英語語法總綱,句 法,詞 法,句子種類：,簡單句 并列句 復合句 其他,返回,十大詞類：,名詞 冠詞 代詞 動詞 形容詞/副詞 數詞 連詞 介詞 感嘆詞,返回,簡單句,陳述句: 用來說明事實或說話 人的看法 疑問句: 用來提出問題 祈使句: 用來表示請求、命令 感嘆句: 用來表達強烈的感情,返回,簡單句的六種基本句型：,、主系動詞表。 、主不及物動詞。 、主及物動詞單賓語。 、主及物動詞雙賓語。 、主及物動詞賓語賓語補足語。 、There is / are +某人某物某地某時 .,返回,系動詞,1. Be ：e.g. That car is very expensive . Jack is an engineer . 2. 帶有動詞 be 含義的其他連系動詞： e.g. He stayed ( continued to be ) very quiet . The temperature has stayed hot this week . 3. 表示感覺狀態的連系動詞： e.g The girl looks fine . The plan sounds perfect . 4. 表示狀態轉變的動詞： e.g. The boy grew / became taller . Its getting cold .,返回,“雙賓語”及物動詞：,ask 、bring 、buy 、call 、do 、get 、give 、lend 、offer 、send 、teach 、tell,e.g. I gave the old man some money . She sent me a parcel of clothes . He told me the news about Paul . They bought me a lot of books .,雙賓語順序：“人”間直“物”“物” to / for “人” e.g. I gave some money to the old man . They bought a lot of books for me .,返回,返回,“復合賓語”及物動詞：,believe 、call 、choose 、consider 、find 、make 、prove 、see 、think,e.g. All of us believed him mistaken . We consider him very capable . They made Smith their spokesman . (代言人) I thought it a most interesting book .,試比較：,I found a novel . I found him a novel . I found the novel very interesting .,疑問句,一般疑問句 特殊疑問句 選擇疑問句 反意/附加疑問句,返回,一般疑問句,一般疑問句一般是指用 Yes 或 No 回答的疑問句。,其基本結構為：,Be + 主 + 表 + ? Do / Does / Did + 主 + do + ? Have / Has / Had + 主 + done + ? Can + 主 + do + ?,返回,注意否定一般疑問句及其答語：,Havent you got a dictionary ? Yes , I have . （不，我有。） No , I havent . （是的，我沒有。）,特殊疑問句,以特殊疑問詞開始的疑問句。用陳述句來回答。,其基本結構為：,How / Wh- + 一般疑問句 ？ e.g. How do you go to school ? Where do you work ?,注意混合疑問句：,What do you think / suppose + 主 + 謂 （+ 其他）?,返回,選擇疑問句,提出兩種或兩種以上的情況，要求對方選擇一種，這種疑問句叫做選擇疑問句。 它的結構是“一般疑問句+ or +一般疑問句”，但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略。,e.g. Is her brother a doctor or a teacher ? Would you like tea or coffee ? Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on Sunday ?,返回,反意/附加疑問句,反意疑問句由兩部分組成，前一部分是對事物的陳述，后一部分是簡短的提問。 如果前一部分用肯定式，后一部分用否定形式； 前一部分用否定形式，后一部分就用肯定形式。 兩部分的人稱和時態要一致。,附加疑問句要注意的問題：,1、陳述部分的have作“有”講時； You have a new bike , dont / havent you ?,2、陳述部分含有must的反意疑問句；,轉下頁,1) . You must(必須) go now , neednt you ? 2) . You mustnt(不允許) smoke , must you ? 3) . You must have heard about it , havent you ? You must have gone to the cinema last night , didnt you ? You must be tired , arent you ?,3、used to 的反意疑問句；,The old man used to sleep ten hours a day , usednt / didnt he ?,4、ought to 的反意疑問句；,He ought to come , oughtnt shouldnt he ?,轉下頁,5. He seldom goes to the cinema , does he ? 6. She dislikes the idea , doesnt she ? 7. One cant be careful enough , can one / he ? 8. These are not your books , are they ? 9. Everything goes well , doesnt it ? 10. Everybody agrees with him , doesnt he / dont they ? 11. She said she would be back soon , didnt she ? I dont believe (that) he will come , will he ? 12. Learning English well takes a long time , isnt it ? 13. Give me a hand , wont / will you ? Lets go for a walk , shall we ? Let us go now , will you ? 