附錄 A.英文文獻 Hydraulic Station and the development of hydraulic components Profiles Hydraulic Pump Station also known as the stations are independent h- ydraulic device. It requested by the oil gradually. And controlling the hydraulic oil flow direction, pressure and flow rate, applied to the mainframe and hy- draulic devices separability of hydraulic machinery. Users will be provided after the purchase hydraulic station and host of implementing agencies (motor oil or fuel tanks) connected with tubing, Hydraulic machinery can be realized from these movements and the work cycle. Hydraulic pump station is installed, Manifold or valve combination, t- anks, a combination of electrical boxes. Functional components : Pump device - is equipped with motors and pumps, hydraulic station is the source of power. to mechanical energy into hydraulic oil pressure can be. Manifold - from hydraulic valve body and channel assembled. Right direction for implementation of hydraulic oil, pressure and flow control. Valve portfolio - plate valve is installed in up board after board conn- ects with the same functional IC. Tank - plate welding semi-closed containers, also loaded with oil filtering network, air filters, used oil, oil filters and cooling. Electrical boxes - at the two patterns. A set of external fuse terminal plate； distribution of a full range of electrical control. Hydraulic Station principle : motor driven pump rotation, which pump oil absorption from the oil tank. to mechanical energy into hydraulic pressure to the station, hydraulic oil through Manifold (or valve combinations) realized the direction, pressure, After adjusting flow pipe and external to the cylinder hydraulic machinery or motor oil, so as to control the direction of the motive fluid transformation force the size and speed the pace of promoting the various acting hydraulic machinery. A development course China Hydraulic (including hydraulic, the same below), pneumatic and seals industrial development process can be broadly divided into three phases, namely : 20 early 1950s to the early 1960s, the initial stage； 60s and 70 for specialized production system ；8090s growth stage for the rapid development stage. Which, hydraulic industry in the early 1950s from the machine tool industry production of fake Su-grinder, broaching machine, copying lathe, and other hydraulic drive started, Hydraulic Components from the plant hydraulic machine shop, self-occupied. After entering the 1960s, the application of hydraulic technology from the machine gradually extended to the agricultural machinery and mechanical engineering fields, attached to the original velocity of hydraulic shop some stand out as pieces of hydraulic professional production. To the late 1960s, early 1970s, with the development of mechanized production, especially in the second automobile factory in providing efficient, automated equipment, along with the Hydraulic Components manufacturing has experienced rapid development of the situation, a group of SMEs have become professional hydraulic parts factory. 1968 Chinas annual output of hydraulic components have nearly 200,000 in 1973, machine tools, agricultural machinery, mechanical engineering industries, the production of hydraulic parts factory has been the professional development of more than 100 and an annual output more than one million. an independent hydraulic manufacturing industry has begun to take shape. Then, hydraulic pieces of fake products from the Soviet Union for the introduction of the product development and technical design combining the products to the pressure, Hypertension, and the development of the electro-hydraulic servo valves and systems, hydraulic application areas further expanded. Aerodynamic than the start of the industrial hydraulic years later, in 1967 began to establish professional pneumatic components factory, Pneumatic Components only as commodity production and sales. Sealed with rubber and plastics, mechanical seals and sealing flexible graphite sealing industry, the early 1950s from the production ordinary O-rings. rubber and plastics extrusion, such as oil seal sealing and seal asbestos products start to the early 1960s, begun production of mechanical seals and flexible graphite sealing products. 