BasicKnowledge航空工程技術英語目錄CONTENTSWhat’sAircraft01AirfoilParameters02GeneralConstruction03Wings04ExtendedMaterials05What’sAircraftPART01What’sAircraftAircraft

arevehicleswhichareabletoflybygainingsupportfromtheair.Itcounterstheforceofgravitybyusingeitherstaticliftorbyusingthedynamicliftofan

airfoil,orinafewcasesthedownwardthrustfromjetengines.Thehumanactivitywhichsurroundsaircraftiscalledaviation.Aircraftmaybeclassifiedbydifferentcriteria,suchaslifttype,propulsion,usageandothers.Afluidflowingpastthesurfaceofabodyexertsasurfaceforceonit.Ifthefluidisair,theforceiscalledan

aerodynamicforce.Anairfoilistheshapeofawingorbladeasseenincross-section.重力飛機運輸工具，運載工具翼型航空推力噴氣發動機動態升力氣動力What’sAircraftAlthoughrockets

and

missiles

alsotravelthroughtheatmosphere,mostarenotconsideredaircraftbecausetheydonothavewingsandrelyonrocketthrustastheprimarymeansoflift.火箭導彈大氣，大氣層AirfoilParametersPART02AirfoilParametersleadingedge前緣trailingedge后緣chordline弦線chordlength弦長meancamberline中弧線LowspeedairlinerairfoilTransonicairfoilSupersonicairfoilGeneralConstructionPART03GeneralConstructionThepartsofanaircraftaregenerallydividedintothreecategories:Theairframe

comprisesthemechanicalstructureandassociatedequipment.Thepropulsion

systemcomprisestheengineorenginesandassociatedequipment.Theavionics

comprisetheelectricalflightcontrolandcommunicationsystems.Theairframeofanaircraftisitsmechanicalstructure,whichistypicallyconsideredtoexcludethepropulsionsystem.Themainpartsoftheairframearethefuselage,wingandtail.機體推進系統航電系統機身Tail（飛機）尾部GeneralConstructionThewinggenerateslift.Italsoprovidesstabilityinroll

tostoptheaircraftfromrollingtotheleftorrightinsteadyflight.Aileronsaremountedonthetrailingedgeofeachwingnearthewingtipsandmoveinoppositedirections.穩定性滾轉副翼GeneralConstructionStabilityinpitch----longitudinalstability

Elevatorstabilityintheyaw

axis----Directionalstability-----RudderRollstability,knownaslateralstability

Ailerons俯仰偏航GeneralConstructionThefuselageisanaircraft'smainbodysectioncontainingtheflightcompartment,andpassenger

cabinorcargo

compartment.Earlyaircraftwereconstructedofwoodframescoveredinfabric.Asmonoplanes

becamepopular,metalframesimprovedthestrength,whicheventuallyledtoall-metalaircraftwithmetalcoveringallsurfaces.Somemodernaircraftareconstructedwithcompositematerialsformajorcontrolsurfaces,wings,ortheentirefuselage.（飛機）駕駛艙乘客貨物，貨艙單翼飛機復合材料GeneralConstructionAverticalstabilizerorfin

isaverticalsurfacemountedattherearoftheplane.Thefinstabilizestheplane'syaw(turnleftorright)andmountstherudder.Ahorizontalstabilizer,usuallymountedatthetailneartheverticalstabilizer.Thehorizontalstabilizerisusedtostabilizetheplane'spitch(tiltupordown)andmountstheelevators.垂直安定面垂尾方向舵水平安定面升降舵GeneralConstructionAircraftflightcontrolsurfacesallowapilottoadjustandcontroltheaircraft'sflightattitude.Theelevatorsaretheprimarycontrolsurfacesforpitch.Itismountedonthetrailingedgeofthehorizontalstabilizeroneachsideinthetail.Theprimarycontrolofyawiswiththerudder,Itistypicallymountedonthetrailingedgeofthefin,partoftheempennage.Theempennage(tailsection)ofanaircraftgivesstabilitytotheaircraftandcontrolstheflightdynamicsofpitchandyaw.（飛機）姿態尾部GeneralConstructionTheundercarriageorlandinggear,isthestructurethatsupportsanaircraftonthegroundandallowsittotaxi,takeoff

