1、1 快速閱讀的基本方法技巧從考試角度考慮， 閱讀理解的關鍵要抓兩點： 一是答題迅速， 二是準確無誤 。因此閱讀考試需要解決的一個根本問題就是如何在有限的時間內高效率地完成閱讀題。 換言之， 怎樣才能做的又好又快這就少不了快速閱讀的方法技巧。 常見的快讀方法有計時閱讀( TimedReading ) 、略讀( Skimming ) 、尋讀( Scanning ) 、意群閱讀(Sense Group Reading) 等。我們在此向大家一一介紹這些方法技巧。A. 意群快速閱讀所謂“意群”也即是有意義的語法結構 (英語稱作sense groups ) ， 通常為詞組、 短語。顧名思義， “意群閱讀法

2、”也就是按詞組、 短語在文中的組合意義整體閱讀， 而不是單個的詞匯閱讀。 我們知道，詞是語句的基本組成單位， 意群是語句的基本構成單元。 單個詞 并無多大意義， 只有 組合起來 ， 在上下文關系中形成特殊的意群， 才 能獲得特殊的、 確定的意義。由此可見， 意群閱讀是提高閱讀效率、把握文章整體的關鍵。 因此，我們在閱讀文章的時候， 目光不應當停留在每個單詞上，而應當放在中心詞上， 把目光集中在意群的中心，從一個意群中心詞到另一個意群中心詞，這樣的意群整體掃描是提高閱讀速度的行之有效之法。漢語常常用“一目十行”來形容某人讀書速度快。 英語的閱讀訓練有素者同樣能達到這一境界。但對于一般的普通讀者來

3、說，能做到“一目數詞”也相當不錯了。慢不一定就準，閱讀速度慢的人的閱讀模式類似小學低年級學生讀課本， 看一個字讀一個字， 然后再想這個 字的意思。這樣的閱讀方法 目光再快也跟不上AAA測試的速度。因此，要提高閱讀速度，就得根除逐字閱讀的壞習慣。而按意群閱讀，既能提高目光的效率， 又有利于整體思維， 連詞 成句。下面讀者不妨自己做這樣一個比較， 先按逐字閱讀的習慣方法閱讀以下段落， 看看要用 多少時間。Many small cultural groups live in places far away from modern cities. Some of these tribes have n

4、ever had any communication outside of their small geographicalareas. Whenthey do contact the outside world, their lives usually change. Learning how to change without losing the best of their own cultures is a problem for them.How can primitive cultures learn to live in a technological world？ How ca

5、n they dothis without becoming lost ？（ 75 詞）然后再用意群閱讀法閱讀下面同一段落， 看看共花多少時間。 為了便于閱讀， 我們用分 隔號“”把句中的一個個意群隔開。Many small cultural groups live in places far away from modern cities. Some of these tribes have never had any communication outside of their small geographical areas. Whenthey do contact the outsid

6、e world, their lives usually change. Learning how to change without losing the best of their own cultures is a problem for them. How can primitive cultures learn to live in a technological world ？ How can they do this without becoming lost ？（18 個意群）Most of the people who appear most often and most g

7、loriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals, whereas the peoplewho really helpedcivilization forward are often never mentioned at all. Wedo not know who first set a broken leg, or launched a seagoing boat, or calculated the length of the year ? but we know all about the killers

8、and destroyers. People think a great deal of them,so much so that on all the highest pillars in the great citiesof the worldyou will find the figure of a conqueror or a general.（ 114 詞）顯而易見， 采用“意群閱讀法”能一眼同時看到三個詞或五個詞， 甚至更多的詞。 這樣 就大大節省了閱讀的時間，起到事半功倍的作用。B. 略讀略讀又稱瀏覽或掠讀， 就是迅速地閱讀， 以求抓住文章的梗概。 略讀的目的是為獲得大這就像我們

9、意或者總體印象而進行閱讀。 略讀作為一種快速閱讀技巧對我們來說并不陌生。 看報紙時， 幾版、十幾版的頁面不可能一字不漏地往下看，只能用最快的速度找出主題，略掉一些無關緊要的細節或與主題不甚相干的部分， 知道其中的大概內容即可。 這種方法要求 我們不要把眼睛盯在具體的每個單詞上，而是要看篇章中的主題句或者是從篇章的結構著手，利用自己的推理能力，對文章的信息進行分析，從而歸納總結出主題。 善于略讀的人會有選擇地閱讀， 跳過一些無關的句子、段落甚至是整頁的內容，只看自己感興趣的東西。訓練有素的略讀者的閱讀速度可以達到每分鐘 1000 個詞以上。 略讀的關鍵在于一個“略”字， 注意力應該集中在大意，而

