1、Practical English Test for Colleges (Level A)高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試（A級） PRETCO A 序號序號 測試測試項(xiàng)目項(xiàng)目 題號題號 測試內(nèi)容測試內(nèi)容 題型題型 百分百分比比 時(shí)間時(shí)間分配分配 聽力聽力理解理解 115 對話、會(huì)話、短文對話、會(huì)話、短文 選擇、填空選擇、填空15% 15分鐘分鐘 語法語法結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu) 1635 語法、詞形變化語法、詞形變化 選擇、填空選擇、填空15% 15分鐘分鐘 閱讀閱讀理解理解 3660 一般性及應(yīng)用性文字一般性及應(yīng)用性文字 選擇、填空、匹配選擇、填空、匹配35% 40分鐘分鐘 英譯英譯漢漢 6165 句子、段落句子

2、、段落 句子選擇、句子選擇、 段落翻譯段落翻譯 20% 25分鐘分鐘 寫作寫作 應(yīng)用文應(yīng)用文翻譯、書寫翻譯、書寫15% 25分鐘分鐘 合計(jì)合計(jì) 65+1 100% 120分鐘分鐘 Grammar 高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法1. 虛擬語氣虛擬語氣4. 時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)14. 詞形轉(zhuǎn)換詞形轉(zhuǎn)換2. 定語從句定語從句3. 狀語從句狀語從句11. 倒裝句倒裝句12. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句強(qiáng)調(diào)句8. 比較級和最高級比較級和最高級6. 分詞作狀語分詞作狀語7. 分詞作定語分詞作定語10. 同位語同位語9. 先行詞先行詞 it 15. 詞組詞組5. 被動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)13. 動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞+ -ing/-to do v一一

3、虛虛 擬擬 語語 氣氣高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法虛擬語氣虛擬語氣v虛擬語氣是一種特殊的動(dòng)詞形式，一是用來表示說話人所說的話不是一個(gè)事實(shí)，而是一種假設(shè)、猜測、懷疑等(在條件從句中或讓步狀語從句中)；一是表示說話人的愿望、要求、命令、建議等 (在賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句)。虛擬語氣的概念虛擬語氣虛擬語氣一、在條件從句中 (叫虛擬條件句)，表示與事實(shí)相反的條件。分三種情況(以 do 為例)：虛擬語氣在虛擬語氣在 在條件從句中在條件從句中表示與事實(shí)情況相反表示與事實(shí)情況相反條件從句的謂語形式條件從句的謂語形式主句的謂語形式主句的謂語形式表示現(xiàn)在情況表示現(xiàn)在情況過去式過去式(did)(

4、be常用常用 were)Would / could / might / should (用于第用于第1人稱人稱) +動(dòng)動(dòng)詞原形詞原形(do)表示過去情況表示過去情況過去完成式過去完成式(had +done)Would / could / might / should +have done表示將來情況表示將來情況過去式過去式 (did)(were)should + do were to doWould / could / might / should + do虛擬語氣虛擬語氣例句例句1.If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have m

5、et him. 要是你早來幾分鐘的話，你就能見到他了。(與過去事實(shí)相反)2. If it were(were to be/should be) sunny tomorrow, I would come to see you. 明天要是天氣好的話，我來看你。(與將來事實(shí)可能相反)3. If I were you, I would go now. 假如我是你的話，我現(xiàn)在就走。(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，事實(shí)上我不可能是你)虛擬語氣在虛擬語氣在 在條件從句中在條件從句中虛擬語氣虛擬語氣二、省略二、省略 if 的條件從句的條件從句當(dāng)從句中有 were, had 或 should 時(shí)，可省略if ，而把它們放在句

6、首。vIf I were to meet him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. Were I to meet him tomorrow,vIf he should fail in the experiment this time, he would try again. Should he fail in the experiment If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him.虛擬語氣在虛擬語氣在 在條件從句中在條件從句中Had you come a few.虛擬語氣虛

