1、中國的對外貿易China s Foreign Trade中華人民共和國國務院新聞辦公室Information Office of the State CouncilThe People s Republic of China2011 年 12 月 北京December 2011, Beijing目錄Contents前言Foreword一、中國對外貿易的歷史性進步I. Historic Progress in China s Foreign Trade二、中國外貿體制的改革與完善II. Reform of and Improvements to China s Foreign Trade Sys

2、tem三、中國外貿發展對世界的貢獻III. The Development of China s Foreign Trade Contributes to the World Economy四、促進對外貿易基本平衡增長IV. Promoting Basically Balanced Growth of Foreign Trade五、構建全方位互利合作經貿關系V. Constructing All-round Economic and Trade Partnerships with Mutually Beneficial Cooperation六、實現對外貿易的可持續發展VI. Realizin

3、g Sustainable Development of Foreign Trade結束語Conclusion前言Foreword和平、發展、合作是當今世界潮流。改革開放以來，中國順應經濟全球化趨勢，不斷擴大對外開放， 在平等互利的基礎上積極同世界各國開展經貿合作。 經過多年發展， 對外貿易 成為中國經濟最為活躍、 增長最快的部分之一， 中國也成為躋身世界前列的貿易大國。 中國 對外貿易的發展， 將中國與世界更加緊密地聯系起來， 有力推動了中國的現代化建設， 也促 進了世界的繁榮與進步。Peace, development and cooperation are the trends in t

4、oday s world. Since the adoption of the reform and opening up policy more than 30 years ago, China has conformed to the trend of economic globalization by opening wider to the outside world and promoting economic and trade cooperation with other countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.

5、 Through years of development, foreign trade has become one of China s most dynamic and fastest-growing sectors, placing China among the world s largest trade countries. China s foreign trade development has strengthened the nation s ties with the rest of the world, effectively pushed forward the co

6、untrysmodernization, and promoted world prosperity and progress.2001 年中國加入世界貿易組織。 10 年來，中國經濟融入全球經濟的進程加快，中國對外貿易的活力進一步增強。在中國加入世界貿易組織10 周年之際，中國政府發表白皮書，對中國的對外貿易情況作一系統介紹。China entered the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001. During the past decade, China has quickened its integration into the global e

7、conomy while its foreign trade has been further invigorated. On the 10th anniversary of Chinas accession to the WTO, the Chinese governmentissues this White Paper to give a comprehensive introduction to China s foreign trade development. (More)一、中國對外貿易的歷史性進步I. Historic Progress in China s Foreign Tr

8、ade1949 年中華人民共和國成立以后，堅持獨立自主、自力更生，逐步開展對外經濟貿易 交流，但受到當時國際政治環境和國內計劃經濟體制等因素制約，對外貿易發展相對緩慢。After the founding of the People s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, China adhered to the principle of independence and self-reliance, and gradually carried out economic and trade exchanges with foreign countries. How

9、ever, hindered by the international political environment at that time and the country s planned economic system, China s foreign trade development was relatively slow.1978 年，中國進入改革開放的新時期。大力發展對外貿易，成為中國加快現代化建設、改變落后面貌、促進經濟發展和提高綜合國力的重要途徑。 30 多年來，中國利用世界經濟較長時期繁榮、 經濟全球化深入發展的機遇， 擴大對外開放， 吸引利用外商投資， 引進先進 技術，改

10、造提升國內產業，在全面參與國際分工和競爭中，實現了對外貿易的跨越式發展。In 1978 China entered the new period of reform and opening up. Devoting major efforts to the development of foreign trade became an important approach to accelerate modernization, shake off backwardness, promote the growth of economy, and improve comprehensive nat

11、ional strength. Over the past 30 years or so, seizing the opportunity of the world economys long-term prosperity and the deepening economic globalization, China has opened wider to the outside world, attracted and utilized foreign investment, introduced advanced technology, transformed and upgraded

12、domestic industries, and achieved rapid development in foreign trade through all-round participation in the international division of labor and competition. 貨物貿易總量躋身世界前列。1978年，中國貨物進出口總額只有 206億美元，在世界貨物貿易中排名第32位，所占比重不足1%。2010年，中國貨物進出口總額達到29740億美元，比1978年增長了 143倍，年土增長16.8%。其中，出口總額 15778億美元，年均 增長17.2%;進口

