1、初中英語定語從句語法及考點歸納定語從句定語從句(Attributive Clauses )通常皆放在它所修飾的名、代詞之后，這種 名、代詞就叫做先行詞。引導定語從句的關聯詞為關系代詞和關系副詞。1 .關系代詞引導的定語從句在下面幾種情況下必須用關系代詞that引導定語從句：(1) 先行詞是不定代詞 all ,few, little, everything ,nothing anything, none等。如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里有什么東西要買嗎？(2)先行詞被序數詞或形容詞最高級所修飾，或本身是序數詞、

2、基數詞、形容詞 最局級。如：This is the best movie I' ve ever seen.這是我看到過的最好的一部電影。(3) 先行t被 all, any ,every ,each, few, little, no ,some等修飾時。如：I have read all the books(that )you gave me.我讀了你給我的所有的書。(4) 先行t被 the only , the every ,the same, the last修飾時。如：He is the only person that I want to talk to .他就是我要談話的那個人

3、。(5)當并列的兩個先行詞分別表示人和物時。如：They are talking about things and persons that they remembered.他們在談論他們所能回憶起來的人和事。(6)為避免重復，在以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句中。如：Who is the girl that is crying ?正在哭泣的那個女孩是誰？Which of the books that borrowed from the library is yours從圖書館借的哪一本書是你的？(7)用作關系代詞，修飾表示時間的名詞如day, time , moment 代替when 。

4、如：It happened on the day that/when he was born.這事碰巧發生在他出生的那天。(8)如果有兩個定語從句，其中一個關系詞已用which則另一個用that 。如:The country built up a factory which produced things that have never been seen before.這個國家建立了一個工廠，生產以前未曾見到過的東西。(9)主句以there be 開頭。如：This is a seat in the corner that is still free.那個角落還有個座位空著。2 .限制性定語

5、從句who引導的限制性定語從句關系代詞who用于指人，通常在句中作主語。在非正式文體中，who可以代替whom在句中作動詞賓語和介詞賓語，而且常常省略。在作介詞賓語時，不能位于介詞之后。如：A doctor is a person who looks after peoples health.醫生是關照人們健康的人。Nobody who understands the subject would say such a thing.懂這一行的人是不會說這樣的話的。The man who I saw is called Smith.我見到的那個人名叫史密斯。There ' s no one

6、 works harder than you.沒有比你更用功的人了。(no one后省去了用作主語的who)whom引導的限制性定語從句The gentleman whom she encountered addressed her with courtesy.她相遇的那位先生很有禮貌地和她講話。I have just met a lady (whom) I saw last week.我剛遇到一位我上個星期見過的貴婦人。關系代詞whom用于指人，是who的賓格形式，在從句中作動詞賓語或介詞賓 語，常常省略。whom 作介詞賓語時，介詞可位于 whom之前或旬末，在非正 式文體中常位于旬末；緊

7、接介詞的 whom不能省略。He wanted to find someone with whom he could discuss books andmusic.他想找個能共同研討書和音樂的人。This is the teacher (whom) we have talked about.這就是我們談論過的那個老師。whose 引導的限制性定語從句whose是關系代詞who的所有格形式，在從句中作定語。whose通常指人，也可指動物或無生命的事物：You're the only one whose advice he might listen to.只有你的話他可能會聽。I'

8、d like a room whose window looks out over the sea.我想要一個窗戶面臨大海的房間。(4) which 引導的限制性定語從句She was not on the train which arrived just now.她不在剛才到達的那列火車上。關系代詞which在從句中作主語或介詞賓語，作賓語時常常省略。which作介詞賓語時，介詞可位于是 which之前或旬末，在非正式文體中常位于旬末；緊 接介詞的which不能省略。which主要用于指無生命的事物，除此之外，還可指嬰兒、動物、以及某些表 示單數意義的集體名詞。(5)關系代詞that引導的限

9、制性定語從句關系代詞that既可指人，又可指物。它在從句中可以作主語、動詞賓語、介詞 賓語和表語。that作動詞賓語或介詞賓語時常常省略。在作介詞賓語時，介詞 須位于旬末，而不能位于that之前。Water that is impure often causes serious illness.水不干凈常會引起重病。Fanny , bring the water and put it down in the middle of the room, lazycreature that you are.范妮，拿水來，放在屋子當中，你這懶鬼。（6） when 等引導的限制性定語從句關系副詞when指

10、代和修飾主句中表示時間的先行詞，在從句中作時間狀語， 可以省略。在語義上，when相當于 介詞+which" 。如：July and August are the months when the weather is hot.七八月是天氣很熱的月份。Every hour since I came has been most enjoyable.我來之后的每一個小時都是非常好玩的。On the day before we left home there came a snow storm.在我們離家的前一天，下了一場暴風雪。（7） where 引導的限制性定語從句關系副詞where指代