14. There wont be any trouble , will there ?,返回,祈使句,1、肯定祈使句； 2、否定祈使句； 3、以 let 開頭的祈使句； 4、帶主語的祈使句,返回,Be careful ! Stop talking !,Dont / Never open the window .,Lets go now . Let me have a try .,1) Tom , you feed the bird ! 2) You , boys , sweep the floor , and you ,girls , clean the windows . 3) You mind your own business ! Dont you be late !(不高興，厭煩) 4) Be quiet , everyone . Somebody answer the phone !,( , will you ?),感嘆句,基本構成方式：,返回,1 . What + (a/an) + adj. + n. + S + V ! 2 . How + adj. + a/an + n. (單) + S + V ! 3 . How + adj. / adv. + S + V !,省略形式的感嘆句：,What good advice he gave us ! What a nice day it is !,How clever a girl she is ! How nice a day it is !,How hard they worked !,1) . How they worked ! 2) . What a lovely day ! How wonderful !,并列句,兩個或兩個以上的單句，可以用并列連詞連接，從而形成并列句。 常用的并列連詞，根據所連接的上下文的邏輯關系，可以分為以下幾類： 1、表示增補關系的并列連詞： 2、表示選擇關系的并列連詞： 3、表示轉折關系的并列連詞： 4、表示因果關系的并列連詞：,返回,and , bothand, neithernor,notnor,not onlybut also, as well as ,etc.,or , or else , otherwise , either or, whetheror,but , while,for , so,e.g. They were surprised that a child should work out the problem while they themselves couldnt . We must hurry , otherwise well be late .,復合句,名詞性從句 定語從句 狀語從句,返回,名詞性從句,主語從句 賓語從句 表語從句 同位語從句,返回,引導詞,主語從句,主語從句能用 it 作形式上的主語。常用 it 作形式主語的句型有： 1).It be + 形 (certain,likely,etc.) + that從句。 2).It be + 名詞詞組(no wonder,etc.) + that從句。 3).It be +過去分詞 (said , thought,etc.) + that從句。 4).It seem/happen,etc. + that 從句。 5).It doesnt matter / makes no difference + wh- 從句。 6).當 that 引導的主語從句出現在疑問句中時， 要用 it 作形式主語，而把主語從句后置。,返回,e.g. It is certain that she will do well in her exam .,e.g. Its no surprise that our team should have won the game .,e.g. It is said that Mr . Green has arrived in Beijing .,e.g. It happened that I was out that day .,e.g. It doesnt matter whether she will come or not .,e.g. Does it matter much that they wont come tomorrow?,賓語從句,1）、如果賓語從句后還有賓語補足語，則用 it 作形式賓語，而將賓語從句后置。 2）、連詞 that 引導的從句很少作介詞賓語，只用在 except, but, in 后。其他一些介詞的賓語從句如果由連詞 that 引導，則需用 it 先行一步，作形式賓語。 3）、某些形容詞或過去分詞后常接賓語從句，這類形容詞或過去分詞有 sure,glad,pleased,certain,happy,afraid, etc.連詞 that 可省略。,轉下頁,e.g. He has made it clear that he will not give in .,e.g. He is a good student except that he is careless . Well see to it that she gets home early .,e.g. Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exam . Im afraid you dont understand what I said .,4）、用 if 引導賓語從句如果會引起歧義，應避免使用 if 而要用 whether 來引導。試比較： Please let me know if you want to go .(賓從或狀從) Please let me know whether you want to go . 5）、介詞賓語不可以用 which 來引導，而要用 what 來引導。 e.g. Are you sorry for what youve done? 6）、賓語從句的否定轉移。在 think,believe,suppose,expect 等動詞后的賓語從句，有時謂語盡管是否定意思，卻不用否定形式，而將 think 等動詞變為否定形式。如： e.g. I dont think you are right . I dont suppose he cares, does he ? 7）、suggest,order,demand等動詞后面的賓語從句要用虛擬語氣。,返回,表語從句,同位語從句,1）、能接表語從句的謂語動詞一般為系動詞 be, seem, look等。如： e.g. It looked as if it was going to rain . 2）、連詞 because 可引導表語從句。