1、360教育集團介紹,GMAT考試中的邏輯部分是大家比較頭疼的,既要求邏輯思維能力,又要求很強的閱讀能力。下面我們就來談一談邏輯部分的學習方法。GMAT“非形式邏輯”中的兩個要點邏輯部分考察的不是我們熟悉的所謂“形式邏輯”(formal logic,而是“非形式邏輯”(informal logic,這是美國自上世紀70年代以來最新的研究成果。實際上,“形式邏輯”是一種“符號邏輯”,與人的邏輯思維沒有直接關系,而“非形式邏輯”則直接和人的“思維方式”有關。在“非形式邏輯”中最重要的是兩點:前后呼應和白癡原則。1、前后呼應“假設”題型的答案一定是文章成立的必要條件,從形式上分為“橋梁型”和“排除削弱

2、型”。其中的“橋梁型”是直接考察“前后呼應”的,“加強”、“削弱”等題型則是建立在“橋梁型”的基礎上。我們來看兩個例子。例1、“On the whole,” Ms. Dennis remarked, “engineering students are lazier now that they used to be. I know because fewer and fewer of my students regularly do the work they are assigned.”The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the fol

3、lowing assumptions?(A Engineering students are working less because in a booming market they are spending more and more time investigating different job opportunities.(B Whether or not students do the work they are assigned is a good indication of how lazy they are.(C Engineering students should wor

4、k harder than students in less demanding fields.(D Ms. Dennis students are doing less work because Ms. Dennis is not as effective a teacher as she once was.(E Laziness is something most people do not outgrow.翻譯:丹妮絲女士說:“總的來說,工程系的學生比他們過去更懶了。我知道這一點因為我的學生中做指派工作的越來越少了。”問:上面的結論基于下面哪一個假設?(A 工程系的學生工作越來越少了,因

5、為在一個蓬勃發展的市場中他們花越來越多的時間調查各式各樣的工作機會。(B 學生是否做指派的工作是他們多懶的一個標志。(C 工程系的學生應該比那些要求較低的領域中的學生更加努力工作。(D 丹妮絲女士的學生工作得更少因為丹妮絲女士作為老師不象以前那么有效了。(E 懶惰是大部分人無法戒掉的一個毛病。分析:可以看見(B選項在文章的前提和結論之間架了一個橋。這是假設題答案的一個重要特征,大家可以根據這個特點在讀不懂文章的情況下做出正確答案。例2、Even though most universities retain the royalties from faculty members inventio

6、ns, the faculty members retain the royalties from books and articles they write. Therefore, faculty members should retain the royalties from the educational computer software they develop.The conclusion above would be more reasonably drawn if which of the following were inserted into the argument as

7、 an additional premise?(A Royalties from inventions are higher than royalties from educational software programs.(B Faculty members are more likely to produce educational software programs than inventions.(C Inventions bring more prestige to universities that do books and articles.(D In the experien

8、ce of most universities, educational software programs are more marketable that are books and articles.(E In terms of the criteria used to award royalties, educational software programs are more nearly comparable to books and articles than to inventions.翻譯:盡管大部分大學擁有了他們教員發明的版稅,但是教員卻擁有他們所寫的書和論文的版稅,因此教

9、員應該擁有他們所開發的計算機軟件的版稅。問:下面哪一項作為一個附加的前提被加上的話,上面的結論將會被推出?(A 發明的版稅比教育軟件的版稅要高;(B 教員更有可能做出教育軟件,而不是發明;(C 發明帶給了出書和文章的大學更高的威望;(D 大部分大學的經驗當中,教育軟件比起書和論文更容易市場化;(E 根據過去給的版稅標準,教育軟件和書、論文的相似程度比起發明更大一些。E分析:這篇文章閱讀起來是有困難的,關鍵是看不懂“書、論文”和“教育軟件”之間的關系,但這正是我們要注意的,因為推導缺陷就在于此,假設的答案也就產生于此處。E 選項說明了教育軟件和書、論文兩者之間的關系,所以是正確答案。2、白癡原則

10、對于常識的把握是我們和美國人最大的區別。美國人講究“邏輯推理”(當然本身由于從小的教育,常識也就少一些,我們講究“常識推理”,而GMAT的題目是ETS按照美國人的思維方式來出的,我們應該注意減少常識,這樣才能避免錯誤和迅速定位答案。我們來看一個例子。例3、Samples from a ceramic vase found at a tomb in Sicily prove that the vase was manufactured in Greece. Since the occupant of the tomb died during the reign of a Sicilian rul

11、er who lived 2,700 years ago, the location of the vase indicates that there was trade between Sicily and Greece 2,700 years ago.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?(A Sicilian potters who lived during the reign of the ruler did not produce work of the same level of

12、quality as did Greek potters.(B Sicilian clay that was used in the manufacture of pottery during the rulers reign bore little resemblance to Greek clay used to manufacture pottery at that time.(C At the time that the occupant of the tomb was alive, there were ships capable of transporting large quan

13、tities of manufactured goods between Sicily and Greece.(D The vase that was found at the Sicilian tomb was not placed there many generations later by descendants of the occupant of the tomb.(E The occupant of the tomb was not a member of the royal family to which the Sicilian ruler belonged.翻譯:在西西里的

14、一個墳墓中發現的陶瓷花瓶的取樣證明這個花瓶是在希臘生產的。因為墳墓的主人死于2700年前西西里某位君王的統治時期,所以這個花瓶的位置表明在2700年前西西里和希臘之間就已經有貿易了。(A 生活在那位君王統治時期的西西里陶工生產的產品質量和希臘的陶工不同。(B 在那位君王統治時期生產陶器所使用的西西里粘土和同時期的希臘粘土不太相似。(C 在墳墓的主人活著的時候,有船只能夠運送西西里和希臘之間的商品。(D 在西西里墳墓中發現的這個花瓶不是由墳墓主人的后代在隔了好幾代以后放進去的。(E 墳墓的主人不是那位君王的王室家族的成員。分析:所謂的假設assumption是指文章成立所必須的條件。大家可以看一下(C和(D選項,(C說在墳墓的主人生前,有船只在希臘和西西里之間運送商品。而我們從文中根本得不到希臘和西西里之間的運輸方式,即使你是一位優秀的地理學家(知道豐富的地理常識,知道這兩國當年是地中海的兩個島國,必須是海上貿易。但是在文中沒有說明的情況下,我們只能認為希