專題01生活與學習（解析版）

【材料來源：BBCApr.15,2023]

Illeism:Theancienttricktohelpyouthinkmorewisely

Asawriterspecialisinginpsychology,I'vecomeacrosshundredsofevidence-basedtipsforbetterthinking.

Fewhaveprovenasusefultomeastheancientstrategyofilleism.

Putsimply,illeismisthepracticeoftalkingaboutoneselfinthethirdperson,ratherthanthefirstperson.The

rhetoricaldeviceisoftenusedbypoliticianstotrytogivetheirwordsanairofobjectivity.Inhisaccountofthe

GallicWar,forexample,theemperorJuliusCaesarwrote"Caesaravengedthepublic11ratherthan"Iavengedthe

public”.

Tothemodemear,illeismcansoundalittlesillyorpompous.Yetrecentpsychologicalresearchsuggeststhat

illeismcanbringsomerealcognitivebenefits.Ifwearetryingtomakeadifficultdecision,speakingabout

ourselvesinthethirdpersoncanhelptoneutralisetheemotionsthatcouldleadourthinkingastray,allowingusto

findawisersolutiontoourproblem.

Whenmakingpersonalchoices,webecometooimmersedinouremotions,whichcloudourthinkingand

preventusfromputtingourissuesinperspective.IfIhavereceivednegativefeedbackfromacolleague,for

example,myfeelingofembarrassmentmightleadmetobecomeoverlyself-defensive.Imightthereforedismiss

theiropinionswithoutconsideringwhethertheiradvicecouldbehelpfulinthelong-term.

Byswitchingtothethirdperson,ourdescriptionsofthesituationwillstarttosoundasifwearetalkingabout

someoneelseratherthanourselves.Thissenseofdetachmentwouldallowustoseethebiggerpicture,ratherthan

gettingcaughtupinourownfeelings.Byencouragingustoputourproblemsinperspective,theuseofilleismmay

alsohelpustohaveamorebalancedresponsetodailystresses.

【譯文欣賞】

第三人稱敘述法:幫助你更明智地思考的古老技巧

作為一名專攻心理學的作家，我接觸過上百種提高思維能力的實證技巧。但對我來說，很少有策略能

像古老的“第三人稱敘述法”(illeism)一樣有用。

簡單來說，“illeism”就是用第三人稱而不是第一人稱來談論自己。政治家為了給自己的話語增添一種

客觀的感覺，經常使用這種修辭手法。例如，凱撒大帝(JuliusCaesar)在敘述高盧戰爭(GallicWar)時，

寫的是“凱撒為公眾報了仇”，而不是“我為公眾報了仇”。

在現代人聽來，用第三人稱來談論自己可能有些愚蠢或者自負。然而，最近的心理學研究表明，這種

方式能給人帶來一些認知方面的切實好處。如果我們在做某個決定時十分艱難，那么用第三人稱談論自己，

就可以中和那些可能導致我們誤入歧途的情緒，從而讓我們找到解決問題更明智的辦法。

在做個人選擇時，我們往往會過于沉浸在自己的情緒當中，這會妨礙我們思考，使我們無法更全面地

看清問題。比方說，如果我收到了一個同事的負面反饋，這種尷尬感就可能導致我過度自我防衛。因此，

我可能會無視他們的意見，而不去考慮這些建議從長遠來看是否對自己有幫助。

切換成第三人稱后，我們對情況的描述聽起來就像是在談論別人，而不再是我們自己。這種疏離感能

夠讓我們“格局打開”，而不是陷在自己的感受當中。通過鼓勵自己用全局視角看問題，使用“第三人稱

敘述法”也可以幫助我們更加冷靜平和地應對日常壓力。

【詞匯積累】

l.illeism/'ilijzsm/n.自稱其名（用第三人稱稱呼自6c.ognitive/'ka:gmtiv/adj.認矢口的

己）7.neutralise/'njuitrojaiz/v.中和，使無效

2.specialising/'spefblaizig/v.專注于8.emotions/i'mou|bnz/n.情緒

3.evidence-based/'evidsnsbeist/adj.基于證據的9.detachment/di'taetfinont/n.超然,客觀

4.rhetorical/rit9：nkol/adj.修辭的lO.perspective/psr'spektiv/n.視角，觀點

5.objectivity/ia:bd3ektiviti/n.客觀性

【長難句分析】

原句：

"Ifwearetryingtomakeadifficultdecision,speakingaboutourselvesinthethirdpersoncanhelptoneutralisethe

emotionsthatcouldleadourthinkingastray,allowingustofindawisersolutiontoourproblem.n

