1、托福閱讀解題代入技巧實例分析托福閱讀解題代入技巧實例分析原來詞匯題可以這么做托福閱讀詞匯題可用代入法推斷這種方法相當于萬無一失的萬金油了.不論你遇到什么情況,把四個選項帶入到原文中看是否語義通順符合邏輯.是個正確率比較高的方法.代入法解題思路實例講解原題實例thedeserts,whichalreadyoccupyappro_imatelyaforthoftheearthslandsurface,haveinrecentdecadesbeenincreasinglyatanalarmingpace.thee_pansionofdesert-likeconditionsintoareaswher

2、etheydidnotpreviouslye_istiscalleddesertification.ithasbeenestimatedthatanadditionalone-fourthoftheearthslandsurfaceisthreatenedbythisprocess.thewordthreatenedinthepassageisclosetinmeaningtoA.restrictedB.endangeredC.preventedD.rejected.思路解析這道題目問的是threatened這個單詞的意思.大部分背了單詞的同學都知道是威脅的意思,很容易的就可以選擇b答案.但是

3、如果你不認識這個單詞呢,我們來看下單詞所在這個句子,估計另外的四分之一的土地被這種進程所.那么這個進程講的就是前面所提到的沙漠化的進程.我們來看下四個選項,A受限制的,B被威脅的,C被阻止的,D被拒絕的.把這四個單詞帶入的話,我們得出b被威脅的這個選項是最合適的.托福閱讀撩題必備技能后置定語常見的后置定語表現形式:Theleaders(presentatthemeeting)areveryfamousHislover(forhiscountry)isverygreatThekid(runningontheground)iscuteThegirl(punishedbytheteacher)cri

4、edShehasameeting(toattend)sendsIlikethechocolate(thatyouboughtformeyesterday)Paragraph4:Foreheadrubbingbymaledeeronbuckrubspresumablyagreatdealofinformationtoothermembersofthesamespecies.First,thechemicalsdepositedontherubprovideinformationontheindividualidentityofananimal;notwomammalsproducethesame

5、scent.Forinstance,asweallknow,dogsrecognizeeachotherviasmell.Second,becauseonlymaledeerrub,thebuckrubanditsassociatedchemicalsindicatethese_ofthedeerproducingtherub.Third,oldermoredominantbucksproducemorebuckrubsandprobablydepositmoreglandularsecretionsonagivenrub.Thus,thepresenceofmanywell-markedru

6、bsisindicativeofolder,higher-statusmalesbeinginthegeneralvicinityratherthansimplybeingacrudemeasureofrelativedeerabundanceinagivenarea.Theinformationconveyedbytheolfactorysignalsonabuckrubmakesitthesocialequivalentofsomeauditorysignalsinotherdeerspecies,suchastrumpetingbybullelk.Whatcanbeinferredfro

7、mparagraph4aboutthetrumpetingofbullelk?OTrumpetingbyhigher-statusbullelksignalstheirpresencetoothermembersoftheirspecies.OBullelkneedtocombinetrumpetingwitholfactorysignalstoconveyinformationabouttheiridentity.OTrumpetingalertswhite-taileddeertothepresenceofbullelkintheirvicinity.OTrumpetingprovides

8、abettermeasureofdeerpresenceinagivenareathanbuckrubsdo.這是一道推斷題,較有難度,根據題干定位后發現解題區間在原文的最后2句話,都是長難句,我們來逐一分析一下;根據trumpeting先是定位到最后一句,這個句子包含了后置定語conveyedbytheolfactorysignalsonabuckrub,讀到這里發現并不是句子重心,后面的makesitsocialequivalent才是句子重心,由此能感覺到作者意在做類比,非常符合推斷題的解題思路哦,比較對象分別是通過olfactory(rub)傳達的信號和通過auditory(trump

9、eting)傳達的信號,這兩種信號具有相同的社會功能;上一句依然包含了后置定語,beinginthegeneralvicinityinagivenarea,所以句子重心在前,講的是rub的出現代表著周圍有older,higher-status的buck最后我們嘗試聯系一下這2句話，得出的結論是：olfactory(rub)-higherstatusbuck=auditory(trumpeting)-higherstatusbullelk,選擇AThenumbersofdeerhavefluctuatedmarkedlysincetheentryofEuropeansintoPugetSound

10、country.Theearlye_plorersandsettlerstoldofabundantdeerintheearly_00sandyetalmostinthesamebreathbemoanedthelackofthissucculentgameanimal.Famouse_plorersofthenorthAmericanfrontier,LewisandClarkarrivedatthemouthoftheColumbiaRiveronNovember_,_,innearlystarvedcircumstances.Theyhade_periencedgreatdifficul

11、tyfindinggamewestoftheRockiesandnotuntilthesecondofDecemberdidtheykilltheirfirstelk.Tokeep40peoplealivethatwinter,theyconsumedappro_imately_0elkand20deer.Andwhengamemovedoutofthelowlandsinearlyspring,thee_peditiondecidedtoreturneastratherthanfacepossiblestarvation.Lateronintheearlyyearsofthenineteen

