1、第一章第一章 氣體的氣體的 pvtthe properties of gasesdepartment of chemistry and chemical engineering xian university of science & technologyxian university of science & technology本章簡(jiǎn)介：本章簡(jiǎn)介： 理想氣體狀態(tài)方程理想氣體狀態(tài)方程 (the perfect gas equations) 真實(shí)氣體狀態(tài)方程真實(shí)氣體狀態(tài)方程 (the real gas equations)brief introduction xian university o

2、f science & technology&物質(zhì)的聚集狀態(tài)&氣 體preface固體固體液體液體氣體氣體流體流體無(wú)固定形狀無(wú)固定形狀xian university of science & technologypreface -physical properties of gas 組成組成, ncomposition - moles 壓力壓力, ppressure pa 體積體積,vvolume - m3 溫度溫度,ttemperature - kxian university of science & technology1 m1 m1 m一一. the perfect gas & 理想氣

3、體兩大特征: 分子之間無(wú)相互作用力； 分子本身不占有體積。& 接近理想氣體的實(shí)際氣體狀態(tài)： 低壓，高溫 xian university of science & technologyh& t一定，pv=c, boyles law& p一定，vt, charles law& t, p一定，vn， avogadros principlegas lawsxian university of science & technology 理想氣體狀態(tài)方程理想氣體狀態(tài)方程the perfect gas equationpvn r t & p = pressure& v = volume& n = moles

4、& t = temperature& r = universal gas contant = 8.314 510 jmol-1k-1xian university of science & technologydaltons law&定義：各種氣體的分壓之和等于總壓. the total pressure is the sum of all the partial pressure.分壓力：bbpppypbdefb道爾頓定律：xian university of science & technologyamagarts law&定義：各種氣體的分體積之和等于總體積. the total vol

5、ume is the sum of all the partial volume.分體積：bbvvvyvbdefb阿馬加定律：xian university of science & technology二二. the non-ideal gas the lennard-jones energy versus distance -3-2-1012341.52.02.53.03.54.0distanceenergyattractiverepulsivexian university of science & technology飽和蒸氣：處于氣液平衡時(shí)的氣體。處于氣液平衡時(shí)的氣體。飽和蒸氣壓：在

6、一定溫度下，與液體成平衡的飽和蒸氣在一定溫度下，與液體成平衡的飽和蒸氣 具有的壓力。具有的壓力。沸點(diǎn)：當(dāng)液體飽和蒸氣壓與外界壓力相等時(shí)，液體沸騰，當(dāng)液體飽和蒸氣壓與外界壓力相等時(shí)，液體沸騰， 相應(yīng)的溫度為液體沸點(diǎn)。相應(yīng)的溫度為液體沸點(diǎn)。正常沸點(diǎn)：101.325 101.325 kpakpa外壓下的沸點(diǎn)外壓下的沸點(diǎn)。相對(duì)濕度：大氣中水蒸氣的壓力達(dá)到其飽和蒸氣壓時(shí)的大氣中水蒸氣的壓力達(dá)到其飽和蒸氣壓時(shí)的 情況，稱(chēng)為相對(duì)濕度為情況，稱(chēng)為相對(duì)濕度為100%100%。臨界溫度：使氣體能夠液化所允許的最高溫度。使氣體能夠液化所允許的最高溫度。terms xian university of science

7、 & technologyvan der waals equation 2,2/mmm effmeffmpa vvbnrtvvbppa vrepulsionattractionxian university of science & technologyvan der waals inflection point2322342,20()260()solution: 3 and / 27mmmmmmm ccdprtadvvbvd prtadvvbvvbpab xian university of science & technologycompression factor& 壓縮因子mpvzrt xian university of science & technologythe principle of corresponding states對(duì)應(yīng)狀態(tài)原理：各種不同的氣體，只要有兩個(gè)對(duì)比參數(shù)各種不同的氣體，只要有兩個(gè)對(duì)比參數(shù) 相同，則第三個(gè)對(duì)比參數(shù)必定相同。相同，則第三個(gè)對(duì)比參數(shù)必定相同。對(duì)應(yīng)參數(shù)crppp/cmmrvvv,/crttt/xian university of science & technologydiscussions1.恒壓下，物質(zhì)的量恒定的某理想氣體，其體積隨溫度的變化率 （ ）.