如： e.g. I think it is because you are doing too much .,常見的后接同位語從句的抽象名詞有 fact, news , hope , truth, idea, suggestion, thought, question, order, problem, belief, doubt, fear 等。如： e.g. There is no doubt that they will win . He had no idea when she would come back .,返回,引導詞,連 詞：that , whether / if 連接代詞：what,which,who,whom,whose,wh-ever 連接副詞：why,when,where,how,wh-ever,however,轉下頁,1. whether / if,1）、引導主/表/同從時，一般只用 whether ，不用 if 。 2）、引導賓從時一般可通用。但在下列三種情況下一般只用 whether 。 A. 在動詞 discuss 之后。 B. 介詞之后。 C. 賓語從句放主句前。,We discussed whether we should close the store . Just now they talked about whether they would help us . Whether he has stolen the money I cant say .,3）、后面緊跟 or not 時，一般只用 whether 。 e.g. He didnt say whether or not he would be staying here . 注：后面跟不定式時，一般只用 whether 。 e.g. He doesnt know whether to go to Beijing or not .,2. that / what,1）、that 在從句中不作句子成分，what 則須在從句中作主/表/賓等； 2）、that 從句一般不作介詞的賓語，但有 in that (因為), except that (除了，例外) 。,轉下頁,3. whoever / who 等,二者均可引導名從，且都可在句中充當主/賓。所不同的是含義：whoever 意為“凡是的人”，而 who 則意為“誰”。 e.g. Whoever breaks the law should be punished . Who broke the law is still unknown .,4. doubt 后的連接詞,肯定句中的 doubt (v. / n.)之后應該接 wh- 引導的從句；否定句或疑問句中的 doubt (v. / n.) 之后的從句卻該用 that 來引導。 e.g. Can you doubt that she likes me ? I dont doubt that he runs fast,but I doubt whether/if hell win the match. I am in doubt what I should do .,轉下頁,1、that 引導主/表/同從時，多不省略。 2、that 引導賓從時，通常可省略。但 and/but 連接兩個由 that 引導的賓從時，第一個 that 可省略，第二個 that 不可省略。如： They said (that)they were strangers there and that they had lost their way .,5. 關于 that 在名詞從句中的省略與保留,6. 表語從句的注意點,1、The reason is/was 后的表語從句一般用 that 引導，而不用 because ； 2、引導表原因的表語從句時用 because , 不用 as / since / for 等 e.g. He failed .Thats because he didnt work hard . 比較： He didnt work hard .Thats why he failed .,轉下頁,1、同位語從句闡明它前面的名詞的內容；定語從句則是對先行詞加以修飾限制。 2、只有在內容方面可以進一步闡明的名詞（一般為抽象名詞），才能帶同位語從句，而幾乎任何名詞都可以帶定語從句。 3、that 引導同位語從句時，that在句中不作成分（不省，也不用which取代）；that 引導定語從句時，that 在句中須作主/表/賓，且常可用which 來取代。 e.g. The news that he passed the exam was a great surprise .(同位語從句) The news (that/which) he told me was a great surprise .(定語從句),7。 同位語從句與定語從句的區別：,轉下頁,1、名詞性從句一律用陳述句語序。 2、在What is the matter (with)?結構里，what是主語，the matter(=wrong)是表語，也就是說其本身是陳述句語序。 3、how 引導名詞性從句時，若修飾形容詞或副詞，該形容詞或副詞須緊置how之后。 e.g. You have no idea how worried I was !,8. 名詞性從句的語序,返回,定語從句,引導詞,關系代詞： 關系副詞：,who,whom,whose,which,that,when,where,why,etc.,一、 引導詞的選擇問題：,1. that / which,1).下列情況下用 that 而不用 which :,A.先行詞是all,anything,little等不定代詞時； B.先行詞是序數詞或被序數詞修飾時； C.先行詞是最高級或被最高級修飾時； D.先行詞被only,very,next,last等修飾時；,轉下頁,E. 先行詞是“人+物”時； F. 關系代詞在定語從句中作表語時； G. 為了避免重復，當句中有which時。 e.g. Which is the car that hit the boy ? Edison built up a factory which produced thing that had never been seen before .,2).下列情況下用 which 而不用 that :,關系代詞前有介詞時； 引導非限制性定語從句時； 為了避免重復，先行詞是that或句中有一個由that引導的定語從句時。 e.g. He has found that which he was looking for .,轉下頁,2. that / who(m),that 和 who(m) 都可指人，通常可互換。但下列情況下一般不能互換： 1). 關系代詞在定語從句中充當表語時，用that而不用who(m); 2). 先行詞是“物+人”時，用that而不用who(m); 3). 引導非限制性定語從句時，只用who(m)而不用that; 4). 在“介詞whom”引導的定語從句中不能用that; 5). 