13、總額13962億美元，年均增長16.4%。中國出口總額和進口總額占世界貨 物出口和進口的比重分別提高到10.4涮口 9.1%,連續兩年成為世界貨物貿易第一出口大國和第二進口大國。 -China's total trade volume in goods ranks high globally. In 1978 the total value of China'simport and export was only 20.6 billion U.S. dollars, ranking 32nd in world trade and accounting for less than

14、 1 percent of the world 's total. In 2010 the total value of China 's import and export reached 2.974 trillion U.S. dollars, 144 times as much as that in 1978, averaging an annual growth of 16.8 percent. In 2010 the total value of China 's export was 1.5778 trillion U.S. dollars, showing

15、 an a 17.2 percent annual growth on average, and the total value of its import was 1.3962 trillion U.S. dollars, showing a 16.4 percent annual growth on average. In 2010, the total volumes of China's export and import accounted for 10.4 percent and 9.1 percent of the world's total, respectiv

16、ely. By the end of 2010 China had been the world 's largest exporter and second-largest importer for two consecutive years.圖t W幫一加“I年中居掛沌逃F 情涅(Figure 1 China's Import and Export of Goods 1978-2010) 貨物貿易結構發生了根本性變化。中國出口商品結構在 20世紀80年代實現了由初級產品為主向工業制成品為主的轉變，到 90年代實現了由輕紡產品為主向機電產品為主的 轉變，進入新世紀以來，以電子

17、和信息技術為代表的高新技術產品出口比重不斷擴大。外貿經營主體除了國有企業外，還包括外商投資企業、民營企業等，后二者的進出口總額目前均已超過國有企業。20世紀80年代至本世紀初，中國加工貿易蓬勃發展，成為外貿的半壁江山。在中國外貿發展中，外商投資企業和加工貿易發揮了十分重要的作用。 -The structure of China's trade in goods has fundamentally changed. China's export commodity structure shifted from the primary products dominated to m

18、anufactured goods dominated in the 1980s, and from mainly light industrial and textile products to mainly mechanical and electronic products in the 1990s. In the new century, China's export of high-techproducts, led by electronics and information technology commodities, has been increasingly exp

19、anded. In addition to state-owned enterprises, foreign-invested enterprises and private enterprises also engage in foreign trade, and their total value of import and export has each exceeded that of the state-owned enterprises. From the 1980s to the early 21st century, China's processing trade f

20、lourished, accounting for half of the country 's foreign trade volume. Throughout China's foreign trade development, foreign-invested enterprises and processing trade have played very significant roles.表I 19802010年中國出口商品結構1980 年1990 年2000 午2010 年企領億美元)比市 (%)金翻 (億美元)比重 (%)金額 (億美元比建 (%)余摘 必元)比

21、值 (%)出口商品總額I8L2100.0620.92492 Jtoo. 015777.5KXJJI初級產品91J50.3158.925.6254.610.2817.25.2I.W制成品90.149.746L874.42237.589.814962.204.8化學品及公關產品1L26.237.36.012L04.9875.95,6按期料分為制或品4().022.1125.820 J425.517J2491.515.8機械及運輸設備R.44.755.99.0826 G33.17803.3493雜項M品28.415.7126.920.4862.834.63776.823.9未分類的其他商品2.11.

22、2116.318J2.2打11170J機電產品13.97.7H0.917.9】053 J42.39334.359.2高新技術產品*370.414.94924,13L2聿注：機電產品和高新技術產乩中包含部分相電亶疊的商必 故據來源：中國海關統it(Table 1 China;s Export Commodity Structure 1980-2010) 形成全方位和多元化進出口市場格局。改革開放后，中國全方位發展對外貿易，與世界上絕大多數國家和地區建立了貿易關系。貿易伙伴已經由1978年的幾十個國家和地區發展到目前的231個國家和地區。歐盟、美國、東盟、日本、金磚國家等成為中國主要貿易伙伴。新世