11、和修飾主句中表示地點的先行詞，在從句中作地點狀語， 當先行詞為place時，where可以省略。在語義上，where相當于 介詞+which ”：The knee is the joint where（=at which）the thigh bone meets the largebone of the lower leg.膝蓋是大腿骨和小腿大骨相連處的關節。She' s going home where she can rest.她要回家了，在家里她可以休息。A stone marks the spot where the treaty was signed.有一塊石頭標著那個簽訂條

12、約的地方。（8） why引導的限制性定語從句關系副詞why的先行詞只有reason ,在從句中作原因狀語，可以省略：The reason why he left is not convincing.他離開的理由無法令人信服。There was no definite reason why she should do so.她這樣做并沒有什么一定的理由。（9）關系代詞as引導的限制性定語從句關系代詞as既可指人，又可指物，在從句中作主語、賓語、狀語或表語。其具 體用法如下： as 與the same 連用：This is the same computer as I have bought.這臺

13、計算機和我買的那臺一樣。（as作賓語）I ' ll do the experiment the same way as he does.我將采用和他同樣的方法做這個實驗。（as作方式狀語）he studies in the same college as I do.他和我在同一所大學學習。（as作地點狀語）as與such連用：They returned with coffee , wine , and such provisions as were needed.他們帶著咖啡、葡萄酒以及所需的給養回來了。（as作主語）here are such questions as are of

14、ten asked by the college students.這是些大學生們常常問的那類問題。（as作主語）I have never seen such kind of girl as she is.我從未見過像她這樣的女孩。（as作表語）he didn ' believe such reason as she did so.他不相信她那樣做的理由。（as作原因狀語）as與as連用：There is as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it.海里有的是魚（天涯何處無芳草）。（主語）She tried to make as few

15、 mistakes as she could avoid.她盡可能地避免犯錯誤。（動詞賓語）as與so連用：He can tell so interesting a story as moves us to tears.他能講把我們感動得流淚的故事。（主語）Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.這是一塊沒人能搬得動的大石頭。（動詞賓語）（10）介詞+關系代詞”引導的限制性定語從句在介詞后引導限制性定語從句的關系代詞為whom , whose和which ,介詞的選擇取決于它與先行詞的搭配或與從句中謂語動詞的搭配：The family at whos

16、e house we stayed were friends of my father s.'我們曾住過的那家的主人是我父親的朋友。This is the book for which you asked.這是你所要的書。The official to whom we applied for a permit was most obliging.我們向他申請許可證的那位官員非常熱情。3.非限制性定語從句who引導的非限制性定語從句Our guide , who was a French Canadian , was an excellent cook.我們的向導，一個法裔加拿大人，擅長

17、于烹調。Then he met Mary , who invited him to a party.后來他遇到瑪麗，瑪麗邀請他去參加晚會。whom 引導的非限制性定語從句關系代詞whom用于指人，在句中作動詞賓語和介詞賓語，作介詞賓語時，介詞可位于旬末。如：Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.彼得現在回巴黎了，你在倫敦見過他。Mr. Smith , from whom I have learned a lot , is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科學家，我從他那兒學了許多東西。whose 引導

18、的非限制性定語從句whose是關系代詞who的所有格形式，在從句中作定語。whose通常指人,也可指動物或無生命的事物。如：The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.那位小男孩學習很努力，他的父親是位工程師。The play , whose style is rigidly formal , is typical of the period.這劇本是那個時期的典型作品，風格拘謹刻板。which 引導的非限制性定語從句關系代詞which在非限制性定語從句中所指代和修飾的可以是主句中的名詞、形容詞、短語、其他從句或整個主句，在從

19、句中作主語、動詞賓語、介詞賓語或 表語。which指代主句中的名詞，被指代的名詞包括表示物、嬰兒或動物的名詞、 表示單數意義的集體名詞以及表示職業、品格等的名詞。如：These apple trees , which I planted three years ago , have not borne any fruit.這些蘋果樹是我三年前栽的，還沒有結過果實。She is an artist , which I am not.她是一位藝術家，而我不是。Water , which is a clear liquid , has many uses.水是一種清澈的液體，有許多用途。The tw

20、o policemen were completely trusted, which in fact they were.那兩個警察完全受到信任，事實上，也真是如此。which指代主句中的形容詞。如：She was very patient towards the children , which her husband seldom was.她對孩子們很耐心，她丈夫卻很少這樣。She is always careless , which we should not be.她總是馬虎大意，我們可不應該這樣。which指代主句中的某個從句。如：He said that he had never

21、seen her before, which was not true.他說以前從沒見過她，這不是真的。which指代整個主句。如：In the presence of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.在那么多人面前他有點緊張，這是可以理解的。He may have acute appendicitis , in which case he will have to be operated on.他可能得了急性盲腸炎，如果是這樣，他就得動手術。When deeply absorbed in work ,