10、不是細節上。試以下文為例：Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me here and there.I have sought love, first because it brings ecstasy s

11、o great that I would often have sacrificed all therest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it,next, because it relieves loneliness that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss I have sought it,

12、finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what at last I have found.With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished

13、 to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds sway above the flux.Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always pity brought me back to earth. Echoes

14、 of cries of pain reverberated in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too su

15、ffer.This has been my life, I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.使用略讀法，我們的目光只去捕捉以下關鍵的字眼：第一段： Three passions,., have governed my life: (l)the longing for love,(2)the search for knowledge, (3) unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind;第二段：I have

16、 sought love because (l) it brings ecstasy；(2) it relievesloneliness ；(3) I have seen .the vision of the heaven;第三段： With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to (l) understand ；(2) to know why the stars shine . And I have tried to apprehend .第四段：Love and knowledge - led upward towar

17、d the heavens.But always pitybrought me back to earth. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.第五段：This has been my life, and would gladly live it again.這樣一來， 大大減輕了閱讀的負擔， 一篇近 300 詞的文章， 閱讀其中的 100 個詞就能概 括全部的內容。略讀歸納起來也就兩句話： 抓主謂結構，看前后銜接 。C. 尋讀所謂“尋讀”， 就是通過目光掃視， 以最快的速度從一篇文章中披沙揀金， 迅速尋找

18、出你所期望得到的某一具體情況、 數據等。 以日常生活為例。假如你要買一臺價格適中、 性能 良好的計算機，你可瀏覽有關計算機廣告。各種廣告林林總總，品牌不同、功能各異、價格不等。你便可先從價格上考慮，通過尋讀，找出幾個你準備買的型號，然后從性能、信譽上進行比較， 最選中你想買的那一臺。 同理，尋讀法也常見于閱讀考試的細節題中。 這種方法的特點是有的放矢， 為我所用。 譬如根據提問查找某一人名、 地名，某一件事發生的年月或其他類似的情況。 閱讀理解的細節題尋讀技巧利要是用得當， 往往會省時省事， 答案迅速而 準確。快讀1) 細讀首段，理解大意2) 看六選項，熟悉內容略讀3) 先易后難，嘗試掂量尋讀

19、4) 前后參照，敲定答案細讀2 如何識別信號詞A. 什么是信號詞所謂“信號詞” (Signal Words) 是指一些在閱讀中起著信號提示的詞語。這些詞語預示著將要讀到的內容與上下文存在什么樣的關系， 或具有什么樣的邏輯意思。 因為我們知道，文章的句子不是無序地排列，而是按照一定關系， 有目的、有規律地組織起來的。 注意信號詞能使我們了解作者的思路， 理順該句與上下文之間的邏輯關系， 從而提高閱讀理解的效率 和準確率。請看下面這一段落：In that mill, I learned the process of making paper.First , the logs are putin t

20、he shredder. Then, they are cut into small chips and mixed with water and acid. Next , they are heated and crushed to a heavy pulp to be cleaned. It is also chemically bleached to whiten it. After this , it is passed through rollers to flatten it.Then,sheets of wet paper are produced. Finally , the

21、water is removed from the sheets which are pressed, dried and refined until the finished paper is produced.作者通過表示先后順序的信號詞first, then, next, after this, then 和 finally, 有條不紊地描述出造紙工藝的整個過程。B. 信號詞的類別信號詞可以歸納為下面幾種：l )表示遞進的信號詞：after all, also, again, and then, as well as, further more, additionally, in add

22、ition, in other words, moreover, to repeat等；2)預示有相同或類似內容的信號詞：and, also, moreover, further, likewise, in addition, besides, similarly, as well as, the same as 等；3)預示有不同或相反內容出現的信號詞：but, however, while, whereas, on the other hand, on the contrary, as apposedto, to the opposite, otherwise等；4)表示因果關系的信號詞：

23、as, for, since, because, as a result, consequently, thus, so, therefore, forthis reason, so that, thereby 等；5)表示條件性的信號詞：if, in case, assuming that, on condition that, on the supposition that, provided that 等；6) 表示總結性內容的信號詞：in short, in a word, in brief, briefly, in conclusion, as a result, in sum, t

24、osum up, by and large, to conclude 等；7) 表示先后關系順序的信號詞：before, after, another, first, next, then, last, finally, afterwards, later on, since then, eventually, in the end, at last等；8) 表示解釋、舉例說明關系的信號詞：for example, for instance, such as, to illustrate, evidently, obviously, inother words, that is to say,

