1、1, In view of these facts, scientists hypothesized that a single large asteroid, about 10 to 15 kilometers across, collided with Earth, and the resulting fallout created the boundary clay. Their calculations show that the impact kicked up a dust cloud that cut off sunlight for several months, inhibi

2、ting photosynthesis in plants; decreased surface temperatures on continents to below freezing; caused extreme episodes of acid rain; and significantly raised long-term global temperatures through the greenhouse effect. This disruption of food chain and climate would have eradicated the dinosaurs and

3、 other organisms in less than fifty years. 考慮到這些事實，科學家們就假設有一個較大的小行星，直徑差不多有10到15公里，曾與地球相撞，所以碰撞揚起的灰塵等就形成了這層粘土層。他們的計算表明撞擊揚起的灰塵遮擋了陽光達幾個月之久，阻止了植物的光合作用，將陸地上的氣溫降到了零點之下，導致酸雨，通過溫室效應造成了長期的、嚴重的全球升溫。這種對食物鏈和氣候的極大擾亂將可使恐龍和其他生物在不到50年的時間內絕跡。T8 (2) 12#12. Paragraph 6 mentions all of the following effects of the hypot

4、hesized asteroid collision EXCEPT12. EXCEPT題，排除法。A的dust cloud，B的drop in the surface temperatures和D的increase in global temperatures都能定位至第二句，都正確，不選；C的rainfall原文沒說，錯，選a large dust cloud that blocked sunlightan immediate drop in the surface temperatures of the continentsan extreme decrease in rainfall o

5、n the continentsa long-term increase in global temperatures2, Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a deltaa

6、fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expenses of water on the early Martian surfa

7、ce. A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basins rim, is another

8、 candidate for an ancient Martian sea. 一些科學家認為早期的火星上廣泛存在著河流，湖泊甚至是海洋。一份2003年的對火星全球的調查照片顯示了一個科學家們認為是三角洲的構造一個扇形的沉積物和水流通道的網絡，河流可能是從這里流入了一個更大的水體；在這種情況下，它可能是南部高地的一個火山口湖泊。其他研究者做了更大膽的猜測，他們認為那些數據表明早期在火星表面存在大量的水。一張關于火星北部極地地區的電腦圖片說明有可能有一個古老的海洋覆蓋了大部分北部的低洼處。那座有大約3000公里寬，9公里深的Hellas盆地也可能是火星海洋。T8 (3) 7#7. All of t

9、he following questions about geological features on Mars are answered in paragraph 3 EXCEPT:7. EXCEPT題，排除法。A的regions做關鍵詞定位至第二句的后半部分和倒數第二句，正確，不選；B的delta做關鍵詞定位至原文第二句，正確，不選；C的craters做關鍵詞定位至第二句，但原文只說有crater被填滿，沒說幾個，所以C錯，選；D的large bodies of water與原文第一句的rivers, lakes and even oceans同義重合，正確，不選What are some

10、 regions of Mars that may have once been covered with an ocean?Where do mission scientists believe that the river forming the delta (河流的)三角洲emptied?Approximately how many craters on Mars do mission scientists believe may once have been lakes filled with water?During what period of Mars history do so

11、me scientists think it may have had large bodies of water?3, Wildman and Niles were particularly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourish-a subject on which there is little guidance in the literature. They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teach

12、ers in Virginia and worked with 40 practicing teachers over several years. They were concerned that many would be "drawn to these new, refreshing conceptions of teaching only to find that the void between the abstractions and the realities of teacher reflection is too great to bridge. Reflectio

13、n on a complex task such as teaching is not easy." The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent, manner. T9(2)4#Wildman 和Niles 都特別喜歡研究在哪種情況下反思可能大量出現一個幾乎沒有任何文獻指導的課題。他們給維吉利亞的一組教師設