7、擬語氣三、錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間的條件句（交叉虛擬）三、錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間的條件句（交叉虛擬） 即從句與主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不同。此時(shí)，需要按時(shí)間來確定虛擬形式。如：1.If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now. 如果他們以前努力學(xué)習(xí)的話，現(xiàn)在干的就會(huì)容易些。 2.If he had not taken my advice, he wouldnt do it much better like this. 如果他不聽取我的建議，他就不會(huì)干得這樣好。 虛擬語氣在復(fù)合句中的應(yīng)用：虛擬語氣在復(fù)合句中的應(yīng)用：虛擬語氣虛擬語氣1、記住：這些動(dòng)詞后面接的賓語從句：表

8、示愿望( wish), 建議(suggest, advice, propose, recommend) ，要求(demand, request, require, insist), 命令(order, command)等。2、除wish外，其它動(dòng)詞用should + do 構(gòu)成, should 可以省略。3、 wish接賓語從句有三種情況： 1) 現(xiàn)在：用過去式 2) 過去：用過去完成式 (had done) 3) 將來：用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(would / could) + do虛擬語氣在：虛擬語氣在：在賓語從句中在賓語從句中 虛擬語氣虛擬語氣例句1. I wish she would be on m

9、y side. 我希望她能站在我一邊。 2. I wish I were 30 years younger. 我但愿自己能年輕三十歲。3. I wish (that) you would get a good job. 我希望你能找到一個(gè)好職業(yè)。4. He wished he hadnt done it. 他想要是他沒這樣做該多好。5. He ordered that the students(should)wash the clothes every week by themselves. 他要求學(xué)生每周都要自己洗衣服。 虛擬語氣在：虛擬語氣在：在賓語從句中在賓語從句中 虛擬語氣虛擬語氣4、

10、記住：記住：insist / suggest 各有兩種意思，要用不同的語氣各有兩種意思，要用不同的語氣Insist 表示表示“堅(jiān)決要求堅(jiān)決要求”時(shí)，用虛擬形式時(shí)，用虛擬形式，即，即 should + do;Insist 表示表示“堅(jiān)稱，堅(jiān)持說堅(jiān)稱，堅(jiān)持說”時(shí)，用陳述語氣時(shí)，用陳述語氣，表示事實(shí)。，表示事實(shí)。Suggest 表示表示“建議建議”時(shí)，用虛擬形式。時(shí)，用虛擬形式。Suggest 表示表示“表明、暗示表明、暗示”時(shí)，用陳述語氣。時(shí)，用陳述語氣。例句例句1)The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after

11、class. 老師老師建議建議我們課后把黑板擦了。我們課后把黑板擦了。 2)He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means. 他他堅(jiān)持要堅(jiān)持要我們大家想盡辦法按時(shí)去那兒。我們大家想盡辦法按時(shí)去那兒。 3)He insisted that he was right.虛擬語氣在：虛擬語氣在：在賓語從句中在賓語從句中 虛擬語氣虛擬語氣5.在在would (had) rather(寧愿寧愿) 引導(dǎo)的賓語引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中從句中 當(dāng)從句表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼臅r(shí)間時(shí)當(dāng)從句表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼臅r(shí)間時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞要謂語動(dòng)詞要用一般過去時(shí)用一般過

12、去時(shí);表示過去時(shí)間時(shí)表示過去時(shí)間時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞謂語動(dòng)詞要用過去完成時(shí)。要用過去完成時(shí)。I would rather he/you came tomorrow than today.虛擬語氣在：虛擬語氣在：在賓語從句中在賓語從句中 虛擬語氣虛擬語氣主句的主語常是表示說話人愿望(wish / desire)、建議(suggestion / advice) 要求(requirement / demand)、命令(order, command)等的名詞，表語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用 (should) + do.Our suggestion is that you (should) be there on tim