23、紀以來，中國與新興市場和發展中國家的貿易持續較快增長。2005年至2010年，中國與東盟貨物貿易占中國貨物貿易比重由9.2%提高到9.8%,與其他金磚國家貨物貿易所占比重由4.9%提高到6.9%,與拉丁美洲和非洲I貨物貿易所占比重分別由3.5%和2.8%提高至IJ6.2%和 4.3%。- -China has formed an all-round and diversified import and export market. Since the adoption of the reform and opening up policy, China has been promoting f

24、oreign trade on all fronts, and established trade relations with the vast majority of the world's countries and regions.China's trade partners have increased from a small number of countries and regions in 1978 to 231 countries and regions now. The European Union (EU), the United States, the

25、 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Japan, and the other BRIC countries have become China's major trade partners. In this new century China's trade with newly emerging markets and developing countries has maintained sustained and relatively rapid growth. In China 's total tr

26、ade in goods from 2005 to 2010 the proportion of trade with ASEAN increased from 9.2 percent to 9.8 percent, with other BRIC countries from 4.9 percent to 6.9 percent, with Latin America from 3.5 percent to 6.2 percent, and with Africa from 2.8 percent to 4.3 percent.圈工Ml年中屬前十大斑臉貿易伙伴貨喻及物土重(Figure 2

27、China's Top 10 Cargo Trade Partners in 2010)- 服務貿易的國際競爭力不斷增強。加入世界貿易組織后，中國服務貿易進入新的發展階段，規模迅速擴大，結構逐步優化，排名也進入世界前列。旅游、運輸等領域的服務貿 易增勢平穩，建筑、通訊、保險、金融、計算機和信息服務、專有權利使用費和特許費、咨 詢等領域的跨境服務以及承接服務外包快速增長。2001年至2010年，中國服務貿易總額(不含政府服務)從719億美元增加到3624億美元，增長了 4倍多。中國服務貿易出口在世界服 務貿易出口中的比重從2.4%提高到4.6%, 2010年達1702億美元，從世界第12

28、位上升到第4位；服務貿易進口比重從2.6%提高到5.5%, 2010年達1922億美元，從世界第 10位上升到第3位。- -China's international competitiveness in services trade has been enhanced. With its WTO entry, China's trade in services entered a new stage of development. With its scale rapidly enlarged and its pattern gradually optimized, Chin

29、a's trade in services now ranks among the top in the world. China's trade in tourism, transport and other fields has maintained a steady growth momentum. China's cross-border services in construction, communications, insurance, finance,computers and information, royalties and license fee

30、s, consultation and related fields, as well as service outsourcing, have been growing rapidly. From 2001 to 2010 China's total services tradevalue (excluding government services) witnessed a more-than-five-fold growth from 71.9 billion U.S. dollars to 362.4 billion U.S. dollars. China's prop

31、ortion in world services trade exports rosefrom 2.4 percent to 4.6 percent, worth 170.2 billion U.S. dollars in 2010, and jumped from the 12th place in the world to the 4th; China's proportion in world services trade imports increased 3 1M1-3010年中國服普國曷進出口情況3500口堂口 lLr ¥from 2.6 percent to 5

32、.5 percent, worth 192.2 billion U.S. dollars in 2010, moving from the 10th place in the world to the 3rd.士如心I 1 1(XM)物喇和”.中國花務三墳力MO(Figure 3 China's Services Trade Imports and Exports 1982-2010)對外貿易發展有力推動了中國的現代化建設，中國成長為一個開放的經濟體。參與國際分工與競爭，引進先進技術、設備和管理，利用外商直接投資，極大促進了中國技術進步和 產業升級，提高了企業管理水平和市場競爭力。加工

33、貿易迅速發展壯大使中國勞動力充裕的比較優勢得以發揮，加快了中國的工業化和城鎮化進程。對外貿易直接帶動就業人口超過 8000萬，其中60%以上來自農村，就業者的收入和生活得到顯著改善。對外貿易與國內投 資、消費一起，成為中國經濟增長的三大引擎。China's foreign trade development has greatly pushed forward the country's modernizationdrive. China has grown into an open economy. Participation in the international div

34、ision of labor and competition, introduction of advanced technology, equipment and management methods, and utilization of foreign direct investment have greatly promoted China's technological progress andindustrial upgrading, and also improved the management and market competitiveness of its ent