譯文：

如果我們試圖做出一個困難的決定，用第三人稱談論自己可以幫助中和那些可能使我們的思維偏離正軌的

情緒，從而讓我們找到一個更明智的解決方案。

分析：

主句：speakingaboutourselvesinthethirdpersoncanhelptoneutralisetheemotionsthatcouldleadourthinking

astray,

I

+一[主語：speakingaboutourselvesinthethirdperson]

+--[謂語:canhelp]

+一[補語：toneutralisetheemotionsthatcouldleadourthinkingastray]

分詞短語：allowingustofindawisersolutiontoourproblem.

I

+--[動詞:allowing]

+-[賓語:us]

+一[不定式短語：tofindawisersolutiontoourproblem]

(-)

(2024?廣東廣外1?二模)Traintheimportantskillsmodemeditorsusetoevaluateandenhancewritingfor

clarity,precisionandaccuracy.

Inthiscourse,studentswilllearnhowaneditorapproachesasubmittedpiece,goingbeyondsentence-level

errorandlookingatthebigpicturearoundaccuracy,styleandorganization.Understandingthedifferentchallenges

inaneditor5sjob,studentswillgetabehind-the-sceneslookatthissometimesbusyandoftenexcitingcareer.

Meanwhile,studentswillgrowtheirowntechnicaleditingskillsandreturnhomeamorecompetenteditor.

UsingGenZEraastheircasestudy,studentswillmeetandstudyunderthepeoplewhodecidewhattopics

arerelevantandvaluabletotheaudienceandwhodeterminetheoveralleditorialstrategy,ensuringthatthecontent

meetsthestandardsandtoneofthepublication.

CourseHighlights

?Visitthemediacityandattendlecturesbyaward-winningguestspeakers.

?Assessarticlesaswellasquestionandcoachtheauthorstogetthebestpiecepossible.

?Connectwithprofessionalswhomanagethedevelopmentandpublicationofaccurateandworthycontent.

?Editonepieceintoawell-writtenandfact-checkedarticleinthestyleofGenZEra.

Price

?ResidentialProgram(Studentsliveoncampus):$6,600

?DayProgram(Studentscommutetoclasseveryday):$5,500

(Graduatingseniorscanhavea$400discountifapplyingbeforeMay2,2024.)

TermDate:July9-July21,2024

ApplicationDeadline:Friday,May31,2024

ContactAdmission:infb@

1.Whichistheprobablenameofthecourse?

A.CareerDevelopmentinMedia.B.EditorialDecision-making.

C.FundamentalsofEditing.D.IntroductiontoPublication.

2.Whatwillstudentsdointhecourse?

A.Interviewaward-winningguests.B.Helpauthorsimprovetheirarticles.

C-Connectwithprofessionalpublishers.D.EditonearticleforGenZEra.

3.AgraduatingseniorapplyingforaDayProgramonApril30,2024shouldpay.

A.$5,100B.$5,500C.$6,200D.$6,600

【答案速查】1.C2.B3.A

【語篇解讀】本文為一篇應用文，介紹了編輯基礎課程的相關信息、課程內容及價格。

【詳情解析】1.主旨大意題。根據文章第一段“Traintheimportantskillsmoderneditorsusetoevaluateand

enhancewritingforclarity,precisionandaccuracy.（培訓現代編輯評估和提高寫作清晰度、精確性和準確性的重

要技能）“及第二段"Inthiscourse,studentswilllearnhowaneditorapproachesasubmittedpiece,goingbeyond

sentence-levelerrorandlookingatthebigpicturearoundaccuracy,styleandorganization^在這門課程中,學生將