1970s, the burning of the former Ministry, a Ministry, the Ministry of Agricultural Mechanization System, a group of professional production plants have been established, and the official establishment of industries to seal industrial development has laid the foundation for growth. Since the 1980s, in the countrys reform and opening up policy guidelines, with the development of the machinery industry, based mainframe pieces behind the conflicts have become increasingly prominent and attracted the attention of the relevant departments. To this end, the Ministry of the original one in 1982, formed the basis of common pieces of Industry, will be scattered in the original machine tools, agricultural machinery, mechanical engineering industries centralized hydraulic, pneumatic and seals specialized factories, placing them under common management infrastructure pieces Bureau, so that the industry in the planning, investment, technology and scientific research and development in areas such as infrastructure pieces Bureau of guidance and support. Since then entered a phase of rapid development, has introduced more than 60 items of advanced technology from abroad, including more than 40 items of hydraulic, pneumatic 7. After digestion and absorption and transformation, now have mass production, and industry-leading products. In recent years, the industry increased the technological transformation efforts, in 1991, Local enterprises and the self-financing total input of about 20 billion yuan, of which more than 1.6 billion yuan Hydraulic. Through technological transformation and technology research, and a number of major enterprises to further improve the level of technology, technique and equipment to be greatly improved. In order to form a higher starting point, specialization, and run production has laid a good foundation. In recent years, many countries in the development of common ownership guidelines, under different ownership SMEs rapid rise showing great vitality. With the further opening up, three-funded enterprises rapid development of industry standards for improving and expanding exports play an important role. Today, China has and the United States, Japan, Germany and other countries famous manufacturers joint ventures or wholly-owned by foreign manufacturers to establish a piston pump / motor, planetary reduction gears, steering gear, hydraulic control valve, hydraulic system, hydrostatic transmission, hydraulic Casting. pneumatic control valve, cylinder, gas processing triple pieces, mechanical seals, rubber and seal products more than 50 production enterprises, attracting foreign investment over 200 million U.S. dollars. Second, the current situation (1) Basic Profiles After 40 years of efforts, China hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing industry has formed a relatively complete categories. a certain level of technical capacity and the industrial system. According to the 1995 Third National Industrial Census statistics, hydraulic, Pneumatic seals and industrial 370,000 annual sales income of 100 million yuan in state-owned, village-run, private and cooperative enterprises, individual, three capital enterprises with a total of more than 1,300, of which about 700 hydraulic, Pneumatic seals and the approximately 300 thousand. By 1996 with the international trade statistics, the