and

land.Manyaircrafthaveundercarriagethatretractsintothewingsand/orfuselagetodecreasedragduringflight.Theavionicscomprisetheflightcontrolsystemsandotherelectronicequipment,includingtheradar

andcommunicationsystems.起落架滑行起飛著陸（起落架）收回雷達GeneralConstructionSmallerandolderpropeller

planesmakeuseofpiston

enginestoturnapropellertocreatethrust.Theamountofthrustapropellercreatesisdeterminedbyitsdiskarea-theareainwhichthebladesrotate.Iftheareaistoosmall,efficiencyispoor,andiftheareaislarge,thepropellermustrotateataverylowspeedtoavoidgoingsupersonicandcreatingalotofnoise,andnotmuchthrust.Becauseofthislimitation,propellersarefavoredforplaneswhichtravelatbelow

mach

0.5,whilejetsareabetterchoiceabovethatspeed.PropellerenginesremaincommononlightgeneralaviationaircraftsuchastheCessna172.螺旋槳馬赫數活塞GeneralConstructionJetenginesaremuchmorepowerfulthanapistonengineforagivensizeorweightandarecomparativelyquietandworkwellathigher

altitude.Mostmodernjetplanesuseturbofanjetengineswhichbalancetheadvantagesofapropeller,whileretainingthe

exhaust

speedandpowerofajet.高度，海拔渦扇發動機排氣，排放Fan風扇Compressor壓氣機Turbine渦輪Shaft軸Combustionchamber燃燒室Nozzle噴嘴，尾噴管Fuel燃油GeneralConstructionTofurtherboostthepoweroutput,fuelisdumpedintotheexhauststream,whereitignites.Thisiscalledanafterburner

andhasbeenusedonbothpurejetaircraftandturbojetaircraftalthoughitisonlynormallyusedoncombataircraftduetotheamountoffuelconsumed,

andeventhenmayonlybeusedforshortperiodsoftime.Supersonicairlinersarenolongerinuselargelybecauseflightatsupersonicspeedcreatesasonicboomwhichisprohibitedinmostheavilypopulatedareas,andbecauseofthemuchhigherconsumptionoffuelsupersonicflightrequires.加力燃燒戰斗機消耗音爆GeneralConstructionAnelectricaircraftrunsonelectricmotorsratherthaninternalcombustionengines,withelectricitycomingfromfuelcells,solarcells,orbatteries.Currently,flyingelectricaircraftaremostlyexperimentalprototypes,includingmannedandunmannedaerialvehicles.馬達燃料電池太陽能電池電池，電瓶原型機，試驗機無人駕駛飛機，無人機WingsPART04WingsThewingsofanaircraftproducelift.Manydifferentstylesandarrangementsofwingshavebeenused.Mostearlyfixed-wingaircraftwerebiplanes,

havingwingsstackedoneabovetheother.Nowadaysmosttypesaremonoplanes,havingonewingeachside.固定翼的雙翼飛機WingsLowwing下單翼Midwing中單翼Highwing上單翼Dihedral上反角Anhedral下反角WingsStraight平直機翼forwardswept前掠機翼Swept后掠機翼variablesweep可變后掠翼WingsSpoiler擾流板Flap襟翼Slat縫翼ExtendedMaterialsPART05ExtendedMaterialsGeneralaviationincludesallnon-scheduledcivil

flying,bothprivateandcommercial.Generalaviationmayincludebusinessflights,privateaviation,flighttraining,ballooning,parachuting,gliding,aerialphotograph