學習編輯如何處理投稿的文章，超越句子級別的錯誤，從準確性、風格和組織的角度看問題）”可知，本文介

紹了一門基礎編輯課程。C選項“編輯基礎”最有可能是該課程名稱。故選C。

2.細節理解題。根據CourseHighlights中關鍵句"Assessarticlesaswellasquestionandcoachtheauthorstoget

thebestpiecepossible.（評估文章，并提問和指導作者盡可能獲得最好的文章）”可知，在這門課程中，學生們

會幫助作者改進他們的文章。故選B。

3.細節理解題。根據Price中關鍵句"DayProgram（Studentscommutetoclasseveryday）:$5,500（日間項目（學

生每天通勤去上課）：5500美元）"及"Graduatingseniorscanhavea$400discountifapplyingbeforeMay

2,2024.（如果在2024年5月2日前申請，應屆畢業生可以獲得400美元的折扣）”可知，一個應屆畢業生在2024

年4月30日去申請日間項目，需要花費5500-400美元，即5100美元。故選A。

?。1@。?I

原句

"Inthiscourse,studentswilllearnhowaneditorapproachesasubmittedpiece,goingbeyondsentence-level

errorandlookingatthebigpicturearoundaccuracy,styleandorganization.n

譯文

在這門課程中，學生將學習編輯如何處理提交的文章，超越句子層面的錯誤，關注準確性、風格和組織

等大局。

分析

這是一個由逗號連接的復合句。

主句：studentswilllearnhowaneditorapproachesasubmittedpiece,

I

+--[主語：students]

+--[謂語:willlearn]

+--[賓語從句：howaneditorapproachesasubmittedpiece]

補充說明：goingbeyondsentence-levelerrorandlookingatthebigpicturearoundaccuracy,styleand

organization.

I

+--[現在分詞短語：goingbeyondsentence-levelerrorandlookingatthebigpicturearoundaccuracy,

styleandorganization]

I

+—[并歹（J結構：goingbeyondsentence-levelerrorandlookingatthebigpicturearound

accuracy,styleandorganization]

1.evaluate/ivaeljueit/v.評估2.enhance/inhaens/v.提高

3.accuracy/sekjsrssi/n.準確性4.insights/insalts/n.洞察力

5.dynamic/dainsemik/adj.動態的6.proficient/proftjnt/adj.熟練的

7.curating/kjoreitiq/v.策戈8.relevant/relevant/adj.相關的

9.optimal/'a:ptim91/adj.最優的10.publication/pAblikeijn/n.出版物

（二）

（2024?重慶?模擬預測）AtCountrysideHighSchoolinClearwater,Fla.,16-year-oldSageWaiteisalready

takingaclassincybersecurity,andshe'dwelcomeonethat'sintheworksoncyberdisinformation.

“Forthelongesttime,Ididn'tactuallyknowwhatdisinformationwas,“saidWaite,who'sinthe11thgrade.

“Therewasalwaystheideathatthingscouldbewronginwhatyou'rehearingandwhatyou'rebeingtold.Butthe

ideaofmisinformationanddisinformationwasn'tinmyday-to-day.9,Thispastyear,shesays,hasbeenan

eye-opener.C4MyfriendsandIdefinitelystartedlookingintostuffmoreanddoingmoreresearchafterthat,“she

said.

Anewprogramon“digitalliteracy,withafocusontopicslikedisinformation,isinthepipeline,thanksin

parttoMikeMcConnell,whoisnowworkingtofightfalseinformationaimedatyoungpeople."Weneedto

understandthissowecanappreciatewhafshappeningtous,andbeabletonotonlyunderstandit,butalsoto

navigatethroughit,“McConnellsaid."That'swhatIcalldigitalliteracy.^^

McConnellisexecutivedirectorofCyberFlorida,whichisbasedattheUniversityofSouthFloridain

Tampa.Thegroupworkswithkidsthroughoutthestateatuniversities,highschools,andeventhoseinyounger

grades.CyberFloridahelpedsetupthecybersecurityprogramnowbeingtaughtatmanyFloridaschools.Thenew

project,CyberCitizenship,isevenmoreambitious.C4WethinkifwecandothisforFlorida,wecanspreaditacross

thenation,hesaid.