total output value of Chinas industry hydraulic 2.348 billion yuan, accounting for the worlds 6； Pneumatic industry output 419 million yuan, accounting for world No. 10. (2) the current supply and demand profiles Through the introduction of technology, independent development and technological innovation, and high-pressure piston pump, gear pumps, vane pump, General Motors hydraulic valves, tanks, Non-lubricated aerodynamic pieces and various seals of the first large technology products has increased noticeably. stability of the mass production may, for various mainframe products provide a level of assurance. In addition, hydraulic and pneumatic components of the CAD system, pollution control, proportional servo technology has scored some achievements, and is already in production. Currently, hydraulic, pneumatic and seals products total about 3,000 species, more than 23,000 specifications. Among them, there are 1,200 hydraulic varieties, more than 10,000 specifications (including hydraulic products 60 varieties 500 specifications)； Pneumatic are 1,350 varieties, more than 8,000 specifications； Rubber seal 350 species more than 5,000 specifications have been basically cater to the different types of mainframe products to the general needs, complete sets of equipment for major varieties of matching rate was over 60%, and started a small amount of exports. 1998 pieces of homemade hydraulic output 4.8 million. sales of about 28 billion (of which about 70% mechanical systems)； aerodynamic pieces yield 3.6 million. sales of about 5.5 billion (of which about 60% of mechanical systems)； Seals output of about 800 million. sales of about 10 billion (of which about 50% mechanical systems). According to the China Hydraulic Pneumatic Seals Industry Association 1998 annual report, hydraulic product sales rate of 97. 5% (101% for hydraulic), pneumatic 95.9%, 98.7% sealed. This fully reflects the basic marketing convergence. My hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing industry has attained a great deal of progress, but with mainframe development needs, and the worlds advanced level, there are still many gaps, mainly reflected in the product variety, performance and reliability, and so on. Hydraulic products as an example, products abroad only one-third, life for half abroad. In order to meet key mainframe, and mainframe imports of major technology and equipment needs, every year a large number of hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing products imports. According to customs statistics and the analysis of data, in 1998 hydraulic, pneumatic and seals in the import about 200 million U.S. dollars, Hydraulic which about 1.4 billion dollars, aerodynamic nearly 030 million U.S. dollars, sealed about 030 million U.S. dollars. compared with a slight decline in 1997. By sums, currently imported products on the domestic market share of about 30%. 1998 pieces of the domestic market demand for hydraulic total of about six million, the total sales of nearly 40 billion； aerodynamic pieces of the total demand of about 5 million, with sales more than 700 million yuan； Seals total demand of about 1.1 billion. total sales of about 1.3 billion. Third, the development trend of the future 1, affect the development of the main factors (1) product development ability, and the level of technological development and speed can not completely meet the advanced mainframe products, major equipment and technology imported equipment and maintenance support； (2) the number of enterprises manufacturing technology, the level of equipment and management standards are comparatively backward, coupled with a strong sense of quality, resulting in low levels of product performance, quality, Reliability poor services in a timely manner, lack of user satisfaction and trust of