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1、人類皰疹病毒感染促動脈粥樣硬化機制研究的新進展摘要:動脈粥樣硬化是一個與脂質(zhì)代謝異常相關(guān)的炎癥過程。人類皰疹病毒(Human herpesvirus,HHV)是一類感染人類、以潛伏感染為主的DNA病毒,共分為、和三個亞類,8種類型,超過90%的人群至少感染其中一種類型。HHV感染可通過模式識別受體激活宿主的炎癥反應(yīng),也可引起感染細胞的脂質(zhì)代謝異常。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HHV(尤其是HCMV)感染可激活單核細胞,促進氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)攝入,抑制細胞凋亡,從而導(dǎo)致動脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生,提示病原微生物感染可能是動脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生發(fā)展的致病因素之一。本綜述總結(jié)HHV與動脈粥樣硬化的相關(guān)性,并探討HHV

2、誘發(fā)動脈粥樣硬化病變中脂質(zhì)代謝異常和炎癥反應(yīng)的致病機制。關(guān)鍵詞:人類皰疹病毒;動脈粥樣硬化:炎癥;脂質(zhì)代謝Advanced progress of mechanisms of human herpesvirus infection in promoting atherosclerosisAbstract: Recently, emerging evidence has shown that atherosclerosis (AS) is a lipid metabolism-related inflammatory process. Studies suggest that the infec

3、tion of pathogens is one of the possible pathogenic factors in leading to AS. Human herpesvirus (HHV) is a large family of DNA viruses, which mainly establish latent infection in human beings. HHV includes three subfamilies, namely 、 and , eight herpesvirus types and more than 90% of

4、adults have been infected with at least one of them. The infection of HHV can activate inflammatory responses through pattern recognition receptors and abnormal lipid metabolism of infected cells. Studies have demonstrated that herpesvirus infection would induce the activation of monocytes, promote

5、the uptake of ox-LDL and inhibit apoptosis of the infected cells, thus leading to AS. This review summarizes the correlations between herpesvirus infections and AS, focusing on discussing the role of herpesvirus infection in the process of AS caused by lipid metabolism abnormality and inflammation.K

6、ey words: human herpesvirus; atherosclerosis; inflammation; lipid metabolism動脈粥樣硬化(Atherosclerosis,AS)是一種慢性炎癥性疾病,其病變始于動脈壁內(nèi)皮損傷和由此引起的內(nèi)皮功能紊亂。許多傳統(tǒng)的心血管疾病危險因素(如脂代謝紊亂、高血壓、糖尿病、胰島素抵抗、吸煙、肥胖等)都可以引起血管壁的慢性炎癥性反應(yīng),并通過影響相關(guān)信號通路而改變細胞代謝,誘發(fā)血管內(nèi)皮功能紊亂,加速動脈粥樣硬化病變的進程。動脈粥樣硬化斑塊中的氧化型低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low density lipoprotein,ox-LD

7、L)與巨噬細胞表面的清道夫受體結(jié)合而被攝取,形成巨噬細胞源性泡沫細胞;同時動脈中膜的平滑肌細胞(smooth muscle cells,SMC)遷移至內(nèi)膜并吞噬脂質(zhì),形成肌源性泡沫細胞(1)。研究顯示,動脈壁中的SMC和單核-巨噬細胞均可促進ox-LDL的生成(2)。同時,這些細胞吞噬ox-LDL而轉(zhuǎn)化為泡沫細胞,并增生遷移導(dǎo)致纖維帽和粥樣斑塊形成。聚集的ox-LDL使泡沫細胞壞死崩解,從而導(dǎo)致血管壁變硬、管腔狹窄,誘發(fā)一系列繼發(fā)性病變,如冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病、腦卒中、主動脈夾層等。關(guān)于動脈粥樣硬化發(fā)病機制存在多種學(xué)說(3-5),新近有研究表明,病原微生物(如人類皰疹病毒,HHV)感染可能

