1、 對于高等教育大眾化背景下的高等職業教育質量問題研究的探析中英文對照for the analysis of the higher occupation education quality problems research under the background of mass higher education in chinese and english20世紀90年代末以來，我國高等教育發展速度急劇加快，其目標在于從精英教育階段向大眾化階段邁進。本文分析了高等教育大眾化的內涵及其發展現狀，探討在此背景下建構新型高等職業教育質量觀及其質量保證的關鍵內容，提出保證新的高等職業教育質量觀得以實

2、施的相關機制與措施。since the late nineteen ninties, speed of development of higher education in china has accelerated, its goal lies in the stage from elite education to mass. this paper analyses the connotation of the popularization of higher education and the development present situation, to explore in th

3、is context construction key content and quality assurance of quality model of higher occupation education concept, put forward to ensure the implementation of relevant mechanisms and measures of the quality of higher occupation education new concept. 關鍵詞：高等教育大眾化；高等職業教育；質量keywords: higher education m

4、assification of higher occupation education; quality; 一，大力推進的高等教育大眾化進程first, vigorously promote the process of popularization of higher education 自美國學者馬丁特羅(martin trow)提出將高等教育發展的不同階段按高校毛入學率劃分為精英教育(elite)、大眾化教育(mass)和普及化教育(universal)三個階段以來，世界各國普遍將這一理念看做衡量其高等教育發達程度的重要指標。自1999年起，我國開始了擴大高等學校招生規模，大力推進高等教

5、育大眾化的進程，高等教育毛入學率由 1998年的10左右增加到2002年的14。高等職業教育作為高等教育的重要組成部分，在推進高等教育大眾化進程中擔負起極其重要的角色，并在招生數、在校生數、畢業生數方面占據了高等教育半壁江山。在一些發達地區，高等教育的大眾化程度遠遠高于全國的平均值。以天津為例，2002年高等教育毛入學率已達44，接近普及化程度。since the american scholar martin tero ( martin trow ) of different stages of the development of higher education in college e

6、nrollment rate into the elite education put forward (elite ), the popular education ( mass ) and the popularization of education ( universal ) has three stages, all the countries of the world to this idea as an important measure of the higher education development degree. since 1999, china began to

7、expand enrollment scale, vigorously promote the process of popularization of higher education, higher education gross enrollment rate increased from about 10% in 1998 to 14% in 2002. the higher occupation education is an important part of higher education, plays an extremely important role in promot

8、ing the process of popularization of higher education, and occupy half of the country in higher education enrollment, the number of students, the number of graduates. in some developed areas, the popularization of higher education is far higher than the national average. in order to tianjin as an ex

9、ample, in 2002, the gross enrollment rate of higher education reached 44%, close to the popular. 二、高等教育大眾化階段新型質量觀的建構construction of the two stage of the popularization of higher education, the new concept of quality 教育質量指教育水平高低和效果優劣的程度，衡量的標準是教育目的和各級各類學校的培養目標。前者規定受培養者的根本質量要求，后者規定受培養者的具體質量要求。要建立與高等教育大

10、眾化階段相適應的質量觀，必須把握以下幾點：the quality of education to quality education level and the extent of the effect, it is the purpose of education and the training goal of all types of schools at all levels. the provision of training basic quality requirements, the latter regulation by specific quality training

11、requirements. to establish the concept of quality and adapt to the stage of popularization of higher education, we must grasp the following points: (一)明確高等教育大眾化階段的基本特點( a ) the basic characteristics of the popularization of higher education 高等教育大眾化步伐的加快，使得以精英型教育為主要特征的高等教育內涵開始轉向適應大眾化教育階段特征要求的高等教育內涵。馬

