1、議論文突破議論文是一種剖析事物、論述事理、發表見解或提出主張的說理性文章。議論文的目的 不僅是客觀的解釋事物，還力圖說服讀者相信并接受某一觀點。英語議論文不完全等同于漢 語的議論文，它涉及的范圍要小得多。有人把英語中的議論文ih理解為論證-文、推理文或辯 論文，還有人肓接將議論文歸入到了說明文當屮。但筆者認為就寫作目的與寫作手法而言， 英語議論文與英語說明文還是有一定的區別的。首先，英語說明文主要是對提出的主題進行 “說明”和“闡述”，并不進行止反評判和推理，也不強迫讀者接受作者的觀點；而英語議 論文主要是就某一主題，在擺出正反兩方面觀點的基礎上，通過論證、推理辯論等手段，試 圖讓讀者最終接受

2、作者對這-主題的某種觀點。盡管有時也不一定非常明確的交待正反觀 點，但力圖通過推理讓讀者贊同自己的觀點始終是英語議論文的主要目的。議論文的應用范圍很廣，除了學術論文外，社論、評論、雜文，隨感等都屬議論文的范 疇。不管是在漢語中，還是在英語中，議論文都是由論點（作者的觀點，也就是被證明的對 象、論據（用來證明論點的依據，是說明論點的理rh和材料）和論證（運丿ij論據證明論點的 過程與方法），這三個要素構成的，這也是一個捉出問題分析問題解決問題的過程。 因此，典型的議論文一般就由序論（提出問題，即what）、木論（分析問題，即why）和結 論（解決問題，即how）三個部分構成，其具體的結構模式又有

3、以下三種：模式一：引言段（提岀觀點）正方論點心（支持作者的觀點的較弱論點）、正方論 點2 （支持作者的觀點的較強論點）、止方論點3 （支持作者觀點的戢強論點）結論段（總 結+解決方法，論斷或建議）在這種模式中，文章主體段（中間部分）的每一個部分論述一個論點，這些論點以其重 要性按序排列，最有力、最重要的論點在最后面，以示強調。模式二：引言段（提出觀點）反面意見（反方觀點+作者的反駁）、正方論點1 （支 持作者觀點的較弱論點）、止方論點2 （支持作者觀點的較強論點）、正方論點3 （支持作者 觀點的最強論點）結論段（總結+解決方法，論斷或建議）在這種模式小，文章立體段的一開始就提出對立方的反面意見

4、及作者對這種意見的反 駁，以后各部分仍分別陳述作者的不同論點。模式三：引言段（提出觀點）反方觀點1+進行反駁的正方論點、反方觀點2+進行 反駁的正方論點、反方觀點3+進行反駁的正方論點一一結論段（總結+解決方法，論斷或建 議）在這種模式中，作者在文章主體段的每一部分都先提出一個反面觀點，然后再進行反駁。 議論文冇白己的語言個性，它不同于記敘文的生動形象，也不同于說明文的簡明易懂。 議論是對具體事物、事理作出的理論上分析與闡述，因此，它的語言自然客觀的、抽象的、 概括的。同時，它的語言也很準確，合乎邏輯。文屮會較多地使川，諸如since （既然）， now that （既然）,therefore

5、 （因而）,in that case （在那種情況下）,so （所以）,it follows that-（因而）,if，we may conclude that -（如果,我們可以這樣下結論）,should it be the case （如果是這樣的話）,i don't want to ，but （我并不想）,tt is true that，but（誠然但是）,even if -（即使）等有辯論和推理含義的連接和過渡詞語與結構，以增強語言的準確性和邏輯性。此外，作者的寫作態度一般 也較誠懇，在文章中通常使用的是與讀者平等交流的語氣，不會給人以居高臨下、以勢居人、 逼人接受的感覺，在逍

6、詞造句方面多使用虛擬語氣、訃步狀語從句和can, may, might, could, would, should等情態動詞。同學們在解答議論文體的完形填空時，首先要讀懂笫一節，尤其是文章的第一句話， 這樣就可以迅速找到文章所要論證的觀點，進而理解全文的主旨人意。具次要惡心體會，作 者謀篇布局的方法，了解各個段落的功能，感受作者論證的過程。最后再循著作者的思路重 讀全文，推敲各空答案。請看下面的例題：（一）recently, a professor of philosophy（哲'了）in the united states has written a book called mone

7、y and the meaning of life. he has 1.that how we deal with money in our day to daylife has more meaning than wc usually 2. one of the exercises he has asked his students todo is to keep a 3of every penny they spend for a week from the 4.they spend theirmoney, they can see what they really 5.in life.t

8、he professor says our 6.with others often becomes clearly de行ned（明確）whenmoney enters the picture you 7.have wonderful friendship with somebody and you thinkthat you arc very good friends but you will know him only when you ask him to lend you some & if he does, it brings something to the relatio