8、是導(dǎo)致并促進動脈粥樣硬化發(fā)展的致病因素之一(6-8)。1.人類皰疹病毒感染人類皰疹病毒(Human herpesvirus,HHV)是一類有囊膜的線性、雙鏈DNA病毒。HHV包括三個亞科:、和皰疹病毒亞科。皰疹病毒亞科,包括型單純皰疹病毒(HSV-1)、型單純皰疹病毒(HSV-2)和水痘-帶狀皰疹病毒(VZV);皰疹病毒亞科,包括人巨細胞病毒(HCMV)、人單純皰疹病毒6型和7型(HHV-6和HHV-7);皰疹病毒亞科,包括EB病毒(EBV)和人單純皰疹病毒8型(HHV-8),后者又稱為Kaposi肉瘤相關(guān)病毒(KSHV)。HHV主要感染外胚層發(fā)育而成的組織,如皮膚、粘膜和神經(jīng)組織等,以潛伏性

9、感染為主。在免疫功能低下時,可發(fā)生裂解性感染。裂解性感染主要位于內(nèi)皮細胞(Endothelial cells,EC)、成纖維細胞和上皮細胞,潛伏性感染則多見于單核細胞、淋巴細胞和神經(jīng)細胞(9-11)。人是HHV的天然宿主,主要通過直接密切接觸和性接觸傳播。HHV經(jīng)口腔、呼吸道、生殖道粘膜和破損皮膚等多種途徑侵入機體,引起粘膜或皮膚皰疹,也可累及心臟等臟器,引起嚴(yán)重的全身性疾病(12, 13)。2.人類皰疹病毒對動脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生發(fā)展的影響流行病學(xué)研究顯示,在正常組織和典型動脈粥樣硬化病變組織中,均存在HSV、HCMV和EBV基因表達(7, 14)。Hechter等對感染HIV男性患者的研究表明,

10、HSV-2感染與動脈粥樣硬化密切相關(guān)(HSV-2血清抗體陽性比值比=3.04,95%可信區(qū)間=1.38-6.71)(15),提示HSV-2可能是AIDS患者發(fā)生動脈粥樣硬化的危險因素之一。Horvath等發(fā)現(xiàn),HCMV、EBV和HHV-6在動脈粥樣硬化和正常人群中的感染率分別是76% vs 59%(p<0.01),59% vs 50%和0.08% vs 0%(14),提示HCMV感染可能與動脈粥樣硬化密切相關(guān)。Blum等對187例AS高危人群和93例無AS危險因素正常人群的前瞻性研究顯示,高危人群中83.4%(126例)的抗HCMV抗體滴度1:800,17.6%抗HCMV抗體滴度1:40

11、0(33例);而正常人群中86.0%(80例)抗HCMV抗體的滴度1:400,其余為抗HCMV抗體陰性(16)。AS高危人群普遍表現(xiàn)出高抗HCMV抗體滴度,提示HCMV感染也可能是誘發(fā)動脈粥樣硬化的危險因素之一。同樣,在俄羅斯人群中,正常人群抗HCMV IgM抗體顯著高于動脈粥樣硬化人群,并且動脈粥樣硬化人群中HCMV病毒蛋白檢出率高于其他人群(17)。在中國人群中,動脈粥樣硬化人群的HCMV表達顯著高于對照組,抗HCMV IgM和IgG抗體也都高于對照組(18-20)。不過,有些研究卻提示HHV感染可能與動脈粥樣硬化并無直接關(guān)系(21-23)。如在日本人群中, PCR、 免疫細胞組

12、化(Immunocytochemistry,ICC)和血清學(xué)檢測均表明,HSV和HCMV感染與頸動脈粥樣硬化無明顯相關(guān),并且在日本人群中,其粥樣斑塊病原體陽性率顯著低于其他人群(22),提示HHV感染與動脈粥樣硬化的相關(guān)性可能與遺傳背景有關(guān)。Hsich等分別給予Apo-/- C57BL /6J小鼠CMV (30,000 pfu)和無病毒感染后發(fā)現(xiàn),感染16周時,與無感染組相比,感染病毒組小鼠的主動脈粥樣斑塊顯著增大(24),提示CMV可能是促進動脈粥樣硬化病變演變的一個危險因素。Vliegen等則進一步檢測了Apo-/- C57BL /6J小鼠病變血管壁中-干擾素(IFN-)和TNF-的表達水