12、丁特羅在提出高等教育發展各個階段毛入學率指標的同時，也提出了其辦學與教學各方面的不同差異。在觀念上，精英教育被視為少數人的特權，而大眾化教育則被視為有資格者的權利；在教育功能上，精莢教育旨在培養學術精英與統治階層，而大眾化教育則培養更廣泛的精英，包括所有技術和經濟組織的領導階層，重點是技術英才；在學生就學方式上，精英教育采取學生中學畢業后經嚴格選拔進入大學、住校且連續學習取得學位，生源質量高且輟學率低，而大眾化教育則采取多數學生中學畢業后采用較寬松的入學方式，入學更容易，水平參差不齊，輟學率較高，住校與走讀相結合。由此帶來了一個十分突出的問題，就是習慣了精英教育的高等教育機構和高等院校教師如何

13、適應大眾化階段高等教育新特點的問題，特別是生源新特點的問題。在這方面，高等職業院校顯得尤為突出。因為我國高職院校以專科層次為主，學生是經本科院校錄取后低分數段的學生。高校擴招，新人校的學生文化素質偏低，思想素質不高。如何針對這樣的學生有的放矢施教就成為一個十分重要的問題。此外，由于學生數量的增加，師資隊伍也出現了緊張狀況，校園硬件設施頻頻告急。如何保證教育質量成為高等教育工作者和社會各界關注的焦點。the popularization of higher education to accelerate, the elite education as the main feature of th

14、e higher education connotation to adapt to the requirements of massification of higher education connotation. martin tero put forward the development of higher education in each stage of the gross enrolment rate index at the same time, also put forward different education and teaching in all aspects

15、. in concept, the elite education is regarded as the privilege of a few people, and the popular education is considered eligible rights; in the education function, spermatophore education aims at training the academic elite and the ruling class, and the popularization of education is to train more e

16、lite, including all technical and economic organization and leadership focus on technology, talents; in student enrollment mode, the elite education to students after graduation from high school into the university campus after strict selection, and continuous learning to obtain the degree, the qual

17、ity of students and high dropout rate is low, and the popularization of education is taking more mathematics students use more relaxed entrance after graduating from high school, enrolled more easily, level uneven, drop-out rates are high, school combined with the day. it brings a very prominent pro

18、blem, is accustomed to institutions of higher education from elite education and teachers in institutions of higher learning to adapt to the new characteristics of higher education popularization, especially the new characteristics of the problem students. in this regard, the higher occupation colle

19、ges is particularly prominent. because of our countrys higher vocational colleges to colleges, students are admitted by universities after the low scores of the students. college enrollment, low cultural quality of new students in school, ideological quality is not high. how to have a definite objec

20、t in view of teaching such students has become a very important problem. in addition, due to the increase in the number of students, teachers also appear tense situation, campus facilities frequent emergencies. how to ensure the quality of education is higher education workers and the focus of atten

21、tion of the community. (二)要堅持教育工作的基本方針和總體培養目標，把握好學校正確的辦學方向( two ) to adhere to the basic principles of education and the overall goal, grasp the correct direction of running a school 各級各類高等學校應切實把握好自己的辦學方向，這是教育質量的根本要求。偏離了這一方向，就談不上質量意義，也就無從培養高質量的人才。colleges should grasp their own direction of running

22、a school, which is a fundamental requirement of the quality of education. the deviation from the direction, there is no quality significance, is impossible to cultivate high quality talent. (三)要明確不同學校自身的辦學特點，保證滿足需要的教學目標( three ) to define the characteristics of different schools of its own, which me

23、et the needs of the teaching goals 由于歷史、特色、規模、實力等諸多因素的差異，每個學校的辦學目標各不相同。衡量一所學校教學水平的高低，歸根結底是要看其培養目標是否滿足社會的需要，是否達到了自身設計的目標要求。不同類別的院校之間由于培養目標不同，難以籠統類比，教育質量標準應允許多樣化。because of the difference of history, characteristics, size, strength and other factors, each school of different goals. the measure of a sc