TheexpandedprogramnowintheworksaimstomakedigitalliteracysomethingallFloridastudentsget,at

severalgradelevels,beforetheyfinishhighschool.

There5snodateyetforthecyberdisinformationclassesinFlorida,butcomputerteacherJasonFeltsaysit

can'tcomesoonenoughandheisreadytoembraceit.

“TheInternetisawonderfultool.It'sconnectedusinawaythafsneverreallybeenseenbefore.Butifsa

blessingandit'salsoacurse.^^

Teachingstudentsthedifference,hesays,isahugechallenge.

4.WhatcanwelearnabouttheclassthatSageWaiteistakingfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?

A.Itreceivesacoldwelcome.B.Itaimstoformabond.

C.Itfocusesontechnologies.D.Ithasapositiveimpact.

5.WhatisdigitalliteracyaccordingtoMeConnell?

A.Thespecificstrategiesforprotectingprivacy.B.Theinborncapacitytotrackfakeinformation.

C.Thegeneralskillsofmaintainingcybersecurity.D.Theoverallabilitytohandleonlineinformation.

6.WhatisthevisionofCyberCitizenship?

A.TooutperformCybersecuritiy.B.Totaketheleadintheworld.

C.Toreachawiderrangeofstudents.D.Tomakeasubstantialprofit.

7.WhatisJasonFelfsattitudetowardsthecyberdisinformationclasses?

A.Welcoming.B.Unclear.C.Opposed.D.Prejudiced.

【答案速查】4.D5.D6.C7.A

【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。本文講述了MikeMcConnell開展數字素養課程項目。

【詳情解析】4.推理判斷題。根據第一段"AtCountrysideHighSchoolinClearwater,Fla.,16-year-oldSage

Waiteisalreadytakingaclassincybersecurity,andshe'dwelcomeonethafsintheworksoncyber

disinformation.”（在佛羅里達州克利爾沃特的鄉村高中，16歲的SageWaite已經在上網絡安全課程，她很歡

迎正在學習的網絡虛假信息課程。）及第二段中的“Thispastyear,shesays,hasbeenaneye-opener.a4Myfriends

andIdefinitelystartedlookingintostuffmoreanddoingmoreresearchafterthat,“shesaid.^^（她說，過去的一年讓

人大開眼界。她說：“我和我的朋友們肯定開始更多地研究這些東西，并在那之后做更多的研究。”）可知，

這門課讓她開了眼界，并產生了一些積極影響，故選D項。

5.推理判斷題。從第三段“"Weneedtounderstandthissowecanappreciatewhat'shappeningtous,andbeable

tonotonlyunderstandit,butalsotonavigatethroughit,“McConnellsaid."That'swhatIcalldigital

literacy.55-（McConnell說：“我們需要理解這一點，這樣我們才能理解發生在我們身上的事情，不僅能夠理

解它，而且能夠駕馭它,”“這就是我所說的數字素養。”）可知，數字素養是對網絡信息的綜合處理能力。故選

D項。

6.細節理解題。從第四段“Thenewproject,CyberCitizenship,isevenmoreambitious.11Wethinkifwecando

thisforFlorida,wecanspreaditacrossthenation,^^hesaid.,5（新項目"網絡公民”更具雄心。他說：“我們認為，

如果我們能為佛羅里達州做到這一點，我們就能將其傳播到全國。”）可知，這個新的項目構想是推廣到全

國的學校。故選C項。

7.推理判斷題。從倒數第三段“There'snodateyetforthecyberdisinformationclassesinFlorida,butcomputer

teacherJasonFeltsaysitcan'tcomesoonenoughandheisreadytoembraceit..”（佛羅里達州的網絡虛假信息課

程還沒有日期，但計算機老師JasonFelt表示，這還不夠快，他已經準備好接受它。）可知，JasonFelt對這

個課程很期待。故選A項。

原句

“There'snodateyetforthecyberdisinformationclassesinFlorida,butcomputerteacherJasonFeltsaysit

can'tcomesoonenoughandheisreadytoembraceit.”

