外文資料翻譯  Automobile Clutch Nowadays the pioneers of the clutch disc, clutch disc is more pieces of it until 1925 later. The multi-gear clutch main advantage is that car started the clutch engagement is no impact on the smooth. Early in the design, layout design, according to slice pairs of a steel plate with a bronze blanks. Using the friction pair of pure metal, put them in oil, can achieve more satisfactory performance. As the power to combustion in mechanical transmission automobiles, clutch is as an independent assembly. The clutch is usually served in the engine and transmission, the active part between connected with engine flywheel, driven and transmission. Various types of cars for widespread adoption of friction clutch, in fact, is a kind of depend on their part, driven to relay the friction between the power and the separation. The major function of the clutch is cut off and the realization of the engine and transmission, to ensure smooth, stable car When the shift in the engine and transmission of separation, reduce transmission gear shift between the impact, Work in the dynamic load is larger, can limit the transmission of maximum torque, in order to prevent the transmission parts of a damaged by overload, Reducing effectively the transmission of the vibration and noise. In the early development of clutch structures, the most successful conical clutch. It was the prototype design in 1889 German Daimler company production of steel wheel on the car. It is to make the engine flywheel hole taper as clutch active. The taper clutch scheme continues to the middle of the twentieth century, when the manufacture, cone-shaped clutch friction relatively simple, easy to repair. It was used LuoMao friction material, leather belt, etc. Then have been hoof - drum clutch, its structure in the solid-bowl clingy reaches hoof. Hoof - drum clutch friction components with wood, leather belt is such, shoe - drum clutch weight is light cone clutch. Whatever tapered clutch or hoof - drum clutch, easy to cause the separation is not complete appear even Lord, follower cannot separate self-locking phenomenon. Years of practical experience and technical improvement makes people tend to preferred dry friction clutch single chip, because it has driven part of inertia, good heat, simple structure, convenient adjustment, compact size, etc, but also because completely in structure, already can take action to smooth, so now junction disc is widely used in large, medium and small various models. Now monolithic dry type clutch in structural design is quite perfect. Using the axial elastic platen, improve the clutch of comfort. The clutch platen assembly installed in reverse, prevent the transmission system of shock of torsional resonances, reduced the transmission system of noise and load. As the car comfort requirements, clutch in original basis has been obtained by car, by continuously improved by increasing the quality of the flywheel has double shock absorber, can turn better reduce transmission noise. Due to heavy clutch, commercial, engine power tends to large-scale increasing, but the size of the space increased clutch allows the use of limited, clutch, cool 1,  increase conditions to improve ability, preaching clutch torsion life-span, simplify the operation has become the development trend of the heavy clutch. In order to improve the ability of torsion, in heavy vehicles can be used on double dry type clutch. Theoretically, in the same radial dimensions, biplate clutch torsion ability and the service life is 2 times of single chip. But other objective factors, the actual effects of low value than others. In recent years, the wet clutch on technology improvement, some heavy cart in abroad and start using multiple wet clutch. Compared with dry type clutch, due to the use of the pump are forced cooling, friction surface temperature is lower than 93 degrees Celsius (not), therefore, long time also does not start sliding friction loss. Refer to the information at home and abroad were told that this clutch can use dry type clutch of 5-6 times, but the advantages of the wet clutch play must be in a temperature range, more than it can achieve a temperature range will play a negative effects. Now this technology is not perfect.  汽車離合器  當今使用的盤式離合器的始祖為多片盤式離合器，一直到 1925年以后它才問世。它最主要的優點為，當汽車起步時離合器能夠平順的結合，極少的減少沖擊。在最早的設計當中，多片盤式離合器設計的按成對布置，每一個青銅盤片都對應著一鋼盤片。使用金屬的摩擦副，在油中浸著工作，能達到更好的性能。  在所有機械傳動汽車中，把內燃機當做動力的，離合器存在的形式是獨立的總成，它通常裝在發動機和變速器中間，它的主動部分連接發動機飛輪，從動部分連接變速器。被汽車廣泛運用的摩擦離合器，其實是依靠它的主、從動部分間的摩擦傳遞動力而且還能分離的結構。離合器的主要功能是斷開和完成發動機與傳動系穩定的接合 ，實現平穩起步汽車；可以再換擋時把發動機和傳動系分離，縮減換檔齒輪間的沖撞；當受到較大的動載荷，可以控制傳動系承受的最大轉矩，來預防傳動系中零部件過載損壞；降低傳動系中的振動以及噪聲。  以往所研發離合器的結構，最成功的是錐形離合器。在 1889年德國戴姆勒公司制造的鋼制車輪汽車上曾裝載著它的原型。把發動機飛輪內孔做成錐體來當離合器的主動件。直到 20 世紀 20 年代中葉還繼續使用此方案，以當時制造水平，制造錐形離合器較簡單，容易修復摩擦面。曾以駱毛帶、皮革帶等為摩擦材料。那時曾出現過蹄 -鼓式離合器，其結構有利于在離 心力作用下使蹄緊貼鼓面。木塊、皮革帶等是蹄 -鼓式離合器的摩擦元件，蹄 -鼓式離合器比錐形離合器輕。兩種離合器都容易分離不徹底更甚出現主、從動件無法分離的自鎖現象。  經過人們年復一年的實踐經驗和技術改良，人們開始青睞單片干式摩擦離合器，因它眾多的優點：從動部分轉動慣量小、尺寸緊湊、結構簡單、散熱性好、調整方便、分離徹底，通過結構上采取改良措施，成功達成接合盤式平順的目的，因而被廣泛采用于各類車型中。  現如今單片干式離合器已有了完善的結構設計。從動盤具有軸向彈性，有效提高接合平穩性。在從動盤總成中裝了扭轉減振器， 使傳動系統的扭轉共振減到最小，縮小傳動系統的噪聲。  人們對汽車舒適性要求越來越高，使得離合器也不斷改進，越來越多的乘務車采用雙質量飛輪的扭轉減振器，更好的降低了噪聲。  重型離合器因為所用車型趨向大型化導致發動機功率不斷加大，可是離合器所允許加大的尺寸空間是有限的，離合器的約束條件日益嚴格，導致離合器傳扭能力的提高，延長使用壽命，操作簡便，已成為重型離合器的發展趨勢。為了能提高傳扭能