24、hool of the level of teaching, in the final analysis is to look at the training goal is to satisfy the social need, whether to reach the design objectives and requirements. among different types of institutions with different cultivation objectives, to the general analogy, education quality standard

25、s should be allowed to diversify. (四)建立教育評價與社會評價相結合的質量評價機制( four ) the quality evaluation mechanism to combine the establishment of evaluation and social education evaluation 教育各要素的水平決定了人才培養過程的水平，人才培養過程的水平決定了人才的水平，但這一過程并不是充分的。因此，衡量教育水平和教育質量的關鍵因素，在于社會對其培養的絕大多數畢業生的認可程度，質量評判標準應當體現教育評價與社會評價的有機結合。就高等職業教育

26、而言，衡量一個學校教育質量的高低，首先應當看其在所服務的地區、行業、領域中的美譽度；還要看學校的各項教育教學工作是否有具備高職特色的培養目標；最后應當看其培養的人才是否具備高等技術應用性特征。the elements of education level determines the level of talent cultivation, talent training process determines the level of the level of talent, but this process is not sufficient. therefore, the key fact

27、or to measure the quality of education and education, is the degree of social recognition of the culture of the vast majority of graduates, organic combination of quality evaluation standards should reflect the education evaluation and social evaluation. in terms of higher occupation education, a me

28、asure of the quality of school education, should first look at the service area, industry, in the field of reputation; to see the school each education and teaching work whether the training objectives with higher vocational characteristic; finally whether should go to its training talents with char

29、acteristics of higher technical application. 三、高等職業教育質量保證的關鍵內容the key content of three, the higher occupation education quality assurance 當前考慮高等職業教育質量保證問題應首先明確以下幾個前提：第一，高等職業教育側重培養具有較強動手能力的應用性人才；第二，社會對高職的認可程度還不高，高等職業院校的生源具有文化基礎相對薄弱的特點；第三，急劇的擴招使得高職院校在師資、設備等方面出現嚴重短缺；第四，具有高等職業教育特色的人才培養模式尚在探索之中。由此決定了高職院校

30、在應對各種挑戰的過程中必須探索自身的發展之路。considering the quality of higher occupation education to ensure the problem should first clear the following conditions: first, the higher occupation education focuses on training applied talents with strong practical ability; second, the social recognition of the extent of t

31、he higher vocational education is not high, the higher occupation colleges students and has the characteristics of cultural foundation relatively weak; third, a sharp expansion makes the higher vocational education a serious shortage of teachers in colleges, equipment and other aspects; fourth, have

32、 the characteristics of higher occupation education personnel training mode is still under exploration. these decisions must explore its own development path of higher vocational colleges in response to the challenges of the. (一)明確學校的總體定位和實現方案( a ) the overall orientation of school and program imple

33、mentation 在學校的定位中，特別應注意學校的特色定位和文化品位定位。總體講，高職院校應定位在立足地方經濟、服務社會需要、培養實用人才、完備教育體系上，但各校情況又有所不同。要結合學校的特點和自身條件，規劃好近、中、長期規劃，制訂行之有效的實施方案，分階段逐步實施。許多高職院校已看到了做好規劃的重要性，一些南方院校有償聘請專業人士對學校進行整體規劃和包裝，科學地確定自身在社會上的定位，這是學校辦學質量和水平的體現。in the schools location, special attention should be paid to characteristics and culture

34、 grade positioning school. generally speaking, the higher vocational colleges should locate in based on local economic, social service needs, to cultivate practical talents, perfect the education system, but the situation is different. according to the characteristic of school and their own conditio

35、ns, good planning, in close, long-term planning, effective implementation plans, phased implementation. many colleges have seen the importance of good planning, some of the southern college paid to hire professionals to the school for the overall planning and packaging, to determine its position in