14、計了一個實驗策略，并在幾年內研究了40位教師。他們擔心很多人可能“沉浸在這種全新的教育概念中，結果卻發現教師反思的抽象概念和現實之間的鴻溝太大而無法逾越。要反思像教學這樣復雜的工作并不容易”。要反思像教學這樣復雜的事件不是容易的。老師們都參加了關于教學事件計劃的討論，緊接著在工作人員的協助下去反思具體問題，然后是獨立反思。4. All of the following are mentioned about the experimental strategy described in paragraph 2 EXCEPT:4. EXCEPT題，排除法。A的without help與第一句的li

15、ttle guidance同義重合，正確，不選； B的a period of years做關鍵詞定位至原文第二句，正確，不選；C的discussion與原文最后一句的talk同義重合，正確，不選；D的writing原文沒說，錯，選It was designed so that teachers would eventually reflect without help from othersIt was used by a group of teachers over a period of years.It involved having teachers take part in disc

16、ussions of classroom eventsIt involved having teachers record in writing their reflections about teaching4, To the extent that the coverage of the global climate from these records can provide a measure of its true variability, it should at least indicate how all the natural causes of climate change

17、 have combined. These include the chaotic fluctuations of the atmosphere, the slower but equally erratic （漂泊不定的，古怪的）behavior of the oceans, changes in the land surfaces, and the extent of ice and snow. Also included will be any variations that have arisen from volcanic activity, solar activity, and,

18、 possibly, human activities.T10 (2) 8#這些記錄中對全球氣候的覆蓋度已經達到了可以提供氣候可變性的方法的程度，它應該至少揭示所有引起氣候變化的自然原因是怎樣結合的。這些原因包括混亂的大氣波動，相對較慢但相當混亂的海洋活動，地表變化和冰雪的覆蓋度。還包括任何火山活動、太陽活動將會引起的變化。或許也包括人類活動引起的變化。8. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 5 as natural causes of climate change EXCEPT8. EXCEPT題，排除法。A對應第二句的fluct

19、uation of the atmosphere，正確，不選；B與原文的changes in land surface有明顯區別，錯，選；C對應原文的extent of ice and snow，正確，不選；D對應原文的erratic behavior of the ocean，正確，不選 atmospheric 大氣的changes the slow movement of landmasses fluctuations in the amount of ice and snow changes in ocean activity5, The rapid expansion in inter

20、national trade also benefitted from an infusion of capital, stemming largely from gold and silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americas. This capital financed the production of goods, storage, trade, and even credit across Europe and overseas. Moreover an increased credit supply was generated

21、 by investments and loans by bankers and wealthy merchants to states and by joint-stock partnerships - an English innovation (the first major company began in 1600). Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a single commercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanen

22、t funding of capital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors who purchased shares in the company. 由西班牙商船從美國帶來的金銀成為了促進國際貿易快速發展的資本注入。這些資本資助了商品的生產，存儲，交易，甚至是全歐洲乃至海外的貸款。不僅如此，投資，政府向銀行家和商人的借貸以及一項英國的革新股份制公司（第一家主要的股份制公司始于1600年）都增加了貸款的供應。與由投資家組成的以單個商業項目為目的的短期財團不同，股份制公司通過商人和其他投資者購買公司股份所帶

23、來的投資提供長期的資金籌集。12. According to paragraph 8, each of the following was a source of funds used to finance economic expansion EXCEPT12. EXCEPT題，排除法。A的short-term financial cooperation對應最后一句，正確，不選；B好像對應第三句，但原文說銀行家和富商貸款給state，state的錢是從別人那借的，沒法促進發展，所以B錯，選；C和D都對應原文第三句，正確，不選 groups of investors engaged in sh

24、ort-term financial cooperation the state wealthy merchants joint-stock companies6, In order to understand ancient Egyptian art, it is vital to know as much as possible of the elite Egyptians' view of the world and the functions and contexts of the art produced for them. Without this knowledge we

25、 can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms. In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorabl

26、y with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in t

27、he Renaissance? The answer to such questions has nothing to do with a lack of skill or imagination on the part of Egyptian artists and everything to do with the purposes for which they were producing their art.為了能深入理解古埃及藝術，極為重要的一點是要盡可能多地了解其精英階層的世界觀以及當時藝術創造的功能和背景。若是沒有這些認識，我們只能窺探到古埃及藝術的外在情境而無法理解它們創造出來