35、erprises. The rapid growth of processing trade has brought into play China's comparative advantage of an abundant labor force, and accelerated the country ;s industrialization and urbanization. Foreign trade has directly contributed to the employment of over 80 million Chinese people, more than

36、60 percent of whom are from rural areas, and employees' income and living standards have been remarkably improved. Foreign trade, domestic investment and domestic consumption have become the three major engines propelling China 's economic growth.圖4之步移一2«1年中閨主要服勢頊口遇出口 iMlif隹情況(Figure 4

37、The Growth of China 's Total Import and Export Volume in Major Service Sectors 2005-2010) (More)中國對外貿易的歷史性進步是與國際國內形勢的發展變化緊密聯系在一起的。20世紀80年代前后，和平與發展成為時代主題。隨著經濟全球化不斷推進，資金、技術、產品、 市場、資源、勞動力等要素在世界范圍內的流動和配置更加活躍。以信息、通訊為主導的科學技術進步使生產效率得到極大的提高，國際產業轉移不斷深化和發展。經濟全球化、科學技術進步、國際產業轉移和各國之間加強合作等為中國融入世界經濟提供了歷史性機遇。中國

38、政府順應時代潮流，以經濟建設為中心，實行改革開放，發展與世界各國的經濟技術合作， 積極合理有效利用外資，充分發揮比較優勢，促進了國際產業鏈分工的深化，為對外貿易發展創造了有利條件。在這個進程中，外國企業尤其是發達國家的跨國公司在中國獲得大量投資機會，其擁有的資本、技術、管理經驗和銷售渠道等要素實現增值，分享了中國經濟高速增長的成果。中國對外貿易的發展得益于改革開放，得益于經濟全球化，得益于堅持走互利合作共贏道路。中國的發展離不開世界，世界的繁榮穩定也離不開中國。The historic progress in China 's foreign trade has been closel

39、y connected with the changes in the international and domestic situations. Starting in the 1980s, peace and development became the theme of the times. With the acceleration of economic globalization, the flow and allocation of capital, technology, products, markets, resources, labor force and simila

40、r elements became more dynamic around the world. Scientific and technological progress, led by information and communications technology, has greatly improved production efficiency; international industrial transfer has continuously deepened and developed. Economic globalization, scientific and tech

41、nological progress, international industrial transfer and strengthened cooperation between countries have provided historic opportunities for China 's integration into the world economy. The Chinese government, conforming to the trend of the times and taking economic construction as the central

42、task, has implemented the reform and opening up policy, developed economic and technological cooperation with other countries, vigorously and rationally utilized foreign investment, brought its comparative advantage into full play, promoted the deepening of the division of labor in the international

43、 industrial chain, and provided favorable conditions for its own foreign trade development. During this process foreign enterprises, and multinational corporations in particular, have obtained abundant opportunities to invest in China, added value to their capital, technology, management experience,

44、 marketing channels and other elements, and shared the fruits of China s rapid economic growth. China s foreign trade development benefits greatly from its reform and opening up, from economic globalization, and from taking the path of cooperation and mutual benefit. China cannot develop itself in i

45、solation from the rest of the world, and global prosperity and stability cannot be maintained without China s participation.中國仍然是一個發展中國家。 與世界貿易強國相比， 中國出口產業仍處于全球產業鏈的 低端， 資源、能源等要素投入和環境成本還比較高，企業國際競爭力、 一些行業的抗風險能 力相對較弱等。 實現由貿易大國向貿易強國的轉變， 將是一個較為長期的進程， 還需要付出 艱苦努力。China remains a developing country. Compare

46、d with other world trade powers, China s export industry remains at the low end of the global industrial chain. Chinas resource and energyinputs and environmental cost are relatively high, while the international competitiveness of enterprises and the risk-resistance of some industries are relativel

47、y weak. Chinas transformationfrom a large trading country to a strong trading power will be a comparatively long-term process requiring arduous efforts.二、中國外貿體制的改革與完善11. Reform of and Improvements to China s Foreign Trade System改革開放前， 中國對外貿易實行指令性計劃管理和國家統負盈虧。 改革開放以來， 中國 外貿體制經歷了由指令性計劃管理到發揮市場機制的基礎性作用、

