1、過去完成時一、基礎(chǔ)知識1 . 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：have/has + done2 .否定形式：have/has + not +done.3 .一般疑問句：have或has提前概念：過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作，即"過去的過去（ past-in-the-past ） "。|>那時以前那時現(xiàn)在構(gòu)成：過去完成時由"助動詞 had + 過去分詞"構(gòu)成，其中had 通用于各種人稱。They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.She had finish

2、ed writing the composition by 10 ： 00 this morning.二、過去完成時的判斷依據(jù)1. 由時間狀語來判定一般說來，各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有：（1 ） by + 過去的時間點。如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.（2 ） by the end of + 過去的時間點。如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.（3 ） b

3、efore + 過去的時間點。如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.2. 由 "過去的過去"來判定。過去完成時表示"過去的過去"， 是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作，即動作有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的用過去完成時，在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在：（1 ）賓語從句中當賓語從句的主句為一般過去時，且從句的動作先于主句的動作時，從句要用過去完成時。在 told, said, knew, heard, thought 等動詞后的賓語從句。如：She said that sh

4、e had seen the film before.（2 ）狀語從句中在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中，主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系，動作在前的，要用過去完成時，動作在后的要用一般過去時。如：When I got to the station, the train had already left.After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.注意： before, after 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表達了動作的先后關(guān)系，若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連，則主、從句都用一般過去時。如：Where

5、 did you study before you came hereAfter he closed the door, he left the classroom.（3 ） 表示意向的動詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用過去完成時表示"原本,二未能”We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.3. 根據(jù)上、下文來判定。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each o

6、ther since he went to Beijing.三、過去完成時的主要用法1. 過去完成時表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束，即發(fā)生在 "過去的過去"。如：When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒來時，雨已經(jīng)停了。（主句的動作發(fā)生在"過去的過去"）2. 過去完成時是一個相對的時態(tài)，表示的是"過去的過去"，只有和過去某一時間或某一動作相比較時才使用它。如：He told me that he had written a new book. （had written

7、 發(fā)生在 told 之前 ）3. 過去完成時需要與一個表示過去的時間狀語連用，它不能離開過去時間而獨立存在。此時多與already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等時間副詞及by ， before ，until 等引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用。如： Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years. Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he

8、was ten.4. 過去完成時表示某一動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時之前已經(jīng)開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間，而且動作尚未結(jié)束，仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.（ hadworked 已有了 20 年，還有繼續(xù)進行下去的可能）四、過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時表示的動作發(fā)生在過去，但側(cè)重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響，與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為"助動詞 have （has） + 過去分詞"；過去完成時則是一個相對的時態(tài)，它所表示的動作不僅發(fā)生在過去，

9、更強調(diào)"過去的過去"，只有和過去某時或某動作相比較時，才用到它。試比較：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了1000 個英語單詞。I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了1000 個英語單詞。- I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 對不起，讓你久等了。- Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.沒什么，我只等了幾分鐘。（ "等 &qu

10、ot;的動作從過去某一時間點持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在）- John returned home yesterday. 約翰昨天回到家的。- Where had he been他去哪兒了（答語中使用過去完成時是指約翰在returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即 " 過去的過去"）五、過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別雖然這兩種時態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，但在使用時應(yīng)注意以下幾點：1. 時間狀語不同：過去完成時在時間上強調(diào)"過去的過去"；而一般過去時只強調(diào)過去某一特定的時間。試比較：They had arrived at the station by ten y

11、esterday.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2. 在沒有明確的過去時間狀語作標志時，謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的時間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷：先發(fā)生的用過去完成時，后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時。如：She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.3. 當兩個或兩個以上接連發(fā)生的動作用and 或 but 連接時，按時間順序，只需用一般過去時來代替過去完成時

12、；另外，在before ， after ， as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中，由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時間的先后，因此也可以用過去時來代替過去完成時。如：He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paperI (had) called her before I left the office.過去完成時可表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法和打算，通常連用的動詞是want, think, hope, plan,mean, expect, intend, suppose 等：I had meant to come, but s

13、omething happened. 我本想來，但有事就沒有來。I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想發(fā)言，但時間不允許。We had hoped that you would come to see us, but you didn 我們本想你來看我們的，但 t.你沒有來。過去完成時練習(xí)題、單項選擇1. He asked me during the summer holidays.A. where I had beenB. where I had goneC. where had I beenD. where had I g

14、one2. What Jane by the time he was sevenA. did, doB. has, done C did, did.D. had, done3. I 900 English words by the time I was ten 。A. learnedB. was learning C. had learnedD. learnt4. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I the dinner already.A had cooked B. cookedC. have cookedD. was cooke

15、d5. She said she the principle alreadyA .has seenB. sawC. will seeD. had seen6. She said her family themselves the army during the war.A. has hidden, fromB. had hidden, fromC. has hidden, withD. had hidden, with7. By the time he was ten years old, he .A. has completed universityB. has completed the

16、universityB. had completed an universityD. had completed university8. She had written a number of books the end of last year.A. forB. inC. byD. at9. He to play before he was 11 years old.A had learned, pianoB. had learned, the pianoD. learns, piano.C. has learned, the piano10. What Annie by the time

17、 he was tenA. did, doB. did, didC. has, doneD. had done11. He _ in the factory for three years before he joined the Army.A. has worked B. worksC. had workedD. will work12. By the end of last week, they the bridge.A. has completed B. completed C. will complete D. had completed13. By the time he was 4

18、, he a lot of German words.A. had learned B. has learned C. learnedD. learns14. .Jim turned off the lights and then the classroom.D. leftD. were livingD. had arrivedA. was leftB. had leftC. has left15. They in Guangzhou since 2000.A. livedB. had livedC. have lived16. The train from Beijingten minute

19、s ago.A. has arrivedB. was arrivingC. arrived17. The studentstheir classroom when the visitors arrived.A have cleaned B. had cleaned C. was cleaned D. have been cleaned18. Lindathe project in one hour.D. has finishedD. was putting onD. worksA. have finished B. will finish C. finishes19. The man his coat and went out.A. put onB. had put onC. will put on20. My motherin that factory at the age of 18.A. had worked B. has worked C. worked、用動詞的適當形式填空1. We (paint) the house before we (move) in.2. That rich old man (make) a