譯文

佛羅里達州的網絡虛假信息課程尚未確定日期，但計算機教師杰森?費爾特說，他希望課程盡快開始，

并且他已經準備好接受這項課程。

分析

主句1:There?snodateyetforthecyberdisinformationclassesinFlorida,

連接詞:but

主句2:computerteacherJasonFeltsaysitcan'tcomesoonenoughandheisreadytoembraceit.

I

+--[主句：computerteacherJasonFeltsays]

I

+--[主語：computerteacherJasonFelt]

+--[謂語:says]

賓語從句1:itcan'tcomesoonenough

賓語從句2:andheisreadytoembraceit

聞團畫I凰

1.cybersecurity/.saibsrsi'kjonti/n.網絡安全2.disinformation/^isinfbr'meVbn/n.虛彳發信息

3.misinformation/misinfbr'meifbn/n.錯誤信息4.eye-opener/'ai.ouponor/n.使人大開眼界的事物

5.digitalliteracy/'did31tnl'litonsi/n.數字素養6.pipeline/'paip.lain/n.管道；籌劃中

7.ambitious/?mbijbs/adj.雄心勃勃的8.navigate/'n2evi.geit/v.導航；應對

9.embrace/im'breis/v.擁抱；接受lO.curse/k3：rs/n.詛咒；禍害

（三）

（2024?遼寧?模擬預測）Whatisabarrier?Itusuallyreferstoanobstacleoradifficultythatpreventsyou

fromachievingsomething.Whetheritwasinyourpast,oryou'representlyfacingone,youhavetoresolveit.

Whilemanypeopleavoidbarriers,denytheirexistenceorletbarrierscontrolthemselves,whatstandyoutakeon

barrierswilldefinetheoutcomeofwhetheryourisefromthechallenge,orremainstuckinit.Herearesomemore

greatthingstoloveaboutbarriers.

Firstofall,barriersgiveyoumotivations.Sometimesbarrierscanresetyourgoals.Youmightbefacedwith

setbacksordifficulties,you'reforcedtore-think,andre-examineyourpath.Youmayendupfocusingon

somethingnewandexciting.Or,youmayconcentrateonsomethingthatyouotherwisewouldn'thaveifnotforthe

particularsetback.Byhavingtoovercomeanobstacle,you'llbefulfillingapurpose,ratherthanjustgoingthrough

themotions.

Also,barriersprepareyoufbrtheunexpected.Theyserveasguidesforwheretogonext.Eventhough

barrierscanbringoutmanynegativeemotionsinus,suchasfrustration,anger,orsadness,ifsimportanttorealize

thattheydon'tstopyoufromreachingyourintendedgoals.Instead,they,inaway,giveyoutimetostopandthink

ifperhapsthereisanewandbetterpathtotakeandwhatyoucanprepareforwhatwillhappenalongtheway.

Barriersshiftyourperspective.

Barriers,moreoftenthannot,areunavoidable.Lifewillneverstopthrowingyounewbarriers.So,thebest

thingtodoisknowhowtobetterseeandapproachtheseobstacles,andtransformthemintoopportunitiesfor

self-improvement.Themoreyou'reabletoseebarriersasbeinganadvantagetoyourlife,thebetteryou'llbeat

managingthem.

Itwillberewardingtoacceptbarriers,whichwillmakeyouconstantlychangeandadapttonewsituations,

thusallowingyoutogrowintoabetterversionofyourself.

8.Whatisthedeterminingfactoroftheoutcomewhenfacingbarriers?

A.Yourspecificgoals.B.Yourownattitude.

C.Yourdiversepreparations.D.Yourstrongwillpower.

9.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutbarriers?

A.Theybringyoupositiveemotions.

B.Theypreventyoufromrealizingyourgoals.

C.Theyareavoidableifyoupreparefbrthemwell.

D.Theyenableyoutoviewthingsinadifferentway.

10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“approach“inparagraph4mean?

A.Tocopewith.B.Togoover.

C.Tocomeneartosb.D.Tospeaktosbaboutsth.

11.What'sthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Lifeisalwaysthrowingusbarriers.B?Barriersaredouble-edgedswords.