13、e.虛擬語氣在虛擬語氣在 在表語從句中在表語從句中虛擬語氣虛擬語氣同位語從句的先行詞常是表示說話人愿望、建議、要求、命令等的名詞。vThe suggestion that students (should) learn something practical is worth considering.vDo you know the order that you (should) keep watch.虛擬語氣在虛擬語氣在 在同位語從句中在同位語從句中虛擬語氣虛擬語氣在句型 “It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that . ” 中，th

14、at 后面的從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞用： should + 動(dòng)詞原形 例句1.Its necessary that we should have a walk now. 我們有必要出去散散步。 2.Its natural that she should do so. 她這樣做是很自然的。3.Its important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我們要照顧好病人。 虛擬語氣在虛擬語氣在 在主語從句中在主語從句中虛擬語氣虛擬語氣在as if /though從句中，常用虛擬形式，即表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，用過去式；與過去事實(shí)相反用過去完成

15、式 (had done).一、as if 連接表語從句 She looked as if she were made of ice. 她看起來似乎是冰做的 He looked as if he hadnt slept for two days.二、as if 連接方式狀語從 句 She looked after the boy as if he were her own son. 她照顧這男孩就像自己的兒子一樣。He speaks to us as if he had been there. 他給我們講的好象他去過那兒。 虛擬語氣在虛擬語氣在 在在 as if 從句中從句中虛擬語氣虛擬語氣1.

16、 if only 意為：若是.那該多好啊; 真希望.; 只要, 只要.就好 表示現(xiàn)在的情況,應(yīng)用過去式; 如果是過去的情況,應(yīng)用過去完成時(shí)態(tài) If only I had arrived in time!If only she didnt drive so fast.2. Its (high/right) time that that 從句要用虛擬語氣：謂語用過去時(shí)或should + do Its time that you left/should leave here.虛擬語氣中的幾個(gè)特例虛擬語氣中的幾個(gè)特例虛擬語氣虛擬語氣3. 一些介詞短語, 如:but for(要不是), without,

17、 otherwise(否則), 等表示含蓄的條件,這時(shí)主句要用虛擬語氣 Without your help, we would not have made such rapid progress. But for my brothers help, I would not have finished it on time. I had to do sth.more important,otherwise I might have helped.虛擬語氣中的幾個(gè)特例虛擬語氣中的幾個(gè)特例虛擬語氣虛擬語氣1.Alan _ the party if he had gone to London. A.

18、would have missed B. had missed C. would miss D. missed2.It was the drug，not the disease，that killed the boy.He would be still alive today if he _ that drug.A.not take B.shouldnt have takenC.didnt take D.hadnt takenExercises虛擬語氣虛擬語氣3. If only I _ to my parents! (But I didnt.) A. listened B. had list

19、ened C. should listen D. would listen4. Tom suggested that Ann _ the house. A. sell B. sold C. shall sell D. would sell5. I wish this bus _ to the university. A. go B. went C. has gone D. had gone虛擬語氣虛擬語氣6. Simon looks as though he never _ a square meal(吃得飽), though his parents feed him very well. A

20、. get B. getting C. got D. should get7. He is talking so much about America as if he _ there. A. had been B. were C. was D. been8. I _ you some money, but I hadnt got any then. A. would lend B. would have lent C. could lend D. may have lent虛擬語氣虛擬語氣9. Have you ever been to Beijing? - No, but I wish I

21、 _. A. have B. will C. do D. had10. I dont think it is the right time that you _. A. will go B. went C. go D. must go11. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it . A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken虛擬語氣虛擬語氣v12.(2003上海春季高考題)Look at the trouble I am in! If

22、only I _ your advice.vA.followedB.would followvC.had followed D.should followv13.(2002上海高考題)It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love，at the age of seven，with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.vA.wouldnt have fallen B.had not fallenvC.should fall D.were to fallv14.