先行詞是those 時，多用who 而一般不用 that ; 6). 為了避免重復，句中有who時，一般不用that.,轉下頁,3. as / which,轉下頁,1). as 和 which 都可以引導非限制性定語從句，且都可指代整個主句或主句的一部分，一般可互換。 2). 但在下列情況下不可通用： A. 放句首，用as 而不用which; B. as 意為“正如”，后邊的謂語動詞多為see, know, expect, say, mention, report等，另外as在限制性定語從句中常用于某些固定搭配，如the sameas , suchas等，which意為“這一點”。 C. 定語從句是“主+謂+賓+賓補”結構時，一般用which .,e.g. She is very careful , as / which her work shows . As he had hoped , he saw the play . John started telling lies , which his cousin felt strange .,He was wearing the same shirt as Id had on the day before .(同類) He was wearing the same shirt that Id had on the day before .(同一),比較：,It was such a good film that I saw it yesterday .(結果狀從) Dont talk about such things as you dont understand.(定從),4. 作定語用的關系代詞,2). Look at the house whose roof is red . = Look at the house the roof of which is red . = Look at the house of which the roof is red .,1). It stormed all day , during which time the ship broke up .,轉下頁,5. 介詞 + whom / which,1). 根據后面動詞和介詞的搭配關系選擇； e.g. This is not the book of which the teacher spoke in class . 2). 根據與前面名詞的搭配關系選擇； e.g. Ill never forget the day on which I first met him . 3). 有時需要同時考慮動詞和介詞的搭配關系及介詞和名詞的搭配關系。 e.g. The clever boy made a hole in the wall , through which he could see what was happening inside the house .,轉下頁,6. 關系代詞 / 關系副詞,This is the factory (which) we visited last month . This is the factory where we stayed last month .,I will never forget the time (which) we spent together . I will never forget the time when we studied together.,I admired the way (that / in which) you answered his questions.,二、值得注意的問題：,1、作賓語的關系代詞的省略問題： 1). 介詞+ whom / which結構中的關系代詞不可省略； 2). 非限制性定語從句中，作賓語的關系代詞不省。,轉下頁,2、定語從句中的主謂一致問題： 1). I , who am your friend , will certainly help you . 2). He is one of the teachers who know Japanese in our school. 3). He is the only one of the teachers who knows Japanese in our school .,3、介詞的位置問題： 1). This is the room in which we lived last year . = This is the room ( which / that ) we lived in last year . 2). Is this the book ( which / that ) she was looking for ?,4、要防止句子成分的重復：,The composition which I handed it in a week ago has not been marked yet .,返回,狀語從句,時間狀語從句 原因狀語從句 地點狀語從句 讓步狀語從句 條件狀語從句 目的和結果狀語從句 方式狀語從句 比較狀語從句,返回,時間狀語從句,常用連詞有：when/while/as , before , after , since , once , till/until , hardlywhen / no soonerthan , as soon as , the moment/minute/instant , each(every) time/the first (last) time , immediately/directly ,etc.,when : 段 / 點；之前 / 之后 ； 這時 while : 段 （“趁”） ； 表對比（“而”） as : “一邊一邊” ； “隨著”,e.g. When he realized it , the chance had been lost . (=before) Ill go home when he comes back. (=after) I was just about to go to bed when the phone rang a second time . (=and at that moment),轉下頁,1.,Strike while the iron is hot . She thought I was talking about her daughter , while , in fact , I was talking about my daughter . She sang happily as she walked along the street . Her hair grew gray as time went by . 