25、 the same as等；9) 表示目的的信號詞：in order to, in order that, so that, so as to, for the purpose that等。要是我們能把握住其中的黑體字信號詞，那么將有助于全文的理解，提高做題的效率。10) 如何猜測不認識的詞語在閱讀文章的過程中， 考生面臨最大的問題是遇到不認識的單詞或短語， 或者認識的單考生便可以將詞在文章中有了新的含義。 如果這些詞或短語不影響對文章主要內容的理解，就必須根據上下文的它們略過， 不中斷閱讀。 如果這些詞語的意思對正確理解文章很重要， 聯系， 根據構詞法或其他方法對它們的意義進行猜測， 使之不

26、影響對整篇文章的理解。 猜測詞義通常可采用以下幾種方法。A. 利用上下文確定詞義通過上下文來猜測詞意是閱讀考試中最常用的重要手段之一， 聯系上下文可以幫助我們理解句子，確定詞義。下面我們通過一些實例來簡要說明如何通過上下文來確定詞義。例 1 ： He is successful as a businessman because of his dynamic personality. He seems to have unlimited energy.對于 dynamic 一詞大家可能不熟悉，下文的 He seems to have unlimited energy （他似乎有用不完的勁） 就是

27、對 dynamic 詞義的解釋。 這樣， 我們便知道該詞意為“有干勁的”。例 2 ： A first-year college or university student is commonly a 'freshman', andsophomore , 'junior and 'senior ' designate the second third and fourth year student.要是對 sophomore, junior 和 senior 幾個術語不熟悉，通過后面的對應解釋詞語thesecond third and fourth yea

28、r student 我們便不難知道它們分別是指二、三、四年級的大學生。例 3 ： The tired soldiers trudged through knee-deep mud for hours before theyfound a dry place to sleep.通過后面的 through knee-deep mud （沒膝深的泥漿） ，我們知道trudged 一詞的意思為與行走這一動作有關，在泥漿中行走，也就是“跋涉”。下面我們聯系上下文，試確定以下各句中斜體字的含義。1. The womanand the children were skilful in boats too,

29、but there were usually several of them in a large boat calledumiak.2. The doctor said that if a person ate even one leaf of thehemlock plant,he would die, because the plant is a deadly poison.3. Although dogs and cats often have large families, rabbits are famous forthe size of theirlitters , which

30、sometimes number more than twelve bunnies at one time.4. Mark became hysterical when his basketball team won, and he did not calm down for several days.5. With mud from head to toe, flowers stillclutched in his hand, John lookedso ludicrous that we couldn t help laughing.6. A bee collects nectar not

31、 in its own stomach but in a kind of shopping bag (called the honey sac ) similar to the one ants have.7. Several generations ago, the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now,turmoilhowever, everything is in a state of8. After the first time someone tried to rob him, the banker became flustered e

32、asily, and in his confusion he would make many careless errors.9. Jane was intrigued by the behavior of animals; she could sit for hours observing a bird making a nest or an ant carrying a leaf.10. Some chimps are very independent and appear to be the superior members of a group; others seem to be r

33、uled by the leaders and are quitesubmissive .通過上串下聯，我們不難確定上述各句中斜體字的含義如下：1. umiak n.一種大船2. hemlock n. 一種有毒植物（毒芹）3. litter n.一窩bunnies 小兔子4. hysterical a.歇斯底里，異常興奮5. ludicrous a.滑稽可笑的6. nectar n.花蜜honey sac 蜜胃7. turmoil n. 混亂8. flustered a.慌亂的9. intrigued a.感興趣10. submissive a. 順從的B. 利用構詞法確定詞義掌握英語構詞法，

34、是提高閱讀速度的技巧之一。在很多情況下，通過構詞分析，便能理解不認識生詞的含義，不至于中斷閱讀。 因此，考生應當有效地利用自己所熟悉的詞綴 （包 括前綴和后綴）和詞根，通過構詞法來是確定生詞的含義。例 1 ： Many cancers have been arrested with the use of chemotherapy.Chemotherapy 是由 chemo （意為 chemical ）和 therapy （ 意為 treatment ）,整個單詞 意思就是“化學療法”。例 2 ： They overestimate the interviewee s ability and a

35、sked him many difficult questions.overestimate = over （過分、過度）+ estimate （估計）。因此 overestimate 的詞義可 猜測為“過高估計”。例 3 ： The murderer had developed a poison which could not be tasted or smelledwhen mixed with food. Because it was imperceptible , he was able to murder a number of people without being caught