36、the society, which is reflected in the quality and level of school. (二)突出專業教學特色，確定科學的人才培養( two ) highlight the characteristics of professional teaching, determine the scientific personnel training 高等職業教育之所以要突出專業教學特色，基于以下原因：其一，高等職業教育培養的是與普通高等教育不同的技術型、高級技能型人才。其二，與普通高校學生相比，高職學生文化基礎較差，但動手能力較強；抽象思維能力較差，但

37、形象思維能力較強；公關能力較差，但合作能力較強。這些特點決定了不能用普通高等教育的教學法教學。其三，高職三年制的培養年限與普通高校四年學制無法相比，但學生畢業后卻要面對競爭激烈且具有“人才高消費”傾向的用人市場，因此，高等職業教育的專業教學必須體現自身特色。教學特色主要反映在專業培養目標的特色上。在考慮專業培養目標時，必須考慮教學規律、學生特點和用人要求三個因素。專業培養目標要力戒空泛，必須強調具體性和可操作性。科學而有特色的培養目標為教學質量的檢測奠定了重要的基礎。the higher occupation education is to highlight the characterist

38、ics of professional teaching, based on the following reasons: first, the higher occupation education is to train technical type, different from the ordinary higher education of skilled talents. second, compared with the ordinary university students, vocational college students cultural foundation is

39、 poor, but the ability is strong; the abstract thinking ability is poor, but the image of thinking ability; public relations ability is poor, but the cooperation ability. these characteristics decided not teaching with the teaching of general higher education. third, culture life of three years syst

40、em higher vocational education and general university four years can not be compared, but students after graduation is faced with fierce competition and has a talent high consumption with the market tendency, therefore, the teaching of higher occupation education must reflect their own characteristi

41、cs. teaching characteristics are mainly reflected in the professional training goal characteristics. in considering the professional training objectives, teaching law, must consider the characteristics of students and the requirement of three factors. professional training objectives to avoid vague,

42、 must emphasize specific and operational. science and special training for teaching quality detection and laid an important foundation. (三)加強師資隊伍建設，形成專兼結合的“雙師”型特色( three ) to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the formation of full-time and part-time teachers of double - type characteris

43、tics 高等教育擴招帶來了師資數量和結構的突出矛盾。一方面，師資數量嚴重不足。就高等職業教育而言，2001年內地獨立建制的高職類院校在校生為 639.74萬人，而教師數則為21.2207萬人，師生比為 1：30.15，教師的增長速度遠低于學生的增長速度。expansion of higher education has brought the teachers quantity and structure of the prominent contradictions. on the one hand, a serious shortage of teachers. in terms of

44、higher occupation education in 2001, the independent system of higher vocational college students is 6397400, while the number of teachers is 212207 people, the teacher-student ratio is 1:30.15, the teacher s growth rate is far lower than the growth rate of the students. 另一方面，師資隊伍的結構也不盡合理。從內地情況看，200

45、1年高等職業教育師資隊伍中，本科以上學歷(不含本科，含未授學位的研究生)的比例為 8.13，講師以上職稱的教師(不含講師)占27.84。據2001年對11所高職院校的調查，在師資隊伍的來源結構上，由高校畢業生直接走上教師崗位的占教師比例的69，近兩年這種狀況并無大的改觀。特別重要的是，面對新的生源特點和數量現狀，必須積極探索新形勢下師資隊伍建設的新方法。首先，必須努力建立一支專兼結合的教師隊伍，特別是穩定的、有實際工作經驗和教學水平的業界兼職教師隊伍。第二，要促進教師研究職業教育特點，提高自身職業能力，提高學歷層次，改進教學方法和教學手段，減少面授時間。第三，科學地安排教學活動，滿負荷但不超負

46、荷地發揮教師的作用，發揮高年級學生的示范帶頭作用，配合教師輔導低年級學生。on the other hand, teachers structure is not reasonable. from the domestic situation, teachers of higher occupation education in 2001, bachelor degree or above ( excluding undergraduate study, including not graduate students ) at the rate of 8.13%, above the lect