注意： As / When a boy , he lived in Japan . When / While reading , he fell asleep .,once : “條件” ； 可接分詞 as soon as : “時間”,As soon as the bell rang , the pupils ran out of the classroom . Once you see Mei Lanfang on the stage , youll never forget him . Once having made a promise , you should keep it .,轉下頁,2.,before 的意義： It was another 5 minutes before Matt heard him coming down the stirs . (才) He ran off before I could stop him . (還沒來得及就) She became a mother before she had reached her 18th year . (不到就) Put down her telephone number before you forget it . (免得) He will die of hunger before he will steal . (寧愿不愿),4. since 的翻譯： I havent heard from him since he got to Beijing . 自從他到達北京以來，我一直未收到他的信。(終止性動詞) I havent heard from him since he lived in Beijing . 自從他離開北京以來，我一直未收到他的信。(延續性動詞),返回,原因狀語從句,常用連詞有: because , since , as ,（為并列連詞） now (that) , seeing (that) , considering (that) etc.,because : 表直接的原因,語氣強。 since : 表已知的原因(“既然”),語氣較弱。 as : 表較明顯的原因，語氣最弱。,e.g. Why was the child crying in the street ? Because he lost his way . As it is snowing , we shall not go to the park . Now that youve got a chance , you might as well make full use of it . 比較： It rained last night , for（并列連詞，表示對前面的推測和補充說明，放在句末前面用逗號隔開)the ground is wet this morning .,返回,地點狀語從句,常用連詞有: where(特指) , wherever(泛指),返回,e.g. You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again . Well go wherever the Party wants us to go . 比較: We shall go to the place where working conditions are difficult . We shall go where working conditions are difficult .,常用連詞有: although/though , as , even if/though , however , wh-ever , no matter wh-/how , etc.,讓步狀語從句,Clever as he is , he doesnt study well . = Although/Though he is clever , he doesnt study well . =Clever though he is , he doesnt study well . We will never give in whatever they might do or say about our plan. However late he is , Mother will wait for him to have dinner together . 比較 ： Whatever I said couldnt cause his interest in the topic . (名從),返回,條件狀語從句,常用連詞有: if , unless , as/so long as , in case , on condition that , for fear (that) , provided (that) 等,e.g. As long as I live , I shall work hard . I shall not go to school unless I finish my homework . Unless he comes , we would not be able to go . = If he doesnt come , we would not be able to go .,返回,目的和結果狀訓從句,目的狀語從句常用連詞有: so that , in order that 結果狀語從句常用連詞有: so, so that , so/such that,e.g. They started early so that they might arrive in time .(目的) 比較：They started early so that they arrived in time . (結果) He works hard in order that / so that he can serve the country well. 比較：In order that he can serve the country well he works hard . The box is so heavy that nobody can move it . = It is so heavy a box that nobody can move it . = It is such a heavy box that nobody can move it . 