36、.句中的 imperceptible 一詞由前綴im- （非，不）詞根percept （感知、覺察）后綴-ible （能的）構成。幾部分組合在一起，也就是“難以覺察的”之意。例 4 ： Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the st

37、udy of natural phenomena.其中的 dispassioned 為超綱詞，我們可根據構詞法dis + passion + ed 知其大概意思：除掉激情的，也即是“冷靜的”。C. 利用語法知識確定詞義在很多情況下，各種語法知識可以幫助我們來判斷詞性、詞義。sequence , which例 1 ： This set of books is for children. The first book of the is one of the most popular series of children s stories, is a group of stories about

38、 the inhabitants of a village.假定我們不認識sequence ，利用定語從句which is one of the most popular seriesof children s stories, 其中 series 就與 sequence 同義，也就是“叢書”的意思。例 2 ： For their fishing and hunting the men used akayak, a small boat for oneperson.利用同位語 a small boat for one person 我們知道 kayak 是一種單人小船。例 3 ： A sola

39、r eclipse when the moon passes between the Earth and the sun in an unusual and interesting phenomenon that occurs rarely.通過破折號解釋我們知道 solar eclipse 為“日食”。例 4 ： Ventilation , as we know, is a system or means of providing fresh air. It plays a very important part in the field of engineering.通過后面的解釋我們知道

40、 Ventilation 為“通風，流通空氣”之意。例 5 ： The modern age of medicine began with the stethoscope , an instrument for listening to a patient s heartbeat and breathing.Stethoscope 一詞大家都不熟悉， 通過后面的同位語解釋 an instrument for listeningto a patient s heartbeat and breathing ，我們便能理解stethoscope 的確切詞義，即“聽診器”或“聽筒”的意思。D. 根據同

41、義、反義關系確定詞義閱讀中，特別是要注意表示反意的信號詞： in contrast, on the other hand, rather than, however, yet, although, while, unlike, but, whereas, as opposed to等，利用這些同義、反義關系，可以幫助我們確定詞義。例 1 ： My sister Marry is an optimist , while her boyfriend is one who is always gloomy and expects the worst to happen.從 while 的轉折關系可知

42、 optimist 意思是“ one who expects the best ” , 即“樂觀 的”。例 2 ： Mother was tall, fat, and middle aged. The principal of the school wasan older woman, almost as plump as Mother, and much shorter.根據 Mother was tall, fat 以及后面 as plump as 的同義關系，我們知道plump 為“豐滿的”之意。例 3 ： Sally liked to concoct all sorts of stor

43、ies, but her mother always knew when she was lying.concoct 一詞大家不熟悉，根據but 的轉折關系我們知道在此句中與was lying 的含義大體相同，由此可知 concoct 的大概意思是“編造謊話”。例 4 ： A gorilla always makes methink of the word aloof not friendly, of distance from others.假定我們不認識aloof 一詞， 破折號后的反義關系： “不友好， 冷漠” 就解釋了 aloof一詞的含義。E. 利用邏輯推理和常識確定詞義有時候，邏輯

44、推理和自身的生活經驗及普通常識能幫助我們確定詞義。例 1 ： Fishes live in water and have fins which help them to swim. Most fisheshave slimy skins covered with scales , but in fishes such as eels the scales are very small and can hardly be seen.憑常識我們不難猜出 fins, slimy 和 scales 的確切意思分別是“鰭”、“滑溜的”和“鱗”，對于eels 一詞，我們只需知道是fish 的一種（鰻類）就

45、行了。例 2 ： Not wanting to disturb the sleeping kitten, Igingerly lifted her fromthe box and put her on a blanket near the heater.根據前半句的 Not wanting to disturb （不愿打擾） ，我們便可大致推測出 gingerly 一詞的含義：“小心翼翼地”。例 3 ： A mercury thermometer is made of a glass tube with abulb at one end.憑常識我們知道溫度計下面的 bulb 是“水銀球”。英語

46、寫作主題的展開1 怎樣開好頭首段一般要介紹寫作意圖和背景，點出主題， 起到引領全文的作用。值得注意的是，本段思想不宜過多展開，否則可能造成后面段落無話可說的尷尬，文章結構上也會頭重腳輕，影響整體美。一般引出主題可以用俗語，給人以熟悉、親近感。比如，在寫有關鼓勵人勤奮、腳踏實地的話題時可以用 Nopains, no gains. 這樣的俗語開頭。 在寫有關勵志內容時可以用 Where there is a will, there is a way.開篇。亦可先提出一個眾人熟悉且贊同的觀點， 然后提出與之截然想反的觀點， 形成懸念， 給人以新鮮感， 從而引起興趣。 如， 寫一篇關于怎樣保持身體健康