C.Embracingbarriersbenefitsalot.D.Meetingbarriersisactuallyavoidable.

【答案速查】8.B9.D10.A11.C

【語篇解讀】這是一篇議論文。主要論述了是什么是障礙以及障礙會給你帶來的好處。接受障礙是有益的，

這會讓你不斷改變和適應新的情況，從而讓你成長為一個更好的自己。

【詳情解析】8.推理判斷題。根據第一段中“Whilemanypeopleavoidbarriers,denytheirexistenceorletbarriers

controlthemselves,whatstandyoutakeonbarrierswilldefinetheoutcomeofwhetheryourisefromthechallenge,

orremainstuckinit."（當許多人回避障礙，否認它們的存在或讓障礙控制自己時，你對障礙的立場將決定你

是從挑戰中崛起，還是陷入困境。）以及倒數第二段中“So,thebestthingtodoisknowhowtobetterseeand

approachtheseobstacles,andtransformthemintoopportunitiesforsei仔improvement.Themoreyou'reabletosee

barriersasbeinganadvantagetoyourlife,thebetteryou'llbeatmanagingthem.^^（所以，最好的辦法就是矢口道

如何更好地看待和處理這些障礙，并將它們轉化為自我提升的機會。你越能把障礙看作是你生活中的優勢，

你就越能更好地處理它們。）可推知，當面對障礙時，決定結果的因素是你自己的態度。故選B項。

9.細節理解題。根據第二段中“Youmightbefacedwithsetbacksordifficulties,you'reforcedtore-think,and

re-examineyourpath."（你可能會遇到挫折或困難，你被迫重新思考，重新審視你的道路。）以及第三段中

“Instead,they,inaway,giveyoutimetostopandthinkifperhapsthereisanewandbetterpathtotakeandwhat

youcanprepareforwhatwillhappenalongtheway."（相反，在某種程度上，它們會給你時間停下來思考是否

有一條新的更好的道路可以走，以及你可以為沿途發生的事情做些什么準備。）可知，關于障礙，“它們能

讓你以不同的方式看待事物”這個陳述是正確的。故選D項。

10.詞句猜測題。根據第四段中“Lifewillneverstopthrowingyounewbarriers.^^（生活永遠不會停止給你設置

新的障礙。）以及劃線單詞句中“andtransformthemintoopportunitiesforself-improvement.”（并將它們轉化

為自我提升的機會。）由此可知，此處為：所以，最好的辦法就是知道如何更好地看待和處理這些障礙。

故可此處劃線單詞approach為“處理”的意思，結合A選項中的Tocopewith"應付，處理”意思一致。故選A

項。

11.主旨大意題。根據文章大意以及最后一段"Itwillberewardingtoacceptbarriers,whichwillmakeyou

constantlychangeandadapttonewsituations,thusallowingyoutogrowintoabetterversionofyourself.”（接受障

礙是有益的，這會讓你不斷改變和適應新的情況，從而讓你成長為一個更好的自己。）可知，文章主要講

的是什么是障礙以及障礙會給你帶來的好處。接受障礙是有益的，這會讓你不斷改變和適應新的情況，從

而讓你成長為一個更好的自己。由此可知，這篇文章的主旨是“擁抱障礙會帶來很多好處”。故選C項。

原句

“Itwillberewardingtoacceptbarriers,whichwillmakeyouconstantlychangeandadapttonewsituations,

thusallowingyoutogrowintoabetterversionofyourself.n

譯文

接受障礙將是有益的，這將使你不斷地改變和適應新的情況，從而讓你成長為更好的自己。

分析

這是一個復雜句，由主句、定語從句和分詞短語組成。

主句：Itwillberewardingtoacceptbarriers,

定語從句：whichwillmakeyouconstantlychangeandadapttonewsituations,

I

+--[先行詞:barriers]

+--[謂語:willmake]

+--[賓語:you]

+--濱語補足語：constantlychangeandadapttonewsituations]

I

+--[并列結構:changeandadapt]

+-[狀語：constantly]

十一[狀語：tonewsituations]

分詞短語：thusallowingyoutogrowintoabetterversionofyourself.