12、thcentury,whenFortVancouverbecametheheadquartersoftheHudsonsBayCompany,deerpopulationscontinuedtofluctuate.DavidDouglas,Scottishbotanicale_plorerofthe_30s,foundadisturbingchangeintheanimallifearoundthefortduringtheperiodbetweenhisfirstvisitin_25andhisfinalcontactwiththefortin_32.ArecentDouglasbiogra

13、pherstates:Thedeerwhichoncepicturesquelydottedthemeadowsaroundthefortweregonein_32,huntedtoe_terminationinordertoprotectthecrops.Accordingtoparagraph3,howhadFortVancouverchangedbythetimeDavidDouglasreturnedin_32?OTheforthadbecometheheadquartersfortheHudsonsBayCompany.ODeerhadbegunpopulatingthemeadow

14、saroundthefort.ODeerpopulationsneartheforthadbeendestroyed.OCropyieldsintheareaaroundtheforthaddecreased.這是一道細節題,解題策略會相對更簡單粗暴一些,根據題干_32我們定位到andhisfinalcontactwiththefortin_32,這里讀一下發現并沒有回答題目,那下一句應該繼續再講_32年之后的故事,由此往下看是一個長難句,出現了后置定語whichonce并不是句子重心, 句子重picturesquelydottedthemeadowsaroundthefort,心在wereg

15、one,表示這些鹿都消失了,以此為線索可以確定包含destroyed的選項C為同義改寫選項ThebasicculturalrequirementsforthesuccessfulcolonizationofthePacificislandsincludetheappropriateboat-building,sailing,andnavigationskillstogettotheislandsinthefirstplace,domesticatedplantsandgardeningskillssuitedtooftenmarginalconditions,andavariedinvento

16、ryoffishingimplementsandtechniques.ItisnowgenerallybelievedthattheseprerequisitesoriginatedwithpeoplesspeakingAustronesianlanguages(agroupofseveralhundredrelatedlanguages)andbegantoemergeinSoutheastAsiabyabout5000B.C.E.Thecultureofthattime,basedonarchaeologyandlinguisticreconstruction,isassumedtohav

17、ehadabroadinventoryofcultivatedplantsincludingtaro,yarns,banana,sugarcane,breadfruit,coconut,sago,andrice.Justasimportant,theculturealsopossessedthebasicfoundationforaneffectivemaritimeadaptation,includingoutriggercanoesandavarietyoffishingtechniquesthatcouldbeeffectiveforoverseasvoyaging.Allofthefo

18、llowingarementionedinparagraph3asrequiredforsuccessfulcolonizationofthePacificislandsE_CEPTOknowledgeofvariousAustronesianlanguagesOavarietyoffishingtechniquesOnavigationalskillsOknowledgeofplantcultivation這是一道排除題,幾個正確選項在第一句話里都分別有提及,而錯誤選項A并非完全沒有提到,它的位置在第二句話的前半個分句,這里依然出現后置定語speakingAustronesianlangua

19、ges,用以修飾people,而不是A選項提到白中心詞knowledge,所以選AThereisadanger,ofcourse,thatplaymaybemisinterpretedornotrecognizedasplaybyothers,potentiallyleadingtoaggression.Thisisespeciallytruewhenplayconsistsofpracticingnormalaggressiveorpredatorbehaviors.Thus,manyspecieshaveevolvedclearsignalstodelineateplayfulness.D

20、ogs,fore_ample,willwagtheirtails,getdowntheirfrontlegs,andsticktheirbehindsintheairtoindicatewhatfollowsisjustforplay.Withmessagessuchasthose,evendogsthatarestrangerstoeachothercanbeplayingwithinafewminutes再看一道插入題,插入題我們一般會關注插入句中的邏輯詞比如這里有even,那我們換個角度看一下,這里發現了后置定語thatarestrangerstoeachother用以修飾前面的dogs

21、,所以插入句中提到的狗不是泛泛而指的狗哦,而是互相不認識的狗.回到原文發現最后一句話開始提到Dogs,是泛指，插入句中的dogs被后置定語限定過,是特指,特指放在泛指后面,選DTheraisingoflivestockisamajoreconomicactivityinsemiaridlands,wheregrassesaregenerallythedominanttypeofnaturalvegetation.Theconsequencesofane_cessivenumberoflivestockgrazinginanareaarethereductionofthevegetationco

22、verandthetramplingandpulverizationofthesoil.Thisisusuallyfollowedbythedryingofthesoilandacceleratederosion.OGrassesaregenerallythedominanttypeofnaturalvegetationinsemiaridlands.最后這是一道段落小結題,該段落第一句話為段落主題句,同時出現了后置定語wheregrassesaregenerallythedominanttypeofnaturalvegetation,句子重心在前,強調家畜的飼養為主要經濟活動,中心詞是the

