2010年全國碩士研究生入學統一考試英語試題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)fbreachnumberedblankand

mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

In1924America'sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosupervisea

seriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledthe

HawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting

]workers*productivity.Instead,thestudiesended2givingtheir

nametothe"Hawthorneeffectn,theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3

tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects*behavior.

Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomeninthe

Hawthorneplant.Accordingto5oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrose

whenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6what

wasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.

A(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9to

alterworkers*behavior10itself.

Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere11toeconometricthe

analysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12the

descriptionsonrecord,nosystematic13wasfoundthatlevelsof

productivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.

Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto

14interpretationofwhathapped.15,lightingwasalwayschangedon

aSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output16rosecompared

withthepreviousSaturdayand17torisefbrthenextcoupleofdays.

18,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentation

showedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers19tobediligentfor

thefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before20aplateauandthen

slackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect0ishardtopin

down.

1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extracted[D]restored

2.[A]at[B]up[C]with[D]off

3.[A]truth[B]sight[C]act[D]proof

4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous[D]ambiguous

5.[A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts[D]assessments

6.[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate[D]work

7.[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat[D]solongas

8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusion

9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough[D]abundant

10.[A]about[B]for[C]on[D]by

11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyed

12.[A]contraryto[B]consistentwith[C]parallelwith[D]peculiarto

13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]source

14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleading

15.[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[D]Asusual

16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably[D]suddenly

17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued

20.[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hitting

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],

[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduring

thepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorable

declineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.

Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageof

fortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmost

big-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsof

criticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.

Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswere

oncedeemedsuitablefbrpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.

Weareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublished

inEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,ata

timewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredan

ornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastaken

forgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabout

theeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewers

whoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,

couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismas

acalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress."Sofewauthorshave

brainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism/9

Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine'journalism'as'atermofcontempt

appliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.9,9

Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrote

fbrtheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,is

nowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,

though,hewasalsooneofEngland'sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistso

widelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknighted

in1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowin

print,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.

IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospect

seemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodern

readershavelittleusefbrtherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhe

specialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlong

retreat.

21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that

[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.

[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.

[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.

[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.

22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby

[A]freethemes.

[B]casualstyle.

[C]elaboratelayout.

[D]radicalviewpoints.

23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?

[A]Itiswriters*dutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.

[B]Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.

[C]Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.

[D]Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.

24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?

[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.

[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.

[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodemspecialists.

[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.

25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays

[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers

[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism

[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory

Text2

Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatare

calledbusinessmethods.Areceivedoneforits"one-click”online

paymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionfbranassetallocationstrategy.

Oneinventorpatentedatechniquefbrliftingabox.

Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackon

business-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirst

authorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzzthe

U.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcaseto

conductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseis

known,is”averybigdeal"，saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouri

Schooloflaw.It"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents/*

Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseit

wasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisioninthe

so-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fund

assets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initially

byemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypes

ofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatents

totheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothe

punch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300

business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisfor

grantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswith

patentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthe

practice.

TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskinthe

energymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecase

wouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourfsjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,

andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould"reconsider”itsstate

streetBankruling.

TheFederalCircuitsactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsby

thesupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.Last

April,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfbr

Hinventionsuthatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare"reactingtothe

anti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt"，saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorney

andprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.

26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof

[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness

[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation

[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting

[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization

27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?

[A]Itsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions

[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction

[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit

[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.

28.Theword"about-face”(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeans

[A]lossofgoodwill

[B]increaseofhostility

[C]changeofattitude

[D]enhancementofdignity

29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents

[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges

[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued

[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders

[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks

30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?

[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents

[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders

[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents

[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents

Text3

InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthatsocialepidemics

aredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,often

calledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.The

ideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.

Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbut

largelyuntestedtheorycalledthe"twostepflowofcommunicationH:Information

flowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketers

haveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindand

influencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.

Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertain

looks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcauses

findsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordeveloping

whateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfits

nicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends

Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefinding

thatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.

Infact,theydon'tseemtoberequiredofall.

Theresearchers1argumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocialinfluence,

withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey-whoseoutsizepresence

isprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence-eventhemost

influentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yet

itispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flow

theory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsand

colleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected,

musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,

andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittle

todowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremoved

fromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluential

proveresistant,forexamplethecascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffect

manypeople.

Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchers

studiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingof

populations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople'sabilityto

influenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Ourworkshowsthatthe

principalrequirementfbrwhatwecall"globalcascades*-thewidespread

propagationofinfluencethroughnetworks-isthepresencenotofafewinfluentials

but,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople,eachofwhomadopts,say,

alookorabrandafterbeingexposedtoasingleadoptingneighbor.Regardlessof

howinfluentialanindividualislocally,heorshecanexertglobalinfluenceonlyif

thiscriticalmassisavailabletopropagateachainreaction.

31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto

[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics

[B]discussinfluentials*functioninspreadingideas

[C]exemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics

[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.