1.barrier/'bserisr/n.障礙2.obstacle/'a:bst9kl/n.障礙

3.resolve/nza:lv/v.解決4.deny/di'nai/v.否認

5.outcome/'autkAm/n.結果6.motivation/^outi'veijh/n.動力

7.setback/sEtbaek/n.挫折8.fulfilling/fol'filig/adj.令人滿足的

9.perspective/psr'spektiv/n.觀點lO.transform/trsensfb:rm/v.轉變

（四）

（2024?重慶?模擬預測）CharlesDarwinfoundinspirationforhistheoryofevolutioninbirds*beaks,giant

tortoiseshells-andlanguage.t6Thesurvivalorpreservationofcertainfavoredwordsinthestrugglefbrexistence

isnaturalselection,hewroteinTheDescentofManin1871.

Languagegraduallyshiftsovertime.Muchresearchexamineshowsocialandenvironmentalfactors

influencelanguagechange,butverylittlewrestleswiththeforcesofhumancognitive（selectionthatfixcertain

wordsintothevocabulary.Foranextensivenewstudy,publishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyof

SciencesUSA,scientistsinvestigatedjustthat.

Thescientistscarriedouttwoexperimentsandtheresultscombinetoshowthreepropertiesthatgivewords

an"'evolutionaryadvantage^^byhelpingthemstickinthebrain:First,wordstypicallyacquiredatanearlyagesuch

as"hand"or"today")arestabler.Next,concretewordslingerbetterthanabstractones:"dog"lastslongerthan

“animal,“whichlastslongerthan“organism."Lastly,emotionallyexcitingwords——whethernegativeorpositive

一tendtolast.

Earlylanguage-evolutionmodelsassumedthatlanguagebecomesincreasinglycomplexovertime.Butthis

newstudysupportsamorerecenttheorythatlanguageultimatelygetsmoreefficientandeasiertounderstand.

Still,asthestudynotes,“theEnglishlanguageisnotbabytalk."Oneresearcherexplains:64Yes,weshifttoward

simplelanguage,butthenwealsograbcomplexlanguagethatweneed.^^Newwordsthataddressthecomplexityof

modemlifemaysomewhatbalanceoutthisshift.

Theproposedtrendtoward“simpler“languageiscontroversial.ColumbiaUniversitylinguistJohn

MeWhortermoreorlessagreeswiththestudy*sresultsaboutevolutionaryadvantageswithinlanguage.He

questions,however,implicationsregardingtheoverallefficiencyofEnglish-alanguagehesayscontainsthings

like""needlesslycomplex^^grammaticaltraces.

StudyleadauthorYingLi,apsychologistattheChineseAcademyofSciencesandanon-nativeEnglish

speaker,notesthatEnglishhadevenmorepuzzlinggrammarinthepast.MeWhorter,Lisupposes,“would

complainmoreifhetraveledback800yearsago.”

12.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"that"inthesecondparagraphreferto?

A.TheoriginofcertainfavoredwordsB.Thesocialinfluenceonlanguageformation.

C.Thecognitivecontroloverlanguageevolution.D.Theenvironmentalfactorinlanguagedecline.

13.Whichgroupmaylastlongestaccordingtothe''evolutionaryadvantage”?

A.Mother;cup;happy.B.Hope;trend;realism.

C.Metal;plastic;virus.D.Tax;smog;anxious.

14.Whichstatementisconsistentwiththefindingsofthenewstudy?

A.ItgetshardertocommunicateinEnglish.

B.Newwordstendtobeshorterandsimpler.

C.ThecomplexityofEnglishhasbeentotallylost.

D.TheefficiencyofEnglishimprovesasitevolves.

15.HowdoesYingLirespondtoJohnMeWhortefsquestioning?

A.Liprovidesextradata.B.Limakesanassumption.

C.Liconsultsahistoricalauthority.D.Lisuggestsasolution.