23、She insisted that she _ ill of him behind him，but he didnt believe it.vA.hadnt spoken B.shouldnt speakvC.wouldnt speak D.not speak虛擬語氣虛擬語氣v15.It is high time the child _ to the hospital.vA.is sent B.would be sentvC.be sent D.were sentv16.If it _ so hard，wed go to town.vA.isnt raining B.werent rainin

24、gvC.doesnt rain D.has rain17.Its strange that he _ without saying good-bye to us.A.should have gone out B.wentC.should go out D.goes out虛擬語氣虛擬語氣v18.Had you listened to the doctor，you _ all right now.vA.are B.werevC.would be D.would have beenv19.Id rather you _ know the secret.vA.didnt B.hadntvC.not

25、D.not tov20.Without your help，we _ this task.vA.dont finish B.will not finishvC.didnt finish D.would not have finished虛擬語氣虛擬語氣v21.Isnt it about time that you _ to pick up the visitors from New York?vA.went B.would govC.go D.will gov22.I wish I _ you yesterday.vA.saw B.did seevC.had seen D.were to se

26、ev23.His silence at the meeting suggested that he _ to your plan.vA.didnt agree B.hadnt agreedvC.wouldnt agree D.not agree虛擬語氣虛擬語氣v24.The father insisted his daughter _ a rich man.vA.would be engaged to B.be engaged tovC.should engaged to D.must be engaged tov25.You _ earlier.The bus left a moment a

27、go.vA.would come B.should have comevC.must come D.could have comev26.She made a suggestion that the plan _ carefully.vA.be considered B.was consideredvC.should consider D.would be consideredv二二 定定 語語 從從 句句高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法定語從句的分類限制性關(guān)系分句限制性關(guān)系分句非限制性關(guān)系分句非限制性關(guān)系分句1限制性關(guān)系分句和它的先行項(xiàng)的所指意義有

28、著不可分割不可分割的聯(lián)系，缺少了它，作為先行項(xiàng)的名詞（詞組）便不能明確不能明確表示其所指對象。非限制性關(guān)系分句和它的先行項(xiàng)之間只有比較松散比較松散的聯(lián)系，因此，如果省略一個(gè)非限制性關(guān)系分句，并不影響不影響先行項(xiàng)的所指意義。2在口語中前后沒有停頓，在書寫中通常不用逗號不用逗號。在口語中有停頓，在書寫中常用逗常用逗號隔開號隔開。 3Here is the boy who damaged the vase. My cousin, who is an engineer, went to Europe last week. 高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法限制性關(guān)系分句限制性關(guān)系分句非限制性關(guān)系分

29、句非限制性關(guān)系分句指指 人人指指 物物指人指人指物指物作作主主語語who that which thatwho/whom/whosewhich 作作賓賓語語whom/who/that/zero which /that/zero 作介作介詞補(bǔ)詞補(bǔ)足成足成分分whom which 定語從句中定語從句中關(guān)系關(guān)系代詞代詞的選擇的選擇 成分成分關(guān)系關(guān)系代詞代詞高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法定語從句中定語從句中關(guān)系關(guān)系副詞副詞的選擇的選擇 1. when 表示時(shí)間2. where表示地點(diǎn)3. why表示原因它們在定語從句中都充當(dāng)狀語成分狀語成分。高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法1.The a

30、dvertising company recently hired a designer _ had once won a prize in a national contest. A. whose B. which C. whom D. who 2. It is important to provide an environment _ people are encouraged to make suggestions at all levels of the company. A. from which B. on which C. in which D. for which 練習(xí)題：DC

31、高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法3. Once more I have to leave Beijing, _ I have been living for eight years. A. that B. where C. which D. as 4. There is no evidence _ oil price will come down in the near future. （同位語）A. which B. that C. where D. asBB高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法5. It was not such a good job _ she had read

32、about in the advertisement. A. like B. which C. as D. whatsuch that引導(dǎo)的是“結(jié)果狀語從句”Cv三三 狀狀 語語 從從 句句高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法1. 時(shí)間狀語從句時(shí)間狀語從句當(dāng)當(dāng)時(shí)候時(shí)候when, while , as在在之前之前before 在在之后之后after一一就就as soon as, the moment, the second, he minute, the instant直到直到直到直到才才until/tillnot until/till詞例詞例含義含義三、

