Transportation:ModalChoiceFactorsandMethodsⅠFactorsThefactorsaffectingtransportmodalchoicemainlyinclude：Costfactors；Non-costfactors(theindividualneedsofcustomersandthequalityofserviceoffered)*CostFactorsThecostfactorsreferstothelogisticscostproducedintheprocessofmovingthefreight.Inlogistics,ourobjectiveistominimizethecost,atleasttoasatisfiedlevel.*Non-costFactors

CustomerindividualneedsNowadays,inordertowinthecustomers,moreandmorecompaniesadjusttheirproductionmodeltomeettheindividualdemandsoftheircustomers.Itisthesametothetransportfield.*Non-costFactorsTheprinciplequalityofservicefactorsinvolvedwith:Non-costfactorsSituation&Reason

speedofdeliveryperishable,urgent,speedetc.certaintyoftimingconstantdemandsfreedomfrominterruptioncontinuousdemandsavoidanceofdamageuptothecharacteristicsofgoodssafetyavoidthelossancillaryservicesaddedservicesareneededThecosteffectrailwayroadairwaywaterpipelinespeedslowfastfastestveryslowlowestCompletenessmoderatelymostincompletenessmoderatelyincompletenessdependabilitymoderatelyundependabilityundependabilitymoderatelymostcapabilityveryslowmoderatelylimitedmostleastfrequencymoderatelyhighmostleastlowcostlowcomparablehighhighestVerylowlostⅡMethods

Therearealotofmethodstosolvethiskindofproblem,forinstance,methodforminimizedtransportcostinOperationResearch.However,inourownopinion,themostidealmethodshouldcombinequalitativeanalysiswithquantitativeanalysis.TransportationrationalizationThefactors:Thedistanceoftransportation

commonrule---300kmroad300~500kmrailway500kmwaterThelinksinthetransportation—one

morelinkwilladdthefreightandtotalcharge,havemoreaccompaniedactivities,suchasloadingandunloading,packagesdistance成本曲線costTheexplanation:1.thecurvynotstartattheoriginalpoint,becausesomeFixedcostisinvolves2.遠距離遞減原則—費用或費率隨以速度遞減的速度上升，距離的增加而減少。運輸工具裝卸的固定費用須分攤到每單位距離的變動費用。距離越長每單位支付費用越低。TransportationrationalizationThevehicle:everykindoftransportationhasitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.Trytochoosethemodeltransportationwhichisthemosteconomic,sufficientandconvenience.MatchthefeatureofthegoodsThetimingofthetransportation---speedupthevehicleturnover,givefullplaytothetransportationpowerThechargeThetransportationscale:thelargerscalecharge,thelessfreightcharge,sharetheexpenseConclusionThechoiceoftransportmodeisnotonlyuptothecharacteristicsofthemodebutalsodeterminedbytheweightthecustomerattachestofromhisownperspective.Whensearchingforthebestmode,weshouldconsiderittobeasystem—composedofrelativeelementswiththemodalchoice.Transportationispartoflogistics.Itistheimportantpartinthewholelogisticmanagement.Restatethe7Rs(thestandardsofthelogisticaswellasthetransportation)rightthingrightplacerighttimerightcostrightqualityrightquantityrightcustomerConclusionTransportation(Ⅱ)

—ModalChioceThewayalongorthroughwhichatransportmodetravelshaseffectsuponthatmode’soperatingcharacteristicsanditsoperatingefficiency.Itisoftensaidthattherearetwotypesofways,builtwaysandnaturalways.Therailway,theroad,

thecanaland

thepipeline

areexamplesof

transportways.

I.ModelCharacteristicsII.Railways

Railroadtransportisusedformovinglargevolumesoffreightoverlongdistances.Overthepastyearsrailusagehasdeclinedasmotortransporthastakenovershorthaulbusinessandwaterandpipelinecarrierhavetakenbulkcommoditiesfreight.STRENGTHS:Railtransportofferscostadvantagesforhighvolumeorlongdistancehauls.Ithashighaveragespeeds.Therailwayeffectivelyutilizeslandspace.Lessenvironmentallyadverse.STRENGTHS:Costeffective.Therailwayisenergyflexibleandenergyefficient.Thesafetyrecordoftherailwayisexcellentwithbothpassengersandfreight.Ofalltheland-basedmodes,therailwaysareleastaffectedbybadweather.WEAKNESSES: ONEofthemajorweaknessesofrailwayistheinherentinflexibilityofoperation,fix(non-flexible)timeschedulesandservicefromterminaltoterminalratherthanfromstockinglocationtostockinglocation.Buttherailwayshavetoconcentrateonseekingtosatisfyneedsthatcanbefittedintotheirpatternofoperation.III.RoadsRoadtransportationiscontrolledandguidedindependentlybyadriver.Motortransportisthemostutilizedform.Motortransportequipmentmaybespecializedsuchasautomobilecarriers,refrigeratortrailers,andliquidtanktrucks.STRENGTHS:Anyplacecanbeservicedbyroadandcanbechangedatveryshortnotice.Thereislessneedforexpensiveterminalfacilitiesandmanagementeffortcanbesupervised.Itiseasiertocontrolbecauseonepersonwhocanreactquicklytothechangingcircumstancesmanagesit.Theadvantagesofmotortransportareflexibilityofbothlocationandtimeandspeedofdelivery.WEAKNESSES:Thesizeoftheloadis

restrictedbylegislationand

weights.Roadsarenotusedexclusively

byoneformoftransportand

congestioncanoccurwhich

interfereswithschedule

planningandtimekeeping.Restrictionsareplacedonthe

operationofroadvehicles.IV.PipelinesPipelinesarewell

establishedfortrunkhaul,

especiallyforcrudeoiland

petroleumproducts.STRENGTHS:Inthemainenvironmentallysound,theycaneasilybeburied,cantraversedifficulttopographyandbelaidunderwater.Theydonotgiveofffumesormakealotofnoises,andcanbedisguisedagainstvisualintrusion.Iftheyaredamagedwilltherebepollutionby‘spillage’,buttherehavebeennocaseofseriouspollutionfrompipelinesforanumberofyears.Anotheradvantageisthattheyarelargelyautomatedwithveryfewpersonnelneededtocontrol.

WEAKNESSES:Costofitriserapidlyand

theyareinflexible

geographicallytoservefixed

locations.V.Airways

Airtransportaccountsfor

thesmallestproportionof

ton-miletraffic.STRENGTHS:Themajorstrengthofair

transportisthespeedof

travel.Thelongerthedistance

oftheflight,thegreaterthe

timesaving.Airtransporthasagoodpublic

imageandisperceivedtobe

veryglamorous.WEAKNESSES:Inflexibleinthatanplanehastolandandtakeoffataairport,thismeansthatbothforpassengerandfreightthereisaneedtochangemodebeforereachingthefinaldestination.Airtransportisexpensiveandthecargocarryingcapacityissmall.Aircarriersareprimarilyusedfor:Emergencytransportof

criticalit