【答案速查】12.C13.A14.D15.B

【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文，介紹了一項關于語言進化的研究。科學家通過實驗發現，某些詞匯在人

類認知選擇中具有“進化優勢”，從而更容易被記住和使用。

【詳情解析】12.詞句猜測題。根據第二段“Muchresearchexamineshowsocialandenvironmentalfactors

influencelanguagechange,butverylittlewrestleswiththeforcesofhumancognitive（認矢口的）selectionthatfix

certainwordsintothevocabulary.Foranextensivenewstudy,publishedintheProceedingsoftheNational

AcademyofSciencesUSA,scientistsinvestigatedjustthat（許多研究都在探討社會和環境因素如何影響語言變

化，但很少有人深入研究人類認知選擇的力量，這種力量將某些詞匯固定在詞匯表中。一項廣泛的新研究

發表在《美國國家科學院院刊》上，科學家們正是對此進行了調查）”可知以前的研究是關于社會和環境對語

言變化的影響，而這個研究填補的空白是人類認知對語言發展的作用力。所以第二段劃線詞指代的是人類

認知對語言發展的作用力，故選C。

13.推理判斷題。根據第三段“First,wordstypicallyacquiredatanearlyage（suchas"hand5or"today9）arestabler.

Next,concretewordslingerbetterthanabstractones:'dog'lastslongerthan'animal/whichlastslongerthan

（organism.?Lastly,emotionallyexcitingwords-whethernegativeorpositive——tendtolast.（首先，通常在JL童早

期習得的詞匯（如“手”或“今天”）更為穩定。其次，具體的詞匯比抽象的詞匯更持久：“狗”的持續時間比“動

物”長，而“動物”的持續時間又比“生物”長。最后，無論是消極還是積極的情感激動詞，往往都會持續存

在）”可知，生命早期較之后期習得的詞匯，具體的詞匯較之抽象的詞匯，以及與情緒相關的詞匯在人的頭腦

中持續得較久。綜合比較而言A選項詞匯Mother,cup,happy都屬于生命早期習得的詞匯，mother,cup是具

體詞匯，happy是情緒相關的詞匯，所以A項詞匯有可能持續時間最長，故選A。

14.細節理解題。根據第四段"Butthisnewstudysupportsamorerecenttheorythatlanguageultimatelygetsmore

efficientandeasiertounderstand.Still,asthestudynotes,4theEnglishlanguageisnotbabytalk5.Oneresearcher

explains:'Yes,weshifttowardsimplelanguage,butthenwealsograbcomplexlanguagethatweneed.5New

wordsthataddressthecomplexityofmodemlifemaysomewhatbalanceoutthisshift（但這項新研究支持了一個

較新的理論，即語言最終會變得更加高效和易于理解。然而，正如研究指出的那樣，“英語不是嬰兒語言”。

一位研究人員解釋說：“是的，我們轉向簡單的語言，但隨后我們也會使用我們需要的復雜語言。”用來描述

現代生活復雜性的新詞可能會在一定程度上平衡這種轉變）”可知，英語總體變得越來越有效率和愈來愈簡

單，并非新詞匯變得越來越短，也并沒有完全失去復雜性。故選D。

15.細節理解題o根據最后——段“StudyleadauthorYingLi,apsychologistattheChineseAcademyofSciences

andanon-nativeEnglishspeaker,notesthatEnglishhadevenmorepuzzlinggrammarinthepast.MeWhorter,Li

supposes,tawouldcomplainmoreifhetraveledback800yearsago（該研究的主要作者、中國科學院心理學家兼

非英語母語者李穎指出，英語過去的語法甚至更令人困惑。李穎推測，如果梅沃特回到800年前，他“會抱

怨得更多"。）”可知，李穎使用了一種假設的方法回應梅沃特的質疑，故選B。

??;@。?

原句

"Butthisnewstudysupportsamorerecenttheorythatlanguageultimatelygetsmoreefficientandeasierto

understand.Still,asthestudynotes,"theEnglishlanguageisnotbabytalk'.”

譯文

但這項新的研究支持了一個更近期的理論，即語言最終變得更有效率，更容易理解。盡管如此，正如研

究所指出的，“英語并不是幼兒語言”。

分析

But［主句：thisnewstudysupportsamorerecenttheorythatlanguageultimatelygetsmoreefficientandeasier

tounderstan