33、狀語從句三、狀語從句高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法1. The new staff didnt know how to use the system _ I explained it to him yesterday. A. until B. because C. if D. since2. They had talked only for a few minutes _ they found they were of different opinions. A. unless B. while C. before D. once 3. I will ask Mr. Smith to

34、ring you up _ he comes back to the office. A. when B. where C. because D. although 主將從現(xiàn)主將從現(xiàn)只出現(xiàn)在只出現(xiàn)在時(shí)間狀語從句和條時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中件狀語從句中ACA高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法4. They will not start the project until the board chairman _ back from South Africa. A. will comeB. is comingC. cameD. comesD高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法類別類別詞例

35、詞例2條件狀語從句條件狀語從句if 如果如果unless 除非，若不除非，若不3原因狀語從句原因狀語從句because 因?yàn)橐驗(yàn)閟ince 既然既然4讓步狀語從句讓步狀語從句though /although 雖然雖然even if / though 即使即使5結(jié)果狀語從句結(jié)果狀語從句so+a. /ad.+ that 如此如此以至于以至于6目的狀語從句目的狀語從句so thatin order that in case以免、以防萬一以免、以防萬一lest免得免得目的是目的是高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法5. He was attending a meeting, _ he would h

36、ave come to your party yesterday. A. unless B. when C. but D. or 6. She did not go to the party last night, _ she had to finish her term paper. A. if B. though C. till D. because7. Young _ he is, he has proved to be an able salesman. A. that B. who C. as D. whichasas構(gòu)成的讓步狀語從句：構(gòu)成的讓步狀語從句：名詞詞組名詞詞組/ /形容

37、詞形容詞+as+as+主語主語+ +謂語謂語盡管他是個(gè)孩子，他對軟件編程卻知道很多。Child as he is, he knows much about software programming. CDDv四四 時(shí)時(shí) 態(tài)態(tài)高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法一般時(shí)態(tài)一般時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在在writewritesam is arehashavehas have過過去去wrotewaswere had written had been writing將將來來shallwillshallwillshallwil

38、lshallwill過過去去將將來來shouldwouldshouldwouldshouldwouldshouldwouldwritingwritten been writingwritingwritebewritinghavewritten have been writing writebewritinghavewritten have been writing 高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)has/have done用法用法已完成已完成未完成未完成動(dòng)作或過程發(fā)生在說話動(dòng)作或過程發(fā)生在說話之前某個(gè)沒有明確說出之前某個(gè)沒有明確說出的過去時(shí)間，現(xiàn)在已完的過去時(shí)間，現(xiàn)

39、在已完成并和現(xiàn)在情況聯(lián)系。成并和現(xiàn)在情況聯(lián)系。是指動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去是指動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某時(shí)開始繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，某時(shí)開始繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能繼續(xù)下去可能繼續(xù)下去. .例句例句e.g. Hes turned off the light.e.g. Hes lived here since 1960.注釋注釋燈在一個(gè)過去時(shí)間被關(guān)燈在一個(gè)過去時(shí)間被關(guān)掉，說話時(shí)仍然關(guān)著。掉，說話時(shí)仍然關(guān)著。他從他從19601960年來到這里居年來到這里居住，至今還住在這里。住，至今還住在這里。高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法過去完成時(shí)把時(shí)間推移到過去某一時(shí)間之前，與現(xiàn)過去完成時(shí)把時(shí)間推移到過去某一時(shí)間之前，與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間不發(fā)生

40、聯(lián)系在時(shí)間不發(fā)生聯(lián)系-表示過去的過去。表示過去的過去。 e.g. She told me her name after I _(ask) her twice. 過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)had done現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在她告訴我她的名字她告訴我她的名字我問她的名字我問她的名字dodidhad donehad asked高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法 現(xiàn)在完成（進(jìn)行）時(shí)經(jīng)常與現(xiàn)在完成（進(jìn)行）時(shí)經(jīng)常與since-since-詞組或詞組或since-since-分分句連用，表示句連用，表示“自某時(shí)以來自某時(shí)以來”一直進(jìn)行或者未進(jìn)一直進(jìn)行或者未進(jìn)行某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。行某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)。 主句（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主句（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)/ /

