為_加_：lielying, diedying, tietying(3) 規則的過去式和過去分詞的加法 一般加_：needneeded, visitvisited, seemseemed 元音

38、字母+_直接加_：playplayed, enjoyenjoy 輔音字母+_變_為_加_：studystudied, carrycarried, worryworried, hurryhurried, trytried, replyreplied, crycried, tidytidied 重讀閉音節且元音字母+輔音字母雙寫輔音字母-ed：stop_, shop_, drop_, plan_, kid_, fit_, preferpreferred (注意是字母組合或x結尾的不雙寫直接-ed：snow_, fix_ relax_, mix_) 以不發音的_結尾直接加_：smokesmoked,

39、 smilesmiled, welcome_, agreeagreed 不規則動詞98表(背誦) 標*和#有兩種形式，即規則和不規則均可，但有*的意思不同，而#一般無區別。原形過去式過去分詞意思原形過去式過去分詞意思awake醒letbe*liebearlosebeatmakebecomemaybeginmeanblowmeetbreakmistakebringpaybuildputburnreadbuyridecanringcatchrisechooseruncomesaycostseecutselldigsenddo(does)setdrawshake搖動，震動drinkshalldriv

40、eshineeatshowfallshut關(閉)feedsingfeelsitfightsleepfind#smellflyspeakforgetspendfreeze凍，結冰standgetstealgivestick粘,刺,堅持gosweepgrowswim*hangtakehave(has)teachheartellhidethinkhitthrowholdunderstandhurtwakekeepwearknowwilllay放置win#learnwriteleave#dreamlend#spell(4) 動詞的ing, -ed的用法區別 -ing表示主動，一般修飾物或表示自身的性

41、質、特征，還表示動作正進行或發生；-ed表示被動，一般修飾人，表狀態，表示動作已經完成，二者做狀語均表示伴隨、時間、原因、方式，但-ing的邏輯主語是主句的主語（主動關系），而-ed的邏輯主語不是主句的主語，而是賓語（即被動關系）。_ leaves 正下落的葉子 _ leaves 落地的葉子I knew a boy _ (call) Jim. They stood by the road, _ (read) books.When _ (heat), water changes into steam(蒸氣).I have a friend _ (live) in London. =I have

42、a friend who _ (live) in London.I hate to read letters _ (write) in pencil.I got /had my hair _ (cut) yesterday. I saw a light _ (burn) in the room.There is some money _ (leave). You may save it in the bank.The water washed the rich land away, _ (leave) some sand.(5) ing, (to) v的動詞搭配 兩種均可且有區別的常用動詞(含

43、詞組) (寫出5個)；1) stop to do停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。 stop doing停止做某事。2) forget to do忘記要去做某事。(未做) forget doing忘記做過某事。(已做)3) remember to do 記得去做某事(未做) remember doing記得做過某事 (已做)4) try to do盡力，試圖做某事。 try doing 試一試，試著做某事。5) go on to do做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。 go on doing 繼續做原來做的事。go on with 繼續某事(原來的事)。= go on doing 6) mean t

44、o do 打算、想 mean doing意味著7) regret to do 遺憾做某事（對沒做的事） regret doing 遺憾做了某事（對做過的事）We cant end up the work on time, lets stop _ (grow) the small trees on the hill, so we stopped _ (rest).I remember _ (meet) you at Toms home. You forget _ (see) each other.無區別的常用動詞(寫出5個) love, like, hate, prefer, begin, start, learn, goShe hates _ (watch) the thriller.注意：本身是進行時時不可用ing形式 只能接-ing的常用動詞 (含詞組) (寫出10個) 1) 直接跟-ing的動詞：enjoy, finish, mind, keep, practice, give up,