9、nship that seems 9.than ever before10. it can suddenly weaken the relationship if he doesn'tsince money is so important to us, we consider those who are 11.to be very important.the professor 12.some rich people in researching his book.question: what is the most 13.thing you have discovered about

10、 being rich?answer: the most surprising thing is why people give me so much 14. i am nothing. idont know much. all 1 am is richpeople just have an idea of making more and more money, but what is it 15.? howmuch money do i need for any given 16.in my life? in his book, the professor uncovered animpor

11、tant 17.in modern society: to bring back the idea that the money is an instrument1&than the end. money plays an important 19.in the material world, but 20.money to give happiness may be missing the meaning of life.l.a.pointedb. studiedc. discoveredd. noticed2.a.imagineb. thinkc recognized. plan3

12、.a.sccrcctb. diaryc. promised. record4.a.wayb. methodc opiniond attitude5.a.meanb. valuec. getd make6.a.workb. friendshipc. relationd. union7.a.shouldb mustc. had tod. might8. a.carsb. booksc. roomsd. money9.a.strongerb. weakerc. worsed. looserlo.a.butb. otherwisec. andd. then11 .a.richb.poorc. help

13、fuld. ordinary12.a.sawb. interviewedc. questionedd. knew13. a.puzzlingb. disappointingc. surprisingd. interesting14.a.worryb.doubtc. hated.respect15. a.aboutb againstc. ford. at16.a.achievemantb. resultc purposed.success17. a.needb. discoveryc. lackd. event18. a.betterb. ratherc mored. less19.a.acti

14、onb. performancec. roled. trick20.a.demandingb. hopingc. gettingd. expecting內容概要：木文闡述了金錢在生活中的意義和作用，文章認為錢只是一種工具而不應該 是追求的1=（標。答案簡析：1、選c。discover表示發現某一現彖，在此鮫為合乎邏輯。第17空前的uncover 一詞 對此也有啟示作用。2、選b。這里強調的是人們的普遍觀點，故用think。3、選d。keep a record意為“記錄”,符合教授的意圖。4、選a。記下花錢的“方式”，有助于人們反思自己在牛活中，實際上總是注重一些 什么東西。5、選b。value

15、意為“珍惜”、“重視”。6、選c。relation （關系）是中性詞,合乎這里的情境。7、選do might表示“也許”,在幾個詞中語氣最弱，符合下一句所揭示的語境。8、選d。由下文可知,這里指“借錢”。9、選a。愿意借錢了，關系白然比以前更牢固。從卜一句的weaken -詞中也能得到啟 示。10、選b。otherwise意為“否則”或“反過來”，它表示對立關系,而but表示“轉 折”關系，即不一定是相反的關系。該句表示借錢怎么樣，不借錢怎么樣，故用otherwise 更為合適。11、選a。由“錢很重耍”推斷出“有錢人也很重要”，合乎邏輯。另下一句中也提到 t rich peopleo12、選

16、b。interview表示"拜訪、采訪"；question表示提問，用在警察對普通人， 老師對學生等場合較多。為了寫書而對他人進行訪談，似乎用interview更好些。13、選c。下一句重現了該詞。14、選d。由后面三句話不難推知，此處應為一個表示積極意義的態度。15、選c。what for表示原因，下文解釋了這方面的原因。16選c。ivcn purpose意思為設定好的目標，此句意為“要多少錢來實現一生小的 那些目標呢”。17、選a。冒號后就是“需求”的具體內容。18選b。rather than意為"而不是”，the end表示"目的”。19、選c。根

17、據意義和搭配選定。20、選d。根據意義和搭配可以排除另三項。（二）1 consider myself something of an expert on apologies. a quick temper（脾氣）has 1.mewith plenty of oppohunities（機會）to make them. in one of my earliest 2., my mother istelling me, "don't watch the 3.when you say, 'i'm sorry. hold your head up and look th

18、eperson in the 4., so he'll know you 5.it.my mother thus made the key point of a（n） 6.apology: it must be direct. you must never7. to be doing something else. you do not &a pile of letters while apologizing to aperson 9.in position after blaming him or her for a mistake that turned out to be

19、 your1（）. you do not apologize to a hostess（女主人）,whose guest of honor you treat 11.,by sending flowers the next day without mentioning your bad 12.one of the important things you should do for an 13.apology is readiness to 14.the responsibility（責任）for our careless mistakes. we are used to making exc

20、uses, which leaves no 15.for the other person to 16.us. since most people are open-hearted, theno-excuse apology leaves both parties feeling 17.about themselves. that, after all, is the18.of every apology it 19.little whether the apologizcr is wholly or only partly atfault: answering for one's 2