47、urer titles of teachers ( not including lecturer ) accounted for 27.84%. according to the survey on 11 higher vocational colleges in 2001, sources of teachers troop structure, by college graduates directly onto the teachers for teacher ratio of 69%, this is no big change in recent years. in particul

48、ar, in the face of the characteristics of the source and the number of new, we must actively explore the new method of the construction of teachers under the new situation. first of all, we must build up a team of full-time and part-time teachers, particularly stable, the part-time teacher team of p

49、ractical work experience and teaching level. second, to promote the characteristics of the occupation education teachers, improve their occupation ability, improve education levels, improve the teaching method and means, reduce the teaching time. third, arrange the teaching activity scientifically,

50、full load but dont overload to play the role of teacher, high grade students play the exemplary role, with the low grade students in teachers guidance. (四)堅持產學結合的道路，實現高等職業教育的辦學特色( four ) insist on combining production of the road, the realization of higher occupation education features 產學結合絕不僅僅是實踐環節

51、的內容，它應當貫穿于從專業設置、培養目標、教學計劃到教學內容、教學方法、畢業環節等人才培養的全過程，體現在德、智、體、美、勞各個方面。產學結合的根本目的是培養適應社會要求的高等技術應用性人才，同時也應當利用學校知識密集的優勢，為企業提供技術支持和科技協作。產學結合的程度不同，可以是局部或淺表的初級合作；可以是緊密結合、互為補充的中級合作；也可以是血肉相連、共生共榮的一體化高層次合作。要不斷推進學校與用人單位高層次的合作。在產學結合過程中，必須注意發揮學校、學生、企業和政府四方面的積極性。學校是主導方，學生是主體方，企業是主承方，政府是統籌方。只有四方通力配合，才能完成產學結合的共同目標。the

52、 combination of production and learning is not merely the contents of practice, it should run through the whole process from professional setting, training objectives, teaching plan, teaching contents, teaching methods, personnel graduation project culture, reflected in every virtue, wisdom, body, b

53、eauty, psychologically. the fundamental purpose of the combination of is to train higher technology applied talents of social requirements, but also should use the advantages of school knowledge intensive, providing technical support and technology cooperation for enterprises. the combination of pro

54、duction and teaching degree is different, can be the primary cooperation partial or superficial; can be closely combined, mutual supplement intermediate cooperation; and can also be integrated high levels of cooperation be related by flesh and blood, coexistence and co-prosperity. we should continue

55、 to promote school and cooperative employer high level. in the combination of production process, must pay attention to play to the initiative of four schools, students, enterprises and government. the school is the dominant party, students are the main body, the enterprise is the main square, the g

56、overnment is planning. only the tetragonal coordination, to accomplish common goals with theory of. (五)強化監督措施，保證質量監控( five ) measures of supervision, to ensure quality control 一是制度建設，包括正、負兩方面的監督條例，二是形成監督檢查的渠道。對教師教學的監督，應包括校方、同行、學生和專職督導四方面。對學校總體教學水平，要定期進行內部量化考核和收集校友、用人單位反饋信息。三是配合有形建設，抓好思想政治教育。講清學校具有的育

57、人功能(不是單純的事業功能)和教師的育人責任(不是單純的職業責任)，形成良好的學風、教風和校風。one is the system construction, including positive, negative supervision regulations in two aspects, two is the formation of the supervision and inspection of the channel. supervision of teaching, should include the school, peer, students and full-time

58、 supervision four aspects. the level of general education schools, to conduct regular internal assessment and collection of alumni, feedback information the employing unit. the three is in line with the tangible construction, do a good job of ideological and political education. the educational func

59、tion of school is clear ( not mere business function ) and teacher education, ( not simply occupation liability ), to form a good style of study, teaching and study. (六)研究學生特點，創造良好的育人環境( six ) to study the characteristics of students, create a good educational environment 必須結合時代特點，研究學生實際，尋求具有針對性的學生教育方法。思想教育與專