41、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)），現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)），since-since-從句從句（一般過去時(shí)）（一般過去時(shí)） e.g. I e.g. I have livedhave lived in the dormitory, since I in the dormitory, since I arrivedarrived here. here. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí)自從我來這兒，就住在學(xué)生公寓。自從我來這兒，就住在學(xué)生公寓。1. Since- 結(jié)構(gòu)高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法by the end of by the time By the end of By the time到時(shí)候?yàn)橹?/p>

42、1. By the end of last month, we (find)_ a good solution to the technical problem. 2. By the time you come to see me next month, I _ my term paper. A. have completed B. complete C. am completing D. will have completed had foundD過去的時(shí)間，主句時(shí)態(tài)had done將來的時(shí)間，主句時(shí)態(tài)will have done2. by+時(shí)間高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法It i

43、s / will be + the first time that 分句 （現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）e.g. Is this the first time youve come to China? It was the first time that 分句 （過去完成體）（過去完成體）e.g. It was the second time I had been (be) abroad. 3. 3. “It is the first time +that It is the first time +that 分句分句”Back這是你第一次來中國嗎？這是你第一次來中國嗎？這是我第二次出國這是我第

44、二次出國v五五 分詞作狀語分詞作狀語高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法不定式作狀語*（）表示目的 e.g. We will go to the clinic tomorrow to be examined by the doctor. （）表示結(jié)果 e.g. He hurried home only to find that his grandfather was dead. （）表示原因 e.g. He was lucky to have found the lost child. 五、分詞作狀語高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法-ing分詞作狀

45、語（）作時(shí)間狀語 e.g. （When we were) Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view. （）*作原因狀語 e.g. Having worked hard all day, I was ready for bed all day. （）*作伴隨狀語 e.g. He ran up to her, breathing heavily. 表示主動(dòng)高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法-ed分詞作狀語(1) *作時(shí)間狀語 e.g. (When it is) Heated, the metal expands. (

46、2) *作原因狀語 e.g. (Because he was) Deeply moved, he thanked her again and again. 表示被動(dòng)高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法1. The auto industry spends large amounts of money on marketing campaigns _ young adult customers. A. attract B. attractedC. to attract D. attracts2. _ by the failure of the project, the manager coul

47、d hardly say a word. A. To be shocked B. ShockedC. Be shocked D. Shocking練習(xí)題：練習(xí)題：CB高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法3. _that I was not going to get much chance for promotion, I soon became bored with my work. A. To realize B. RealizingC. Being realized D. Realized4. _ up at the clock on the wall, the secretary fo

48、und it was already midnight. A. Looking B. LookC. To look D. Looked BA高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法5. _ to find the proper job, he decided to give up job-hunting in this city. A. Failed B. Being failedC. To fail D. Having failed 6. When (ask) _ about the advertising campaign of the new product, the manager sa

49、id it was a great success. Daskedv六六 分詞作定語分詞作定語高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法六、分詞作定語六、分詞作定語-ing（現(xiàn)在）分詞和-ed（過去）分詞作定語的主要差別在于：1. 現(xiàn)在分詞表示“主動(dòng)（現(xiàn)在分詞修飾的是發(fā)出該動(dòng)作的名詞，即與名詞有主謂關(guān)系) 和進(jìn)行”。e.g. There are a lot of fans hoping for a glimpse of the movie stars. 高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法2. 過去分詞表示“被動(dòng)(過去分詞修飾的是承受該動(dòng)作的名詞,即與名詞是

50、動(dòng)賓關(guān)系）和完成（不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞不表示被動(dòng)，只表示完成）“。e.g. Computers imported from abroad are usually more expensive. e.g. A lost opportunity never returns. 注：單個(gè)分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前，分詞短語一般置于所修飾的中心詞后面.高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法1. The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. Writing