48、由經營權高度壟斷到全面 放開、 由企業吃國家 “大鍋飯” 到自主經營和自負盈虧的轉變。在中國爭取恢復關稅與貿易 總協定締約方地位和加入世界貿易組織的談判過程中， 在中國加入世界貿易組織后， 中國的 外貿體制逐步與國際貿易規則接軌， 建立起統一、 開放、 符合多邊貿易規則的對外貿易制度。Before China adopted the reform and opening up policy in 1978, its foreign trade was governed by mandatory planning, and the state absorbed both the profits

49、and the losses of enterprises. Since the reform and opening up policy was initiated, China s foreign trade system has completed the transformation from mandatory planning to giving full play to the fundamental role of the market - from state monopoly to full openness, and from indiscriminate egalita

50、rianism to giving enterprises discretionary management power and making them responsible for their own profits and losses. During the negotiations over the restoration of its GA TT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) membership and entry into the WTO, and after it became a WTO member, China gra

51、dually adopted international trade practices, and established a unified, open foreign trade system compatible with multilateral trade rules.改革開放初期， 中國外貿體制改革主要是改革單一計劃管理體制， 下放外貿管理權和經 營權， 實行外匯留成制度并建立外匯調劑市場。 吸收外商直接投資， 使外商投資企業作為新 的經營主體進入外貿領域， 打破了國有外貿企業的壟斷。 此后， 中國推行了外貿經營承包制， 用指導性計劃逐步取代指令性計劃。按照國際貿易通行規則，建立了

52、出口退稅制度。 1992 年 10 月，中國明確提出建立社會主義市場經濟體制的改革目標。根據這一目標，對財政、稅收、金融、外貿和外匯體制進行了全面改革。 1994 年 1 月，中國政府取消對出口的所有財政補貼， 進出口企業轉變為完全自負盈虧。 人民幣官方匯率與市場調劑匯率并軌， 實行以市場供求為基礎、 單一的、 有管理的浮動匯率制度。 外貿經營領域進行了企業股份化和進出口代理制試點。同年， 中華人民共和國對外貿易法正式頒布實施，確立了維護公平、自由的對外貿易秩序等原則，奠定了對外貿易的基本法律制度。 1996 年 12 月，中國實現了人民幣經常項目下可兌換。 與此同時， 中國多次大幅度自主降低

53、關稅， 減少配額和許可證等非 關稅措施。這些改革使中國初步建立起以市場經濟為基礎，充分發揮匯率、稅收、關稅、金 融等經濟杠桿作用的外貿管理體制和調控體系。During the initial period of reform and opening up, China s foreign trade system reform focused on the transformation of its unitary planning, transfer of management and operation power in foreign trade to lower levels, imp

54、lementation of the system of allowing enterprises to retain a certain portion of foreign exchange earnings, and establishment of a foreign exchange coordination market. China absorbed foreign direct investment to introduce foreign-invested enterprises as new business entities in its foreign trade se

55、ctor, breaking the monopoly of state-owned foreign trade enterprises. After that, China introduced a responsibility system in doing foreign trade, gradually replacing mandatory planning with guided planning. The state also set up an export tax rebates system in line with the general practice of inte

56、rnational trade. In October 1992, China clearly put forward the goal of reform toward a socialist market economy. A comprehensive reform of the systems of finance, taxation, banking, foreign trade and foreign exchange was carried out accordingly. In January 1994, the Chinese government discontinued

57、all export subsidies, making all import and export enterprises fully responsible for their own profits and losses. The official and market-regulated exchange rates of Chinas currency, the Renminbi(RMB), coexisted in a unitary and managed floating exchange rate system based on market demand and suppl

58、y. Foreign trade enterprises were incorporated, and pilot programs for the import and export agency system were carried out. In the same year, the Foreign Trade Law of the People s Republic of China was promulgated, establishing principles such as safeguarding a foreign trade order of equity and freedom, and a basic legal system for foreign trade. In December 1996, China realized current account convertibility for the RMB. Meanwhile, China voluntarily made significant tariff cuts, and reduced non-tariff