13、平及CMV的擴散情況,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),感染組的IFN-和TNF- mRNA表達分別為100%和60%,而對照組為67%和25%(25),提示HCMV感染可誘導(dǎo)IFN-和TNF-等炎癥因子的表達,從而觸發(fā)炎癥級聯(lián)反應(yīng)。3.人類皰疹病毒感染促動脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生發(fā)展的致病機制3.1 HHV感染可誘導(dǎo)細胞脂代謝異常與其他病毒一樣,HHV為高度寄生性微生物,本身沒有細胞結(jié)構(gòu),完全依賴宿主細胞的代謝系統(tǒng)完成其生命周期(26)。病毒通過其囊膜蛋白與特定的細胞受體相互作用識別、融合進入細胞。隨后,病毒組分釋放到細胞質(zhì),而其基因組則進入細胞核。在完成基因組復(fù)制,顆粒裝配等過程后,子代病毒以裂解或出芽方式出細胞。這些過程

14、均需要宿主細胞代謝產(chǎn)生的各種大分子參與。因此,細胞代謝在病毒復(fù)制和增殖中必然發(fā)揮非常重要的作用。脂質(zhì)可以觸發(fā)病毒囊膜和細胞膜的融合,影響胞內(nèi)代謝以及子代病毒的組裝和釋放,因而其在病毒感染中的作用尤其受到關(guān)注(27, 28)。Hajjar等發(fā)現(xiàn),與對照組相比,感染HSV-1組SMC中膽固醇酯(Cholesterol esters,CE)和甘油三酯(Triacylglycerols,TG)水平均明顯上調(diào)(29)。Key等則證實,HSV-1感染EC可提高組織因子(Tissue factor,TF)活性,下調(diào)血栓調(diào)節(jié)蛋白(Thrombomodulin,TM)表達,最終導(dǎo)致血栓和粥樣斑塊沉積(30)。同

15、時,EBV急性感染也可引起機體的脂質(zhì)代謝異常和脂質(zhì)酶變化,但相關(guān)機制尚不明確(31)。新近發(fā)現(xiàn),HCMV感染SMC后,可通過病毒即刻早期蛋白IE72誘導(dǎo)A型清道夫受體基因表達,促進ox-LDL攝入;也可通過IE84抑制p53介導(dǎo)的細胞凋亡途徑,增加SMC的數(shù)量(32, 33)。上述過程一方面可提供病毒復(fù)制周期所需的脂質(zhì)和生存環(huán)境,另一方面也可誘發(fā)動脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生發(fā)展。同時,ox-LDL在SMC和EC中的累積,可直接轉(zhuǎn)錄激活處于潛伏感染的HCMV IE基因表達,反饋性加劇HCMV感染,促進粥樣斑塊形成(9)。此外,HCMV感染還能上調(diào)SMC中脂氧合酶(5-lipoxygenase,5-LO)表

16、達,促進白三烯(Leukotriene,LT)B4產(chǎn)生(10)。LTB參與慢性炎癥反應(yīng),進而促進動脈粥樣硬化病程發(fā)生發(fā)展。HCMV感染成纖維細胞等其他類型細胞也可引發(fā)脂代謝異常(34-37)。有意思的是,HCMV感染可以誘導(dǎo)抗病毒蛋白viperin的表達上調(diào)(38),而該蛋白同時又可以被HCMV病毒蛋白vMIA利用而錨定在線粒體,通過抑制定位于線粒體膜的-脂肪酸調(diào)節(jié)酶TFP(Trifunctional protein)活性,降低細胞內(nèi)ATP水平,誘導(dǎo)細胞膜上葡萄糖轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白4(Glucose transporter 4,GLUT4)表達,從而增加糖攝取和脂質(zhì)合成,促進病毒復(fù)制和子代病毒顆粒毒力(

17、11, 39, 40)。這些機制在HCMV或其他HHV感染SMC和EC中是否具有共性,還有待進一步研究。3.2HHV感染可誘發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng)在病毒感染時,宿主細胞通過模式識別受體(Pattern recognition receptors ,PRR)識別病原相關(guān)分子模式(Pathogen-associated molecular pattern,PAMP),從而激活天然免疫炎癥反應(yīng)信號通路。根據(jù)天然免疫中病原相關(guān)模式識別受體的結(jié)構(gòu)特點,PRR可分為Toll樣受體(Toll-like receptor,TLR)、RIG-I樣受體(RIG-I-like receptor,RLR)、NOD樣受體(NOD-