23、raisingoflivestock,后面的內容也是圍繞著這個詞展開的,講的是這種活動對于該地區產生的影響,不再涉及后置定語中有關grass的討論;所以這個選項就自然排除啦.托福閱讀:尋找題干能力對于highlightedsentences解題過程的重要性Whichofthesentencesbelowbeste_pressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformati

24、on.在這里要注意,highlightedsentences的題目是直接給出明確的做題指導的,那就是錯誤的句子會1)漏掉句子中的重要信息.2)曲解句子的意思.在現實做題備考過程中,學生們往往很容易看出曲解句子意思選項,知道不可以選,但容易在一些信息全對的選項上猶豫.這幾個選項的信息原文句子都有提到那我究竟應該選擇哪一個選項呢?其實在托福考試的highlightedsentences題型中,其實有一條潛規則,那就是:那句highlightedsentence的主干其實就是句子的重要信息.所以,在這個時候,分析句子題干就成為了一個至關重要的能力.就讓我們先一起看一道例題吧!Paragraph3:T

25、heWesthadplentyofattractions:thealluvialriverbottoms,thefecundsoilsoftherollingforestlands,theblackloamsoftheprairiesweretemptingtoNewEnglandfarmersworkingtheirrocky,sterilelandandtosoutheasternfarmersplaguedwithsoildepletionanderosion.In_20underanewlandlaw,afarmcouldbeboughtfor$100.Thecontinuedprol

26、iferationofbanksmadeiteasierforthosewithoutcashtonegotiateloansinpapermoney.WesternFarmersborrowedwiththeconfidente_pectationthatthee_pandingeconomywouldkeepfarmpriceshigh,thusmakingiteasytorepayloanswhentheyfelldue.5 .Whichofthesentencesbelowbeste_pressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsente

27、nceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.OBecausetheWesthadmoreriversandforeststhantheEast,itssoilwasmoreproductive.OThefertilesoilsoftheWestdrewfarmersfromregionswithbarrensoils.OFarmerslivinginwesternareasoftheUnitedStatesweremoreaffectedbysoile

28、rosionthanfarmerslivingineasternareas.OThesoilinwesternareasoftheUnitedStateswasricherthansoilineasternareas.這是TPO20-1WestwardMigration的highlightedsentences題,初看這道題,很多單詞量不夠大的學生是很有壓力的,所以他們會覺得這道題很難做出來的原因是因為太多單詞看不懂,比如alluvial,fecund,loam,prairies,sterile,depletion但對于很多單詞量大的同學，也很容易選擇A或者D這兩個選項，然后在我提示他們答案并

29、不是A的時候表示驚訝:啊?那剩下還有別的選項能選嗎?其實,出現這兩種情況的原因都是因為同學們沒有從找題干的角度分析這道題于是現在,就讓我們先暫時不看選項,而是單獨看這個highlightedsentence,找尋一下這個句子的主干.其實,這個句子雖然復雜,但靜下心里看,主干還是很明顯的.這個句子的冒號前后是兩句話,重點是冒號后面的那一句,仔細看的話,會發現thealluvialriverbottoms,thefecundsoilsoftherollingforestlands,theblackloamsoftheprairies這一群很復雜的詞組組成了主語,weretemptingtoandt

30、o構成了謂語,NewEnglandfarmersworkingtheirrocky,sterileland和southeasternfarmersplaguedwithsoildepletionanderosion.構成了賓語,所以整個句子的結構就非常清晰了,那就是:._weretemptingto._and._.翻譯成中文就是:._正在引誘._.所以,這個句子的主干,是一定包含了._正在引誘._這個意思的,如果選項中沒有包含了這個意思,就不是正確選項.那么這時候,同學們再來看一看這道題,應該選擇什么呢?A選項雖然包含了很多句子中的信息,但它唯獨沒有._正在引誘._的意思,所以不是正確答案.B

31、選項雖然是最短的選項,語言也非常概括,但它是麻雀雖小,五臟俱全.其中的drew就有吸引的意思,所以其實這是一個可以選擇的選項.C選項整個意思倒過來了,不是西部農民,而是東南部農民更容易被soilerosion所影響.D選項的信息也沒有錯,但跟A選項一樣,它也不包含主干內容.所以最后我們的答案是B選項.這個讓大家都覺得太短了,信息太少的選項反而是正確答案,就因為它是唯一一個信息沒錯誤又包含了句子主干內容的選項.所以,其實從某種意義上來說,就算同學們不認識那些生詞,只要找到主干,知道temptto的意思，就也能運用我們的分析主干技巧來順利選出B選項.現在,同學們是不是已經掌握了托福的highlightedsentences主干就是句子的重要信息的潛規則了?有了這樣的技巧,大家就再來試一道題吧!Thefrequencywithwhichcertainsimplemotifsappearintheseoldestsites the Panaramiteehasledrock-artresearcherstoadoptadescriptivetermstylealabelwhichtakesitsnamefromthee_tensiverockpavementsatPanaramiteeNorthindesertSouth