28、的目的和所秉持的理念，也無法得知其采用的獨特藝術形式的原因。事實上，正是因為人們缺乏對這些根本意義的了解，讓古埃及文化藝術在與其他藝術進行對比時往往遭到質疑：為什么古埃及的雕塑作品不像古希臘的經典作品那樣，在空間上進行彎曲和旋轉？為什么那些藝術家看上去似乎都左右不分？又是為什么，在那些藝術作品里，完全沒有體現過文藝復興時期歐洲藝術里普遍采用的幾何透視？然而，這些問題的答案完全不能說明古埃及的藝術家技藝不佳或者缺乏想象力，而恰恰體現了他們創造這些藝術的意義所在。2. Paragraph 1 suggests that one reason Egyptian art is viewed less

29、favorably than other art is that Egyptian art lacks2. 以less favorably做關鍵詞定位至第三句，問題問缺乏什么，本句說缺乏對于目的性的理解，冒號后又說為什么埃及的雕塑的body不是turned and twisted，也就是身體是不動的，所以答案是D缺乏動作 a realistic sense of human body proportion a focus on distinctive forms of varying sizes the originality of European art the capacity to s

30、how the human body in motion3. In paragraph 1, the author mentions all of the following as necessary in appreciating Egyptian art EXCEPT an understanding of3. EXCEPT題，排除法。A的reasons對應原文第三句的understanding concerning the purposes，正確，不選；B的aristocratoc Egyptian belief對應第一句的elite Egyptians view，正確，不選；C沒有對應

31、的原文，錯，選；D對應第一句的functions，正確，不選 the reasons why the art was made the nature of aristocratic Egyptian beliefs the influences of Egyptian art on later art such as classical Greek art how the art was used7, Statues were normally made of stone, wood, or metal. Stone statues were worked from single rectan

32、gular blocks of material and retained the compactness of the original shape. The stone between the arms and the body and between the legs in standing figures or the legs and the seat in seated ones was not normally cut away. From a practical aspect this protected the figures against breakage and psy

33、chologically gives the images a sense of strength and power, usually enhanced by a supporting back pillar. By contrast, wooden statues were carved from several pieces of wood that were pegged together to form the finished work, and metal statues were either made by wrapping sheet metal around a wood

34、en core or cast by the lost wax process. The arms could be held away from the body and carry separate items in their hands; there is no back pillar. The effect is altogether lighter and freer than that achieved in stone, but because both perform the same function, formal wooden and metal statues sti

35、ll display frontality.這些雕塑通常是由石頭，木材和金屬做成的。石制雕像是用長方形的石料制成，并且保持著原有的形狀和比例。站姿雕塑的身體與胳膊之間、兩腿之間的石料或者是坐姿石像的大腿與座位之間的石料通常不會去掉。從實際的外形來看通常石像會在背部增加一個支撐柱已達到保護石像的外形以免出現斷裂并且在心理上展現并且增強一種力量與權利的感覺。與之相比，木質雕像是把許多塊木頭釘在一起再進行雕刻而成的，金屬雕塑是在木質的內里外涂上一層薄薄的金屬，或是再用蠟拋光。手臂可以離開身體并且保持拿在手中的東西與手之間相隔離。它們也沒有背部支柱。效果相比于石質雕塑更亮表述也更自如。但是因為都是用于

36、相同的用途，木質的和金屬的雕塑依舊是正面描繪的表現形式。10. According to paragraph 3, which of the following statements about wooden statues is true?10. 如果以wooden statues做關鍵詞，可能需要大量閱讀，所以用排除法。A的larger錯，原文沒說二者誰大誰小；根據wooden statues所在的那句話證明B錯，因為原文說木質雕塑是由多塊拼接而成的；C錯，原文說metal的是由wooden的核包了外皮做的，沒說wooden的就有金屬外皮；D對，stone的effect是第三句說的a se

