1、心理學(xué)專業(yè)英語心理學(xué)專業(yè)英語English for PsychologyEnglish for PsychologyChapter five The cognitive approach to psychologyThe cognitive approach to psychologyvOrigins and historyvAssumptions vMethods of investigation vAreas of explanationvPractical applicationsvStrengths vWeaknesses（起源與歷史）（起源與歷史）（理論假設(shè)）（理論假設(shè)）（調(diào)查方法）

2、（調(diào)查方法）（闡釋內(nèi)容）（闡釋內(nèi)容）（實(shí)際應(yīng)用）（實(shí)際應(yīng)用）（缺點(diǎn)）（缺點(diǎn)）（優(yōu)點(diǎn)）（優(yōu)點(diǎn)）心理學(xué)的認(rèn)知研究方法心理學(xué)的認(rèn)知研究方法 cognition refers to all those processes by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered and usedcognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do. Neisser(1966)杰羅姆西摩布魯納（Jerome Seymour B

3、runer，1915）cognition refers to all those processes by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered and usedcognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do. Neisser(1966)認(rèn)知涉及到所有這些過程：感覺輸入、轉(zhuǎn)換、衰減、整合、儲存、恢復(fù)和運(yùn)用認(rèn)知可能涉及到人們做的任何事情。奈賽爾（1966）elaborate: :詳細(xì)闡述；精心制作；

4、從簡單成分合成詳細(xì)闡述；精心制作；從簡單成分合成Origins and historyvThe cognitive approach began to revolutionise psychology in the late 1950s and early 1960s, to become the dominant paradigm in the subject by the 1970s. Interest in mental processes had been gradually resurrected through the work of people like Tolman and

5、Piaget , but it was the arrival of the computer that gave cognitive psychology the terminology and metaphor it needed to ivestigate human minds. The cognitive approach began to revolutionise psychology in the late 1950s and early 1960s, to become the dominant paradigm in the subject by the 1970s.認(rèn)知研

6、究方法起源于20世紀(jì)50年代末至60年代初的心理學(xué)變革，并且到20世紀(jì)70年代成為這一學(xué)科（心理學(xué)）中占支配地位的范式。 revolutionise: :徹底改變；使革命化徹底改變；使革命化paradigm: :范例；詞形變化表范例；詞形變化表 Interest in mental processes had been gradually resurrected through the work of people like Tolman and Piaget , but it was the arrival of the computer that gave cognitive psycho

7、logy the terminology and metaphor it needed to investigate human minds.gradually: :逐步地；漸漸地逐步地；漸漸地resurrect: :使復(fù)活；復(fù)興；挖出使復(fù)活；復(fù)興；挖出terminology: :術(shù)語，術(shù)語學(xué)；用辭術(shù)語，術(shù)語學(xué)；用辭metaphor: :暗喻，隱喻；比喻說法暗喻，隱喻；比喻說法經(jīng)過托爾曼和皮亞杰等人的努力，心理學(xué)研究逐漸恢復(fù)了對心理過程的興趣，但是，直到計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)代的到來，認(rèn)知心理學(xué)才獲得了研究人類心理所需要的術(shù)語和隱喻。Origins and historyvCognitive psychol

8、ogy compares the human mind to a computer, suggesting that we too are information processors and that it is possible and desirable to study the internal mental processes that lie between the stimuli we receive and the responses we make. Cognition meansknowing and cognitive processes refer to the way

9、s in which knowledge is gained, used and retained.Therefore, cognitive psychologists have studied perception, attention, memory, thinking, language, and problem solving. Cognitive psychology compares the human mind to a computer, suggesting that we too are information processors and that it is possi

10、ble and desirable to study the internal mental processes that lie between the stimuli we receive and the responses we make.認(rèn)知心理學(xué)把人類的大腦比作計(jì)算機(jī)，認(rèn)為兩者都是信息加工器，并且認(rèn)為研究位于我們接收到刺激和做出反應(yīng)之間的內(nèi)部心理過程是可能的和值得做的。 desirable: :令人滿意的；值得要的令人滿意的；值得要的stimuli: :刺激；刺激物；促進(jìn)因素刺激；刺激物；促進(jìn)因素 Cognition means knowing and cognitive proce

11、sses refer to the ways in which knowledge is gained, used and retained. Therefore, cognitive psychologists have studied perception, attention, memory, thinking, language, and problem solving.retain: :保持；雇；記住保持；雇；記住認(rèn)知的意思是“知曉”，認(rèn)知過程涉及到知識的獲得、使用和保持的方式。因此，認(rèn)知心理學(xué)家已經(jīng)研究了知覺、注意、記憶、思維、語言和問題解決。Origins and history