32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthentwo-step-flowtheory1*

[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems

[B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends

[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials

[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity

33.Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat

[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions

[B]inteq)ersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia

[C]influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic

[D]mostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention

34.Theunderlinedphrase"thesepeople"inparagraph4referstotheoneswho

[A]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence

[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence

[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers

[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential

35.whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?

[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted

[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers

[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced

[D]Theinclinationtorelyonothers

Text4

Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthe

scenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.

Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit*sjust

notfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywould

pay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.

Unfortunately,banks*lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybe

unknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproper

functioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxic

assetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.

AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America'sFinancialAccounting

StandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmore

freedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizing

lossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerz,theFASB'schairman,

criedoutagainstthosewho"questionourmotives.nYetbanksharesroseandthe

changesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls"theuseofjudgmentby

management/

EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccounting

StandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithout

overallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofrules

laterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedthe

IASBthatitdidunotliveinapoliticalvacuum*'but"intherealword11andthat

Europecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.

Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastly

overvaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausethey

largelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.

Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank*ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,

suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysis

ofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuy

allthosesupposedbargains.

Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.

America'snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetsto

levelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandeven

combativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaningup

rulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecial

interests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemore

concessions.

36.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto

[A]followunfavorableassetevaluationrules

[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdparties

[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers

[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets.

37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin

[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement

[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem

[C]thebanks*long-termassetlosses

[D]theweakeningofitsindependence

38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB'Sattemptto

[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences.

[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers.

[C]actontheirowninrule-setting.

[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform.

39.Theauthorthinksthebankswere"onthewrongplanet**inthatthey

[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators

[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets

[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts.

[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets.

40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof

[A]satisfaction.

[B]skepticism.

[C]objectiveness

[D]sympathy

PartB

Directions:

ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthelistA-Gandfill

themintothenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeen

correctlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitinwiththetext.Mark

youranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer'sgrowingpreferencefor

eatingout;theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisen

fromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andis

expectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesale

demandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,

comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile,asthe

recessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighter

holdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.

[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope*slargestmarketsareatastandstill,

leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleading

retailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad.

Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:the

wholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailers

need.

[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefood

anddrinkmarket?Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexible

trendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,rather

thantheseller,todecidewhattobuy.Atanyrate,thischangewillultimatelybe

acclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumers,

regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.

[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscould

profitablyapplytheirscale,existinginfrastructureandprovenskillsinthe

managementofproductranges,logistics,andmarketingintelligence.Retailersthat

mastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakein

substantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspection

revealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheir

customersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsof

individualfoodanddrinkcategories.Bigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferences

beforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichtheir

particularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsand

unfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.

[E]Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathave

beencloselyexamined一France,Germany,Italy,andSpain一aremadeoutofthe

samebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independent

mom-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretwosmalltobuy

straightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsthatcatertoconsumerswhen

theydon'teatathome.Suchfoodserviceoperatorsrangefi*omsnackmachinesto

largeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthe

tradeasnhorecan:hotels,restaurants,andcafes.Overall,Europe'swholesalemarket

forfoodanddrinkisgrowingatthesamesluggishpaceastheretailmarket,butthe

figures,whenaddedtogether,masktwoopposingtrends.

[F]Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFrance,

Gennany,Italy,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdomin2000-morethan40percentof

retailsales.Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;

wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmore

Europeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthis

fragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasiblefbrwholesalerstoconsolidate.

[G]However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailers(andeven

somelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalers)fromtryingtheirhand,for

thosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderable

gains.

回T回T囹一網一E一國

PartC

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto

Chinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10

points)

Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneconomic

motivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yet

thesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependson

itsintegrity,theyareentitledtocontinuance.

Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappento

loveit.Weinvertexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningof

centurysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.(46)Scientistsjumpedtothe

rescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusup

ifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem,theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.

Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet,

(47)butwehaveatleastdrawnneartheroietofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinue

asamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomic

advantagetous.

Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.

(48)Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedtheevidencethatthese

creaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthatthey

preyonlyon,worthless”species.

Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomics-minded

forestersbecausetheygrowtooslowly,orhavetoolowasalevaletopayastimber

crops.(49)InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,the

non?commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativefbrestcommunity

tobepreservedassuch、withinreason.

Tosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestis

hopelesslylopsided.(50)Ittendstoignore、andthuseventuallytoeliminate、many

elementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialto

itshealthyfunctioning.Itassumes,falsely,Ithink,thattheeconomicpartsofthe

bioticclockwillfunctionwithouttheuneconomicparts.

SectionDIWriting

PartA51.Directions:

Youaresupposedtowriteforthepostgraduateassociationanoticetorecruit

volunteersforaninternationalconferenceonglobalization,youshouldconcludethe

basicqualificationofapplicantandtheotherinformationyouthinkrelative.

Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendof

theletter.Use"postgraduateassociation11instead.

PartB52.Directions:

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,

youshould

1)describethedrawingbriefly,