1、 閱讀-社會文化Passage 11 One of. the ways people remember the past is through photographs. Family scrapbooks，photo albums，wedding portraits，high school yearbooks，school pictures exchanged with friends-all record the history of ordinary lives. The same is true of people's collective memory of public hi

2、storySingle photographic images have taken on the power to contain and, represent whole historical events. From Mathew Brady's photographs of the American Civil War to present-day photo journalism，photographs have created immediately recognizable images of complex historical forces that have bee

3、n captured in the concrete details of a moment. For example，Alfred Stiglitz's“The Steerage”（1907）seems to distill the waves of immigration from southern and eastern Europe. from 1880 to 1920 in a single frame depicting“huddled masses.” By the same token，the Depression of the 1930s has come to be

4、 known and remembered through the photographs of Dorothea Lange，Walker Evans，Arthur Rothstein，and others in the Farm Security Administration. People think of these photos as a reliable source，a documentary account of the life experience of workers，Dust Bowl migrants，and the unemployedThese photos ha

5、ve taken on the authority to bring the past to life and to show how thins really were. Such photographs not only convey images that stand，in immediately recognizable ways，for larger historical events. They also carry attitudes toward these events. Grounded in the relationship that they have with the

6、ir subjects，photographers' attitudes become visible in the way that they aim the view finder and frame the shot. Photographs convey visual images to viewers，not directly but mediated through a lens，from a perspective or way of. seeing. Photographs offer views identities as well as informationWhe

7、n people look at a photograph of the flag raising at Iwo Jma，for example，they are likely to recall the story of World War 11 as one of national unity to fight the“good war.”In a sense，the photo seeks to recruit viewers-to have them join the just cause and commemorate American victory. In other insta

8、nces，such as the picture of John Carlos and Tommy Smith raising their fists on the victory stand at the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City while the American national anthem was playing， the insurgent（暴動的）force of a photograph can precipitate（加速）a crisis of identity，as viewers respond with fear，anxiety，ou

9、trage，pleasure，identification，or some combination of mixed feelings to this powerful image of black power and the freedom struggle of 1960s.1、According to the passage， record the history of ordinary lives I、 photo albums II、family scrapbook III、people's collective memory of public history IV、sin

10、gle photographic images A、 I and II B、 I，11 and III C、 III and IV D、 I，II，III and IV2、Which of the following is NOT true？ A、Alfred Stiglitz captured the immigration wave from southern and eastern Europe B、Arthur Rothstein is a photographer known for his photographs of America in 1930s. C、Iwo Jma too

11、k the photo of flag raising，a symbol of national unity in World War I D、A famous picture of 1968 Olympics depicting John Carlos and Tommy Smith raising their fists on the victory stand，3、The author believes that photographs 。 A、reflect historical events objectively B、convey disinterested visual imag

12、es to viewers C、carry photographers' intentions D、distort history sometimes4、It can be inferred that John Carlos and Tommy Smith are A、two champions at the 1968 Olympics B、American national heroes at the Olympics C、athletes with high morals at the Olympics D、two. black athletes who won victory a

13、t the 1968 Olympics5 、What's the passage mainly about？ A、The history of photographs. B、The power of photographs to contain history. C、The views and information offered by photographs. D、The American history reflected by photographs.Passage 12 American live in a style-conscious culture even eleme

14、ntary school children know the difference between Air Jordans and the cheaper imitations. By the time they enter junior high school，most American adolescents are already highly skilled at distinguishing between brand names. The real lesson young Americans learn is that they live in a world where it

15、matters what brand of clothes or furniture or car they buy. It matters what style of music they listen to，how they wear their hair，whether they'retattooed or pierced，and what kind of food they like to eat. Even everyday use-objects from staplers to toothbrushes to laptop computers matter too. In

16、 many ways，it seems that such a concern for personal style and the appearance of objects is shallow and trivial. After all，what does it really matter whether or not someone's clothes or music or computer is at the cutting edge of style？Why should anyone care？One reason is that style is a guide t

17、o economic and social class in America. Style identifiesWhether consciously or unconsciously，we make judgments about people based on their appearance and their style，Simply by growing up in American culture，we acquire a sense of the style appropriate to different walks of life-how，for example，a high

18、 school teacher，a business executive，a truck driver，or arock star ought to lookStyle communicates messages about economic and social class precisely because we share with others cultural codes that define what's normal and expected. For example，we expect wealthy professionals in metropolitan are

19、as to be museum members，go to the opera，and enjoy gourmet food and fine wineOn the other hand，we are likely to expect that working-class men in the Midwest drink beer，listen to classic rock or countrywestern，and support their local pro-football team. This doesn't mean that everyone in a particul

20、ar social group conforms to these cultural codes. What it does indicate，however，is that style carries cultural meanings that go far beyond individual likes and dislikes. Style，in other words，is linked to the way of life that identifiesgroups of people，cultures，and subcultures. If the styles we adopt

21、 seem to be freely taken personal choices，they are contained nonetheless in a larger system of cultural codes that organize the way we think about identity，social status，prestige，good（and bad）taste，tradition， and innovation. Fashion designers，graphic designers，and product designers understand this i

22、ntimate connection between style and identity. They design everything from corporate logos and brand trademarks to the latest style of jeans and athletic shoes to computers and cars. Their job is to match styles to people's identities and，at the same time，to create styles that offer people new i

23、dentities.1、Why should young Americans learn to distinguish between brand names？ A、The differences of various brands make a difference in their life. B、It's the result of manufacturers' marketing and promotion C、Consumerism is prevalent in America. D、 Brand names send message of the owner

24、9;s identity.2、In the author's opinion，style-conscious young Americans are 。 A、following the trend B、 snobbish C、shallow D、conscious about themselves3、Which of the following is NOT true，according to the author?A、People in a particular social group should. conform to the group's shared value

25、system. B、Style carries deeper meanings than personal likes and dislikes. C、Style is contained in the larger system of culture. D、 Most people don't make judgments about someone just based on his appearance and style4、One's style sends out message about his economic and social status because

26、 A、we live in a society where the richer a person is，the more expensive clothing he will choose B、we are consciously or subconsciously influenced by cultural codes which can connect a style with "certain strata in the society C、we share with others a common tradition D、we all have some stereoty

27、pes about social classes5、A fashion designer whois a bad one A、matches styles to people's identityB、makes innovation and creates styles C、understands the connection between style and identityD、disregards customer's identity答案Passage 11文章大意：照片是承載歷史的一個媒介。一些攝影作品真實地記載和反映了歷史原貌。許多歷史事件，如19世紀末20世紀初的移民潮、20世紀30年代的大蕭條、二次世界大戰、奧運會奪冠，都被一些攝影家捕捉到了。照片提供給大家的既有歷史信息，又有攝影家本身的觀點立場。題目注解：1、選D。由文章第一段可知。2、選C。見文章最后一段。Iwo Jma的那張升旗的照片反映的是二戰中美國的民族團結，注意不是C項中的“一戰”。所以C為本題答案。3、選C。由文章第四段可知。照片不僅反映歷史事件，而且傳達攝影師的主觀態度。4、選D。由文章最后一句話中“the picture of John Carlos and Tommy Smith raisin their fists on the victory stand a