51、B. written C. to write D. to be written 2. The conference _ in Beijing next week is bound to be a great success. A. holding B. being heldC. to hold D. to be held練習(xí)題：練習(xí)題：BD高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法3. With the help of the police, the woman finally found her (lose) _ child after a sleepless. 4. It was in his

52、 childhood that he read most of the books (write) _ by Mark Twain. 5. The tall building (complete) _ last month is our new classroom building. lostwrittencompletedv七七 形容詞、副詞形容詞、副詞高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法七、形容詞、副詞的比較級和最高級的規(guī)則變化七、形容詞、副詞的比較級和最高級的規(guī)則變化kindkinderkindestclearclearerclearestcomp

53、licated more complicated most complicated clevercleverermore clevercleverestmost cleverhappyhappierhappiestnarrownarrowernarrowestfastfasterfastestclearlymore clearlymost clearly wiselymore wiselymost wisely 高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法bad/badlyworseworstgood/wellbetterbestoldolder/elderoldest/eldestfarfarth

54、er/furtherfarthest/furthestmuch/many moremostlittlelessleast形容詞、副詞的比較級和最高級的不規(guī)則變化形容詞、副詞的比較級和最高級的不規(guī)則變化高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法1.Successful companies concentrate (much) _ on selling their products to their existing customers than to their new ones. 2.The guest paid (little) _ money than he should for the ro

55、om. 3.The price of petrol is much (high) _ now than it was this time last year. 填空題：填空題：morelesshigherv八八 先行詞先行詞it高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法八、先行詞 it it充當(dāng)形式主語或形式賓語，后面的真正主語或真正賓語通常是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)、-ing分詞或名詞性分句。形式主語1. _ is reported in the newspapers that the talks between the two companies have not ma

56、de any progress. A. That B. What C. It D. AsC高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法練習(xí)題：3. They regard _ as their duty to provide the best service for their customers. A. this B. what C. it D. that形式賓語2. It is my great honor _ to give a speech at the opening ceremony. A. to invite B. inviting C. having invited D. to be

57、 invited DCv九同位語從句九同位語從句高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法九、同位語從句 同位語從句通常用that引導(dǎo)，且that在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成分，是對名詞的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行解釋說明. 可用同位語從句修飾的名詞有：news, fact, idea, promise, question, doubt, hope, evidence, suggestion, thought, message等。高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法1. The message _ Mr. Black was elected chairman of the commi

58、ttee arrived just in time. A. which B. what C. that D. how2. News came from the sales manager _ the new product had been selling well in the local market for three months. A. whose B. what C. which D. that練習(xí)題：CD v十十 倒倒 裝裝高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法十、倒裝十、倒裝 （Inversion）概念概念例句例句部分部分倒裝倒裝操作詞操作

59、詞（即助動(dòng)詞即助動(dòng)詞e.g. h a v e / h a s / h a d , did/do/does等）等）置于主語置于主語之前。之前。我認(rèn)為這幾乎是不可能我認(rèn)為這幾乎是不可能的。的。I Hardly thought it possible. Hardly did I think it possible.全部全部倒裝倒裝是指是指主語和謂語的位置完主語和謂語的位置完全顛倒全顛倒，即整個(gè)謂語置于，即整個(gè)謂語置于主語之前。主語之前。Under the tree were s i t t i n g a g r o u p o f children.高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法 I. 部

60、分倒裝 (Partial Inversion) (1)當(dāng)句首為否定詞或帶有否定意義的詞語時(shí)，一般引起部分倒裝e.g. few, little, never, hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom, no soonerthan, Hardlywhen, not onlybut also, *not until, by no means, on no account 等.應(yīng)用：應(yīng)用：高等學(xué)校英語應(yīng)用能力考試A 級 語 法1. Little they realized that they had made a great discovery in chemistry.2.