12、vCognitive psychology has influenced and integrated with many other approaches and areas of study to produce, for example, social learning theory, cognitive neuropsychology, and artificial intelligence. Cognitive psychology has influenced and integrated with many other approaches and areas of study

13、to produce, for example, social learning theory, cognitive neuropsychology, and artificial egrate: :使使完整；使完整；使成整體成整體認(rèn)知心理學(xué)已經(jīng)影響并整合了許多其他研究方法和研究領(lǐng)域，產(chǎn)生了，諸如，社會學(xué)習(xí)理論、認(rèn)知神經(jīng)心理學(xué)和人工智能。neuropsychology: :神經(jīng)心理學(xué)神經(jīng)心理學(xué)intelligence: :智力；情報(bào)工作；理解力智力；情報(bào)工作；理解力人工智能認(rèn)知神經(jīng)心理學(xué)AssumptionsCognitive psychologists ass

14、ume thatvmental processes can and should be investigated scientificallyvmodels of psychological functions can be proposedvresearch on these models can be carried out to confirm,refute or modify them by testing observable behaviour and conscious reportvcognitive processes actively organise and manipu

15、late information that we receive-humans are not merely passive responders to their environmentCognitive psychologists assume thatvmental processes can and should be investigated scientificallyvmodels of psychological functions can be proposed認(rèn)知心理學(xué)家假設(shè)：心理過程能夠并應(yīng)該得到科學(xué)地研究。能夠提出（擬建）心理功能模型。vresearch on thes

16、e models can be carried out to confirm, refute or modify them by testing observable behaviour and conscious report通過檢驗(yàn)可觀察的行為和有意識的的口頭報(bào)告，能夠?qū)@些模型的研究進(jìn)行證實(shí)、反駁或修改。vcognitive processes actively organise and manipulate information that we receive-humans are not merely passive responders to their environment認(rèn)

17、知過程主動地組織和操縱我們接收到的信息人們不僅僅是他們環(huán)境的被動回應(yīng)者。organise: :組織組織manipulate: :操縱；操作；巧妙地處理；篡改操縱；操作；巧妙地處理；篡改passive: :被動的，消極的；被動語態(tài)的被動的，消極的；被動語態(tài)的Methods of investigation Cognitive psychologists mostly employ a nomothetic approach to discover human cognitive processes,but have also adopted idiographic techniques at t

18、imes：vLaboratory experimentation-for example,many subjects have been exposed to memory tests under strictly controlled conditions.vCase study-Piaget studied the cognitive development of his children using the clinical interview method. Cognitive psychologists mostly employ a nomothetic approach to d

19、iscover human cognitive processes, but have also adopted idiographic techniques at times：認(rèn)知心理學(xué)家通常使用常規(guī)的研究方法去揭示人們的認(rèn)知過程，但有時(shí)也采用獨(dú)特的技術(shù)。 Laboratory experimentation-for example, many subjects have been exposed to memory tests under strictly controlled conditions.實(shí)驗(yàn)室實(shí)驗(yàn)-例如，許多被試已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了在嚴(yán)格控制條件下的記憶測試。 Case study-P

20、iaget studied the cognitive development of his children using the clinical interview method.個案研究-皮亞杰使用臨床訪談方法研究他自己孩子的認(rèn)知發(fā)展。Areas of explanationCognitive psychologists have sought to explain:vmemory, e.g. Atkinson and Shiffrins multi-store model of the input,storage and loss of information,etc.vpercept

21、ion,e.g.Gregorys theory on the role of mental processes in influencing/organising visual stimulivattention,e.g.Broadbents filter modelvartificial intelligence,e.g.Rumelhart and McClellands parallel distributed network modelsvsocial cognition,e.g.the effects of stereotypes on interpersonal perception

22、vcognitive development,e.g.Piagets stage theory of cognitive developmentCognitive psychologists have sought to explain:vmemory, e.g. Atkinson and Shiffrins multi-store model of the input, storage and loss of information, etc.認(rèn)知心理學(xué)家試圖解釋：記憶，例如阿特金森和謝弗林的信息輸入、存儲和喪失的多元存儲模型等。vperception, e.g. Gregorys theo

23、ry on the role of mental processes in influencing / organising visual stimuli知覺，例如格雷戈里關(guān)于在影響或組織視覺刺激方面的心理加工作用的理論。vattention, e.g. Broadbents filter model注意， 例如布羅德本特的過濾器模型。filter: :過濾器；篩選；濾光器過濾器；篩選；濾光器vartificial intelligence, e.g. Rumelhart and McClellands parallel distributed network modelsparallel:

24、:平行的；類似的，相同的平行的；類似的，相同的人工智能，例如魯梅爾哈特和麥克蘭德的平行分布網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型。distributed: :分布式的，分散式的分布式的，分散式的vsocial cognition, e.g. the effects of stereotypes on interpersonal perception社會認(rèn)知，例如關(guān)于人際知覺刻板印象的影響。社會認(rèn)知stereotype: :陳詞濫調(diào)，老套；鉛板陳詞濫調(diào)，老套；鉛板interpersonal: :人際的；人與人之間的人際的；人與人之間的刻板印象vcognitive development, e.g. Piagets stage

25、 theory of cognitive development認(rèn)知發(fā)展認(rèn)知發(fā)展，例如皮亞杰的認(rèn)知發(fā)展階段理論。Practical applications Cognitve psychology has had a broad range of applications, for example to vmemory-to help improve memory through mnemonic devices or to aid the police in eyewitness testimonyveducation-Piaget theory has been applied to im

26、prove educational techniquesvtherapy-such as the use of Elliss rational emotive therapy to restructure faulty thinking and perceptions in depression, for example. When combined to form cognitive-behavioural techniques , effectiveness is improvedvpersonality assessment-e.g. Kelleys personal construct

27、 measurement Cognitve psychology has had a broad range of applications, for example to vmemory-to help improve memory through mnemonic devices or to aid the police in eyewitness testimony認(rèn)知心理學(xué)已經(jīng)得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用，例如：記憶-通過記憶策略可以增進(jìn)記憶或在目擊者證詞方面幫助警察。mnemonic: :記憶的；助記的；記憶術(shù)的記憶的；助記的；記憶術(shù)的eyewitness：目擊者，見證人：目擊者，見證人test

28、imony: :證詞，證言；證據(jù)證詞，證言；證據(jù)veducation-Piaget theory has been applied to improve educational techniques教育-皮亞杰的理論已被應(yīng)用于改進(jìn)教育技術(shù)。vtherapy-such as the use of Elliss rational emotive therapy to restructure faulty thinking and perceptions in depression, for example. When combined to form cognitive-behavioural t

29、echniques, effectiveness is improvedfaulty: :有錯誤的；有缺點(diǎn)的有錯誤的；有缺點(diǎn)的合理（理性）情緒療法治療-例如使用埃利斯合理（理性）情緒療法對抑郁癥患者的歪曲思維和知覺進(jìn)行重建。當(dāng)此療法被結(jié)合形成為認(rèn)知-行為技術(shù)時(shí)，它的效用就提高了。rational: :合理的；理性的合理的；理性的restructure: :調(diào)整；重建；更改結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整；重建；更改結(jié)構(gòu)vpersonality assessment-e.g. Kelleys personal construct measurement人格測評-例如凱利的人格建構(gòu)理論。assessment: :評定；估

30、評評定；估評Strengths Cognitive psychology is probably the most dominant approach today:v It investigates many areas of interest in psychology that had been neglected by behaviourism; yet, unlike psychoanalysis and humanism, it investigates them using more rigorous scientific methods.v In contrast to the

31、biological approach , it bases its explanations firmly at a functional, psychological level, rather than resorting to reductionism to explain human behaviour.v The approach has provided explanations of many aspects of human behaviour and has had usefull practical applications.v The cognitive approac

32、h has combined with other approaches to strengthen its explanations and usefulness ,e.g. cognitive neuropsychology. Cognitive psychology is probably the most dominant approach today:vIt investigates many areas of interest in psychology that had been neglected by behaviourism; yet, unlike psychoanaly

33、sis and humanism, it investigates them using more rigorous scientific methods.認(rèn)知心理學(xué)可能是現(xiàn)今最有優(yōu)勢的研究方法：它研究了許多被行為主義忽視的且在心理學(xué)中受關(guān)注的領(lǐng)域。還有，不像精神分析和人本主義，它研究這些領(lǐng)域用了更嚴(yán)格的科學(xué)方法。rigorous: :嚴(yán)格的，嚴(yán)厲的；嚴(yán)密的；嚴(yán)酷的嚴(yán)格的，嚴(yán)厲的；嚴(yán)密的；嚴(yán)酷的vIn contrast to the biological approach, it bases its explanations firmly at a functional, psychologi

34、cal level, rather than resorting to reductionism to explain human behaviour.與生物學(xué)的研究方法相比，它是在實(shí)用的心理學(xué)水平上以他們嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)年U述為基礎(chǔ)的，而不是憑借還原論去解釋人類行為。resort: :憑借；求助；訴諸；采取某手段或方法憑借；求助；訴諸；采取某手段或方法reductionism: :還原論還原論vThe approach has provided explanations of many aspects of human behaviour and has had usefull practical applications.該研究方法給人類行為的很多方面提供了解釋，并且得到了有效的實(shí)際運(yùn)用。vTh