the brand-name products； (3) industry specialization of production low, scattered strength, low repeat serious, between regions and enterprises of convergence products, blindly compete with each other, driving down prices, the decline of enterprise returns, lack of funds, liquidity difficulties, product development and technological transformation is inadequate and seriously restricted the industry to improve the overall level of competition and the increase of strength； (4) The internationalization of the domestic market and the increasing degree of foreign companies have entered the Chinese market and participate in competition with the domestic private and cooperative enterprises, individuals, foreign-funded enterprises, such as the rise of state-owned enterprises due to the growing impact. 2, the development trend As the socialist market economy continues to deepen, hydraulic, pneumatic and sealing products in the market supply and demand and there is a greater change, long ago to a shortage of the sellers market has basically become a structural surplus of the characteristics of the buyers market place . Overall capacity, is already in oversupply situation, in particular the general low level of hydraulic, pneumatic and seals, the general oversupply； and the host of urgent high-tech high-parameter, high value-added high-end products, and they do not satisfy the market needs, only dependent on imports. China joins the WTO, its impact may be even greater. Therefore, the 15 during the growth of the output value of industry, must not depend on volume growth and the industry should address the structural problems of their own, increase the intensity of the adjustment of the industrial structure and product mix, is, we should rely on the improvement of quality, and promote technical upgrading of products to meet market demand and stimulating, seek greater development. 附錄 B.中文翻譯 液壓站又稱液壓泵站，是獨立的液壓裝置。 它按逐級要求供油。并控制液壓油流的方向、壓力和流量，適用于主機與液壓裝置可分離的各種液壓機械上。 用戶購后只要將液壓站與主機上的執行機構（油缸或油馬達）用油管相連，液壓機械即可實現各種規定的動作和工作循環。 液壓站是由泵裝置、集成塊或閥組合、油箱、電氣盒組合而成。各部件功能為： 泵裝置上裝有電機和油泵，是液壓站的動力源，將機械能轉化為液壓油的壓力能。 集成塊由液壓閥及通 道體組裝而成。對液壓油實行方向、壓力和流量調節。 閥組合板式閥裝在立板上，板后管連接，與集成塊功能相同。 油箱板焊的半封閉容器，上還裝有濾油網、空氣濾清器等，用來儲油、油的冷卻及過濾。 電氣盒分兩種型式。一種設置外接引線的端子板；一種配置了全套控制電器。 液壓站的工作原理：電機帶動油泵轉動，泵從油箱中吸油供油，將機械能轉化為液壓站的壓力能，液壓油通過集成塊（或閥組合）實現了方向、壓力、流量調節后經外接管路并至液壓機械的油缸或油馬達中，從而控制液動機方向的變換、力量的大小及速度的快慢，推動各種液壓 機械做功。 一、發展歷程 我國液壓（含液力，下同）、氣動和密封件工業發展歷程，大致可分為三個階段，即： 20 世紀 50 年代初到 60 年代初為起步階段； 6070 年代為專業化生產體系成長階段； 8090 年代為快速發展階段。其中，液壓工業于 50 年代初從機床行業生產仿蘇的磨床、拉床、仿形車床等液壓傳動起步，液壓元件由機床廠的液壓車間生產，自產自用。進入 60 年代后，液壓技術的應用從機床逐漸推廣到農業機械和工程機械等領域，原來附屬于主機廠的液壓車間有的獨立出來，成為液壓件專業生產廠。到了 60 年代末、 70 年代初，隨著生產機械 化的發展，特別是在為第二汽車制造廠等提供高效、自動化設備的帶動下，液壓元件制造業出現了迅速發展的局面，一批中小企業也成為液壓件專業制造廠。 1968 年中國液壓元件年產量已接近 20 萬件； 1973 年在機床、農機、工程機械等行業，生產液壓件的專業廠已發展到 100 余家，年產量超過 100 萬件，一個獨立的液壓件制造業已初步形成。這時，液壓件產品已從仿蘇產品發展為引進技術與自行設計相結合的產品，壓力向中、高壓發展，并開發了電液伺服閥及系統，液壓應用領域進一步擴大。氣動工業的起步比液壓稍晚幾年，到 1967 年開始建立氣動元件專 業廠，氣動元件才作為商品生產和銷售。含橡塑密封、機械密封和柔性石墨密封的密封件工業， 50 年代初從生產普通 O 型圈、油封等擠壓橡塑密封和石棉密封制品起步，到 60 年代初，開始研制生產機械密封和柔性石墨密封等制品。 70 年代，在原燃化部、一機部、農機部所屬系統內，一批專業生產廠相繼成立，并正式形成行業，為密封件工業的發展成長奠定了基礎。 進入 80 年代，在國家改革開放的方針指引下，隨著機械工業的發展，基礎件滯后于主機的矛盾日益突出，并引起各有關部門的重視。為此，原一機部于1982 年組建了通用基礎件工業局，將原有分散在機 床、農業機械、工程機械等行業歸口的液壓、氣動和密封件專業廠，統一劃歸通用基礎件局管理，從而使該行業在規劃、投資、引進技術和科研開發等方面得到基礎件局的指導和支持。從此進入了快速發展期，先后引進了 60 余項國外先進技術，其中液壓 40 余項、氣動 7 項，經消化吸收和技術改造，現均已批量生產，并成為行業的主導產品。近年來，行業加大了技術改造力度， 1991-1998 年國家、地方和企業自籌資金總投入共約 20 多億元，其中液壓 16 億多元。經過技術改造和技術攻關，一批主要企業技術水平進一步提高，工藝裝備得到很大改善，為形成高起點 、專業化、批量生產打下了良好基礎。近幾年，在國家多種所有制共同發展的方針指引下，不同所有制的中小企業迅猛崛起，呈現出勃勃生機。隨著國家進一步開放，三資企業迅速發展，對提高行業水平和擴大出口起著重要作用。目前我國已和美國、日本、德國等國著名廠商合資或由外國廠商獨資建立了柱塞泵 /馬達、行星減速機、轉向器、液壓控制閥、液壓系統、靜液壓傳動裝置、液壓件鑄造、氣動控制閥、氣缸、氣源處理三聯件、機械密封、橡塑密封等類產品生產企業 50 多家，引進外資 2 億多美元。 二、目前狀況 (1)基本概況 經過 40 多年的努力，我國液壓、 氣動和密封件行業已形成了一個門類比較齊全，有一定生產能力和技術水平的工業體系。據 1995 年全國第三次工業普查統計，我國液壓、氣動和密封件工業鄉及鄉以上年銷售收入在 100 萬元以上的國營、村辦、私營、合作經營、個體