47、的文章， 我們可以這樣開始：Most people would agree that doing exercises is good to their health, but few realize that sometimes it may do more harm than good to your body. This depends on who you are, when and how you are doing exercises.寫作開頭段根據不同的題目可采取不同的方法。常見的技巧方法有：1開門見山式。即在文章的開頭就把自己的觀點擺了出來。然后接著議論。這樣的寫法符合一般的英語

48、寫作規范。2迂回式。即由遠及近，先敘述大環境的形式，逐漸接觸本文的主題。這是一種較為典型的中式寫作法。 用于英語寫作也未嘗不可。 但有的考生在第一段里寫的內容幾乎與文章的題目無任何關系，這就需要注意了。這種寫法是不能接受的。3提問式。便于直接切入主題；如“ How do we get rid of bad habits? This is themost important thing for us to do at college.” 又如 “ Why should people loveanimals? ” 或 “ When do we start doing things with the

49、 aid of computer? ”等等。4引用式。引用成語習語“A friend in need is a friend in deed. Mr. Li is sucha friend of mine. ” 又如“Where there is a will, where is a way.” 以及 “ As thesaying goes, money make the mare go ” 等等。這一類開頭容易得高分，需要較高的英語水平，但一定要引用準確，否則會弄巧成拙。2 怎樣避免內容無序、思想混亂一篇文章要做到思想清晰， 內容有序， 必須圍繞一定的中心逐步去展開。 看下面短文問題何在。A

50、t present, Television has been an important entertainment tool. In spite ofits some disadvantages, I think that its advantages outweigh disadvantages.People can learn all types of news from television, for example, current affairs,film, advertisements etc. But it takes too many money to buy. In addi

51、tion, peoplecan comfortably watch program uncostly with family at home. Although there is some noise after television is switched and it is harmful to our lives, in addition, many people certain to believe that television is beneficial to our lives.這篇短文除了用詞造句方面的錯誤外， 主題展開中思想混亂， 條理不清。 從首段看文章主題是“電視優點勝過

52、缺點”。 接下來拓展段里時而說它的好處， 時而說它的弊端， 語句也不連貫，讓人摸不清作者到底傾向什么觀點。看修改過的內容：There are four reasons why television is beneficial. First of all, televisiongives us the news quickly. When there is an airplane accident or other problemanywhere in the world, we can know about it in a very short time. Secondly, televisi

53、on enables us to see distant places and foreign people, through which we can learn about other cultures. Thirdly, many lonely people watch television because they have no family and few friends. Television can make their lives a little happier. Most importantly, television provides good entertainmen

54、t. After a long day at school or at work, we do not need to think hard when we watch TV. We can just sit and enjoyit. It is clear that television can be a good part of our lives.首句為中心主題，統領全文。接下來逐條敘述電視給我們帶來的好處， 層次清楚。 最后一句總結全文，呼應首句。去展開論證或敘述，不要受其一旦確定一個主題，就應態度鮮明地以它為中心， 他因素的影響，弄得主次不分，更不能喧賓奪主。此外， 為了清楚有序地展

55、開主題， 達到理想的說服或敘述的效果， 必須講究段落展開的方法。 從近幾年考試情況來看， 基本上是先描述圖表，再以此為基礎進行論述。描述一般包括時間順序展開法和空間順序展開法；論述則涉及到列舉法、 舉例法、 因果法、比較法和對 比法。3 怎樣運用描述法展開段落描述一般可以按照時間或空間順序來進行。1) 時間順序展開法圍繞主題句，按時間先后順序，利用時間連接詞或提示詞，逐步展開。To get the most out of his textbooks, a student should follow several steps very carefully. First, he should m

56、ake a preliminary survey of each book to get a general idea of what the book contains. Second, he should red for deeper understanding and formulate questions as he reads. Next, he should make notes of the major points of each chapter. After that he should test himself to be sure that he can answer q

57、uestions likely to be raised in class and in examinations. Finally, he should review his notes and reread any parts of the book that are unclear to him.我們把常用的連接詞分類歸納如下：起始： first, firstly, at first, first of all, in the first place, to begin with 中間： second, secondly, in the second place, next, afterwards, after that, then, later, another, third, thirdly, still another, in addition, besides, furthermore最后： lastly, at last, finally, eventually, in the end2) 空間順序展開法根據具體描述對象，可以從上到下，從左到右，或由遠至近，由外及里地進行描述。看下面例子：As you come to t