37、nse of strength and power，而wooden的effect是最后一句說的lighter and freer，所以不同，而且by contrast也說明兩者是對照關系 Wooden statues were usually larger than stone statues. Wooden statues were made from a single piece of wood. Wooden statues contained pieces of metal or stone attached to the front. Wooden statues had a dif

38、ferent effect on the viewer than stone statues.8, Beyond that, the triumph of recorded sound has overshadowed the rich diversity of technological and aesthetic experiments with the visual image that were going forward simultaneously同時 in the 1920s. New color processes, larger or differently shaped s

39、creen sizes, multiple-screen projections, even television, were among the developments invented or tried out during the period, sometimes with startling success. The high costs of converting to sound and the early limitations of sound technology were among the factors that suppressed innovations or

40、retarded advancement in these other areas. The introduction of new screen formats was put off for a quarter century, and color, though utilized over the next two decades for special productions, also did not become a norm until the 1950s.除此之外，錄音的輝煌還是使20世紀20年代同時百家爭鳴的視覺影像方面的技術和審美實驗的進步相形見絀。在這期間充斥著新技術的發

41、明或者提出，有一些甚至取得了成功，新的色彩處理，更大的和不同尺寸的屏幕，多屏放映的設計，甚至是電視。聲音轉化的高成本和早期聲音技術的局限成為了抑制或妨礙了這些發明的在其所在領域的優勢。新型屏幕設計的引進被推遲了25年，彩色，在接下來的20年除了用于特殊生產外，一直到1950年都還不是標準。7. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true of the technological and aesthetic experiments of the 1920's?7. EXCEPT題，排除法。A的cost定位至倒數

42、第二句，但high和low是反的，所以A錯，選；B的other technological innovation定位至第一句，正確，不選；C的color和screen定位至第二句，正確，不選；D的1950s定位至最后一句話，正確，不選 Because the costs of introducing recorded sound were low, it was the only innovation that was put to use inthe1920's. The introduction of recorded sound prevented the development

43、 of other technological innovations in the 1920's The new technological and aesthetic developments of the 1920s included the use of color, new screen formats, and television. Many of the innovations developed in the 1920s were not widely introduced until as late as the 1950's.9, Nomadism has

44、 further consequences. It means that pastoralist societies occupy and can influence very large territories. This is particularly true of the horse pastoralism that emerged in the Inner Eurasian steppes, for this was the most mobile of all major forms of pastoralism So, it is no accident that with th

45、e appearance of pastoralist societies there appear large areas that share similar cultural, ecological, and even linguistic features. By the late fourth millennium B.C., there is already evidence of large culture zones reaching from Eastem Europe to the western borders of Mongolia. Perhaps the most

46、striking sign of mobility is the fact that by the third millennium B.C., most pastoralists in this huge region spoke related languages ancestral to the modem Indo-European languages. The remarkable mobility and range of pastoral societies explain, in part, why so many linguists have argued that the

47、Indo-European languages began their astonishing expansionist career not among farmers in Anatolia (present-day Turkey), but among early pastoralists from Inner Eurasia. Such theories imply that the Indo-European languages evolved not in Neolithic (10,000 to 3,000 B.C.) Anatolia, but among the foragi

48、ng communities of the cultures in the region of the Don and Dnieper rivers, which took up stock breeding and began to exploit the neighboring steppes. Nomadism also subjects pastoralist communities to strict rules of portability. If you are constantly on the move, you cannot afford to accumulate lar

49、ge material surpluses. Such rules limit variations in accumulated material goods between pastoralist households (though they may also encourage a taste for portable goods of high value such as silks or jewelry). So, by and large, nomadism implies a high degree of self-sufficiency and inhibits the ap

50、pearance of an extensive division of labor. Inequalities of wealth and rank certainly exist, and have probably existed in most pastoralist societies, but except in periods of military conquest, they are normally too slight to generate the stable, hereditary hierarchies that are usually implied by th