21、0.encourages others to take their share of the blamela.providedb mixedc. comparedd. treated2.a.dreamsb. coursesc. memoriesd. ideas3.a.sideb. groundc. walld. boltom4.a.mindb. soulc. faced. eye5.a.imagineb. enjoyc. meand. regret6.a.usefulb. successfulc equald. basic7.a.pretendb. forgetc. refused. expe

22、cts.a.hold onb. put awayc. look throughd. pick up9.a.poorcrb. weakerc. worsed. lower10. a.faultb. reasonc. resultd. duty1 l.a.cruellyb. freelyc. roughlyd. foolishly12. a.mannersb. excusesc. effortsd. roles13. a.activeb. effectivec extrad. easy14. a.raiseb. performc. admitd. bear15.a.situationb. need

23、c. signd. room16. a.adviseb. forgivec warnd. blame17. a. wiserb. warmerc. betterd. cleverer18. a.purposeb. methodc. endd. advantage19.a.carcsb. mattersc. dependsd. remains2o.a.factsb. statesc. rightsd actions內容概耍：本文闡述了一個觀點，道歉耍真誠，耍敢于承擔責任，同時也批評了一些“假” 道歉的行為。答案簡析：1、選a。provide - with意為“向提供”,這一說法頗具幽默色彩。2、

24、選c。緊接著的就是作者回憶出來的內容。3、選b。與后面捉到的“要抬起頭”正好相反。4、選d。道歉時看著對方的眼睛，以示真誠，在這一點上屮西方是一樣的。5、選c。mean it意為“這樣對方就會明白你有道歉的意思” o it在這里指道歉的行 為。6、選b。冒號后的內容即為“成功的”道歉的一些基木特征。7、選a。根據常識選定。8、選c。其他三個選項不合語境。9、選d。職位一般論的是高、低。10>選a。與前面的mistake同義。turn out意為"后來證明是"。11、選co roughly此處表示對待客人不禮貌，服務不到位。從前面的要不要道歉的討 論可以猜出這一答案。1

25、2、選a。bad manners m為不禮貌的行為,從treat roughly這一信息不難推測出這 一答案。13 選 b。effective -u successful 有異曲同工之妙。14、選d。bear the responsibility （承擔責任），系習慣搭配。15> 選 d。leave no room 不昭余地。16、選b。經常找借口，那么也就會不留余地地給別人來“原諒”自己。17、選co better表示“心情更舒暢”。未找借口的道歉,即真誠的道歉,對方的感覺 一定很好。18、選a。道歉的最終“ h的”是化干戈為玉吊，大家和好如初，所以用purposeo end 表示“目

26、的”時用復數較多，而且不及purpose直接。19、選b。道歉者是全部還是部分承擔責任這些都不太重要：關鍵是為所作所為主動負 責，這也能促使別人共同承擔責任。根據語境不難排除另三個選項。20、選d。根據行文邏輯應該是對自己的“行動”負責。answer for在此意為“對 負責”。（三）arc you carrying too much on your back at school? lots of kids（孩 了）at the same age as younot only are students in china 1from this problem, but kids in the u

27、nited states are2fed up with （飽受之苦）heavy school bags.experts are starting to 3that more and more young students are having back and neckproblems as a result of school bags 4too heavy for them."it's hard for me to get up the 5with my bag because it's so heavy," said richhammond, 611

28、-year-old student in the us.rick is among the students who have 7backpacks （背包）with two straps（帶子）tocany them, 8a number of other students choose rolling backpacksbut even with rolling backpacks, 9up stairs and buses with them is 1（）a problemfor kids. many of them have hurt their knees, backs or nec

29、ks because of heavy school bags.but how much is too 11? experts say students should carry 12more than 10 to 15per cent of their own body weight.scott bautch, a wisconsin 13doctor, said kids under 4th grade should 14with 10per cent. but ifs also important that older kids dont go 1515 percent, because

30、 their bonesarc still growingbautch explained that there are other injuries caused by backpacks “kids are 16theirbalance and falling down with these backpacks/5 he said.parents and teachers are starting to tell the kids to only take 17library books they willbe reading that night. some teachers arc u

31、sing worksheets（作業紙）or 18workbooks forstudents to take home.one of the best answers is,as some 19themselves suggested, to have no homework20 !1 am eetingb facingc. experiencingd. suffering2.a.alreadyb. alwaysc. yetd. also3.a.cxplainb. sayc. worryd. announce4.a.beingb. bec. ared. is5.a.schoolsb. stai

32、rsc. housesd. homes6.a.thisb. thatc. ad. an7.a.specialb. unusualc. ordinaryd. regular8.a.whenb. thenc. butd. and9.a.gettingb. climbingc. goingd. turninglo.a.onlyb. stillc evend. just11. a .moreb. veryc. muchd. many12. a.nob. notc. anyd. much13.a.childrenb studentc. bagd. back14. a.carryb. stayc. taked. bring15.a.a