18、like receptor,NLR)和DNA識別受體(DNA sensor)等。病毒感染通過相應(yīng)受體活化單核-巨噬細胞、T/B淋巴細胞等,分泌產(chǎn)生大量促炎癥因子和趨化因子,共同參與并激發(fā)炎癥級聯(lián)反應(yīng)(41)。Boer等小樣本實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),頸動脈粥樣斑塊中的EBV陽性率為79%,其中58%可誘導(dǎo)EBV特異反應(yīng)性T細胞活化并分泌顆粒酶,而對照組中EBV為陰性,提示特異反應(yīng)性T細胞可能有助于斑塊炎癥形成而引發(fā)動脈粥樣硬化(42)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),HCMV感染可誘導(dǎo)促炎癥因子IL-6(Interleukin-6),IL-10,IL-12,IL-18,TNF-和IFN-的釋放(43),而IL-6以劑量依賴方式誘導(dǎo)

19、EC釋放MCP-1(Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1),后者可招募單核細胞和T淋巴細胞,參與動脈粥樣硬化致病過程(44)。而HCMV感染單核細胞則可隨其不斷遷移而擴散至全身各處,通過單核細胞表面的PRR激活天然免疫信號通路,產(chǎn)生炎癥因子和趨化因子等(45)。HHV感染不僅通過表達于單核細胞和淋巴細胞等免疫細胞的模式識別受體激活天然免疫信號通路,還通過其囊膜糖蛋白與非免疫細胞膜表面的受體特異性識別、結(jié)合,感染EC、SMC和成纖維細胞等細胞(41, 46, 47)。HCMV感染EC常導(dǎo)致其功能異常,并激活NF- B(Nuclear factor B)、PI3K(

20、Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)和PDGFR(Platelet-derived growth factor receptor)等信號通路以增加病毒感染細胞的機會,同時誘發(fā)單核細胞等參與的炎癥反應(yīng)(45, 48)。上已述及,HCMV感染SMC可通過抑制其凋亡通路,導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)膜SMC累積,加速粥樣斑塊形成(33);而HCMV感染成纖維細胞則可誘導(dǎo)抗病毒蛋白viperin等表達,促進葡萄糖攝入,最終可能導(dǎo)致脂質(zhì)在細胞中的沉積(36, 38, 41)。上述信號通路的激活可誘導(dǎo)SMC與單核細胞增殖并遷移至血管內(nèi)膜,形成肌源性和巨噬細胞源性泡沫細胞,導(dǎo)致血管內(nèi)膜增厚,促進粥樣斑

21、塊形成。HHV感染過程中誘導(dǎo)表達的炎癥因子、趨化因子以及炎癥信號通路激活導(dǎo)致的直接后果就是被感染細胞和鄰近細胞出現(xiàn)脂質(zhì)代紊亂,從而導(dǎo)致細胞內(nèi)脂質(zhì)聚集。這一過程和由此引發(fā)的泡沫細胞、炎性細胞浸潤構(gòu)成了粥樣斑塊形成的基礎(chǔ)。4.研究展望綜上所述,HHV感染與動脈粥樣硬化之間密切相關(guān)。正常情況下,HHV感染SMC,EC和單核細胞后以潛伏狀態(tài)存在于細胞內(nèi)。但是在壓力(Under stress)、免疫抑制等條件下(49),一方面,HHV病毒感染細胞(如SMC和EC)后,可通過一系列信號通路,調(diào)控宿主脂代謝相關(guān)化合物表達,促進脂質(zhì)合成和沉積,以幫助子代病毒產(chǎn)生(裂解性感染)。另一方面,通過NF- B和PI3

22、K等天然免疫炎癥信號通路激活炎癥反應(yīng)過程,導(dǎo)致炎性細胞浸潤。此二者相輔相成,共同導(dǎo)致動脈粥樣硬化病程的發(fā)生、發(fā)展(1, 28)。因此,HHV通過和感染細胞的綜合相互作用,在動脈粥樣硬化病變過程中發(fā)揮重要的作用。深入研究HHV感染導(dǎo)致脂質(zhì)代謝異常和炎癥反應(yīng)的分子機制,將為病毒感染引起的動脈粥樣硬化等疾病的預(yù)防和治療提供更有效的新思路和新途徑(27, 50)。參考文獻1.Medzhitov R. 2010. Inflammation 2010: new adventures of an old flame. Cell 140:771-776.2.Sigari F, Lee C, Witztum J

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