51、e use of the term class. Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their militar

52、y skills. 游牧生活有一些更重大的意義。它意味著畜牧主義社會占據著并且影響著非常大的地域。特別是在歐洲內陸的西伯利亞大草原上的以馬為畜牧對象的出現更具重大意義，因為它是在所有畜牧業中移動性最強的一種。所以，畜牧社會所變現出來的在較大地域中分享類似的文化、生態以及語言特點并非偶然現象。在公元前4000年的后期，已經有證據顯示存在著一個從東歐延伸到蒙古邊境的大文化圈。也許在其移動性方面最具說服力的標志是在公元前3000在這個區域的大部分的畜牧者都講一種與現代印歐語系有關的古老語言。這種值得關注的移動性和畜牧社會的地理范圍在某種程度上解釋了很多語言學家一直爭論的一個問題，那就是為什么印歐語系

53、并不是從Anatolia（現在的土耳其）的農民中傳播開來的，而是從早期歐洲內陸的畜牧主義者中產生。這些理論暗示了印歐語系不是從新石器時代的Antolia發展而來，而是在Don 和Dnieper 流域內從事家畜養殖和開發鄰近的西伯利亞大草原的畜牧社群中發展而來。 游牧主義者也用便于攜帶但卻嚴格的規則下征服了畜牧主義者。如果你不斷地移動，你就負擔不起大量的剩余物資。這樣的規則限制了畜牧主義者家用物資的多樣性積累（盡管他們也鼓勵積累高質量的便于攜帶的物品，如真絲和珠寶）。所以，大體上來說，游牧民族包含著一個高程度的自給自足社會并且限制寬泛的勞動分工。當然，不公平的財富和社會地位也同樣存在，而且是存在

54、于絕大多數的畜牧主義社會里。但是除了在軍事征服時段里，他們由于過于弱小而不能形成所想象的穩定的、世襲的統治階級。畜牧主義社會里也同樣存在性別上的不公平，但是由于在大多數社群中缺少嚴格的財富等級制度，并且由于婦女往往具有男子的技能所以這種不公平性被弱化了。TPO14(2)10 According to paragraph 4, all of the following are true of social inequality in pastoralist societies EXCEPT:10. EXCEPT題，排除法，此題較難。A的some degree做關鍵詞定位至倒數第二段的前半句，正確

55、，不選；B的military conquest做關鍵詞定位至倒數第二句的逗號之后，原文說除了military conquest之外都很不明顯，也就是B說的military conquest期間明顯，所以B正確，不選；C的rigid hierarchy做關鍵詞定位至倒數第二句后半句，原文說平時不明顯，也就是不能express，而C說能express，所以C說反，選；D的class difference做關鍵詞定位至數第二句后半句，原文說平時不顯著，所以D說對，不選 It exists and has existed to some degree in most pastoral societie

56、s. It is most marked during periods of military conquest.勝利品 It is expressed in the form of a rigid嚴格的 hierarchy based largely on heredity.遺傳 It is usually too insignificant to be discussed in terms of class differences.10, Glaciers are slowly moving masses of ice that have accumulated on land in ar

57、eas where more snowfalls during a year than melts. Snowfalls as hexagonal crystals, but once on the ground, snow is soon transformed into a compacted mass of smaller, rounded grains. As the air space around them is lessened by compaction and melting, the grains become denser. With further melting, r

58、efreezing, and increased weight from newer snowfall above, the snow reaches a granular recrystallized stage intermediate between flakes and ice known as firn. With additional time, pressure, and refrozen meltwater from above, the small firn granules become larger, interlocked crystals of blue glacial ice. When the ice is thick enough, usually over 30 meters, the weight of the snow and firn will cause the ice crystals toward the bottom to become plastic and to flow outward or downward from the area of snow accumulation.冰川是一種緩慢移動的巨大的冰塊，這種冰塊是由于每年降雪多于融化而積累起來的。那些如六角晶體的降雪一旦飄落在地表，雪花就迅速壓縮成大量的小