22、which he often was , he would forget all about eating and sleeping.他經常聚精會神地工作，這時他會廢寢忘食。(5) when引導的非限制性定語從句關系副詞when在非限制性定語從句中作時間狀語，指代主句中表示時間的詞 語。如：He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.他將把郊游推遲到5月1號，那時他將有空。(6) where 引導的非限制性定語從句關系副詞where在非限制性定語從句中作地點狀語，指代主句中表示地點的詞 語。如：They went

23、 to London , where they lived for six months.他們去了倫敦，在那兒呆了六個月的時間。They reached there yesterday, where a negotiation of sale will be held.他們昨天抵達那里，有一個關于銷售的談判在那兒舉行。as引導的非限制性定語從句as引出非限定性定語從句時，代替整個主句，對其進行說明。但通常用于像 as we all know, as it is know, as is know to all, as it is, as is said above,as always menti

24、oned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as isreported in the newspaper 等句式中。as 在非限定性定語從句中作主語、表 語或賓語，且引出的從句位置比較靈活，可位于句首或句末，也可置于主句中間。 通常均由逗號將其與主句隔開。as有 正如,就像'之意。如：As it known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer.美國人都知道，馬克.吐溫是一位偉大的美國作家。（as在從句中作主語）He forgot to bring his

25、 pen with him, as was often the case.他忘了帶筆，這是常事。（as在從句中作主語）He is absorbed in work, as he often was.他正在全神貫注地工作，他過去經常這樣。（as在從句中作表語）Boy as he was , he was chosen king.他雖是孩子，卻被選為國王。（as在從句中作表語）as we all know, the earth is round.眾所周知，地球是圓的。（as在從句中作賓語）Taiwan is , as you know , an inseparable part of China.

26、你知道，臺灣是中國不可分割的一部分。（as在從句中作賓語）（8）介詞+關系代詞”引導的非限制性定語從句在介詞后引導非限制性定語從句。關系代詞 which有時并不代表主句中某一確 定的詞，而是概括整個主句的意思。介詞的選擇取決于它與先行詞的搭配或與從 句中謂語動詞的搭配。They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines,without which the yield would be halved.他們缺搭葡萄架的桿兒，沒有它們產量會減少一半。They thanked Tom , without whose suppo

27、rt they would not have succeeded.他們對湯姆表示了感謝，因為沒有他的支持他們就不會成功。These new neighbors , to whom I was introduced yesterday , have come here from Beijing.這些鄰居是北京來的，昨天我被介紹同他們認識了。（9） 察詞/代詞+of+ which / whom ”弓I導的限制件定語從句It now has 20 , 000 hectares of land , more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation.

28、現在它擁有兩萬公頃土地，其中三分之二之多已經耕種。Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300.000 kilometers per second.世界上光的速度是最快的，其速度是每秒三十萬公里。There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.大廳里有三十把椅子，絕大部分是新的。The textile mill has over 8, 000 workers and staff , eighty per cent ofwhom are wo

29、men.這家紡織廠有8千多職工，女職工占百分之八十4 .考點歸納【命題趨勢】根據對定語從句部分全國各省市中考試題的分析可知，其考查重點為：1 .定語從句的功用和結構2 .關系代詞和關系副詞的功用3 .各個關系代詞和關系副詞的具體用法【考點詮釋】一、考查以that與which引導的定語從句1 .通常只能用that的情況1）當先行詞是不定代詞 all , few , little , much , something , anything , nothing , everything 等時。2）先行詞被序數詞、形容詞的最高級以及被 a11 , any , every , each , few ,

30、little , no , some , the only , the very , the last 等修飾時。3）如果先行詞既指人又指物，應用關系代詞that o【考例】 Without friendship, one can't be happy although he is richenough. As for me, I will never forget the days _ I spent with my dearest friend.A. thatB. whenC. who答案A。解析在定語從句中，引導詞who（指人）which（指物）that（指人或物）。由先行 詞t

31、he days 作spent的賓語可判定用that引導。2 .通常只用which的情況引導非限定性定語從句，用關系代詞which指代前面整個句子的內容。 引導非限定性定語從句，而且先行詞指物時只能用which ,不用that。（3）如果句中有兩個定語從句，如果兩個從句都可以用that引導，那么其中一個 應改用which引導。【考例】Many young people love the songs have great lyrics.A. whoB. thoseC. which答案C。解析考查定語從句。定語從句的引導詞有 which , who , where , that ,故 排除B, wh

32、o指人，又排除了 A,先行詞是物，故選Co二、考查以 who , whom 與whose引導的定語從句（1） 如果先行詞是指人的不定代詞 anyone , anybody , everyone , everybody , someone , somebody , nobody , one , ones , those , all（指 人）等作先行詞，作主語用 who ,作賓語用whom 。who而不用which 。（2）在非限制性定語從句中，指人作主語用who ,作賓語用whom , who。（3）在定語從句中，作定語的關系代詞只能用 whose ,它相當于the+名詞+of +which /whom ；非限制性定語從句中還有代詞/數詞+of +which /whom"結構。【考例】 The man gave us a talk on science yesterday is afamous scientist.A. whoB. whoseC. whic