比較 ： It is such a heavy box as nobody can move .,返回,方式狀語從句,常用連詞有: as , just as , as if / though , the way , what等,e.g. The old man runs very fast as if he were a young man . You may do as you please / like . As bees love sweetness , so flies love rottenness . Please pronounce the word the way I did . c.f. I dont like the way you spoke to her . (定從) Wings are to a bird what feet are to a man .,返回,比較狀語從句,常用連詞有: as . as , not as / so as , than , the more the more 等 。,e.g. I know you better than he does . The more we can do for you , the happier we will be . John plays football as well as , if not better than , David . Im not so eager as he .,附：在表“時間、條件、讓步、方式、比較”等的狀語從句中，如果從句謂語動詞包含有 be 的某一形式，主語又和主句的主語相同，就可以把從句中的主語和 be 同時省略 （要么都不省）。如： Bad habits , once formed , are difficult to give up . If you go to Xian , youll find the places there more magnificent than commonly supposed .,返回,其 他,主謂一致 倒裝 省略 替代 常用句型,返回,主謂一致,名詞作主語 由連詞連接的名詞作主語 代詞作主語 分數、量詞作主語 名詞化的形容詞作主語 從句等作主語,返回,名詞作主語,1. 某些集體名詞作主語，如果作為一個整體看待，謂語動詞用單數形式；如果就其中一個個成員而言，謂語動詞用復數形式。 e.g. His family is a happy one . The whole family are watching TV .,2. 某些集體名詞(people, police, cattle)只能當復數看待，謂語動詞用復數。 e.g. The police are searching for the thief .,3. 單復數同形的名詞作主語時，謂語動詞應根據意義決定單、復數。 e.g. A sheep is over there . Some sheep are over there .,轉下頁,4. 名詞所有格之后的名詞被省略，這種情況一般只指商店、住宅等，作主語時，動詞一般用單數。表店鋪的名詞作主語時，一般用復數謂語。 e.g. The doctors is across the street . Richardsons have a lot of goods to sell .,5. 當名詞詞組中心詞為表示度量、距離、金錢、時間、書名等復數名詞時，往往可以根據意義一致的原則，把這些復數名詞看作一個整體，謂語動詞用單數形式。 e.g. Three years has passed since then .,6. 不定代詞each, every, no等修飾的名詞即使以and或逗號連接成多主語時，謂語動詞仍然用單數形式。 e.g. Each boy and each girl wants to go to the cinema .,轉下頁,7.如果主語有more than one , many a構成，盡管從意義上看是復數內容，但它的謂語動詞仍用單數形式。 e.g. More than one student has read the book . Many a girl has been there . 但 ： More members than one are against your plan .,8. trousers, glasses, shoes 等作主語時，通常用復數謂語。其前若帶有 pair 時，謂語動詞通常須與 pair 的數一致。 e.g. A pair of shoes was on the desk . My trousers arte worn out .,9. this kind of + n. 用單數形式。 e.g. This kind of men is dangerous . 但 Men of this kind are dangerous .,轉下頁,10. 單復數形式同形的名詞須根據其意義的單、復數來確定用單、復數謂語動詞。 e.g. Every means has been tried to stop it . All means have been tried to stop it .,11. 如果名詞詞組中心詞是all, most, half , rest 等詞語，所指是復數意義，謂語動詞用復數形式，反之，用單數。 e.g. All of my classmates like music . All of the water is gone .,12. “a + n + or two”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數，“one or two + 復數名詞”后一般用復數謂語。 e.g. A day or two has passed . One or two days have passed .,轉下頁,13. 以-ics 結尾的學科名詞作主語時，一般用單數謂語。 e.g. Physics is the mother of sciences .,14. population 作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數，但其前若有分數或百分數時，則一般用復數謂語。 e.g. The population of China is larger than that of any other country . One third of the population here are workers .,15. 數詞或算術式作主語時， 謂語動詞一般用單數。 e.g. Ten is a round number . Five and two is seven . Thirty divided by five equals six .,轉下頁,16. 當“the + 姓s ”作主語時， 一般用復數。 e.g. The Smiths go to church every Sunday .,17. 當不可數名詞前有表示數量的復數名詞時，謂語動詞一般用復數。 e.g. Ten thousands tons of coal were produced last year .,18. 在含有a large quantity of / large quantities of 的短語作主語時，謂語動詞一般須與 quantity 的數一致。 e.g. A larg