虹口區2022學年度第二學期期中學生學習能力診斷測試

高三英語試卷2023.4

考生注意：

1.考試時間120分鐘，試卷滿分140分。

2.本考試設試卷和答題紙兩部分。所有答題必須涂（選擇題）或寫（非選擇題）在答題紙上，做在

試卷上一律不得分。

3.答題前，務必在答題紙上填寫準考證號和姓名，并將核對后的條形碼貼在指定位置上。

I.ListeningComprehension

SectionA

Directions:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeach

conversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbe

spokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit.read(hefourpossibleanswers

onyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.

I.A.Boring.B.Special.

C.Delicious.D.Traditional.

2.A.￡12.B.￡24.C.￡6.D.￡8.4.

3.A.Hedidn'tworklastweek.B.Hemanagedtoavoidbeingfined.

C.Hewasfined.D.Heisalwaysacarefulbikerider.

4.A.Ittookthemanalongtimetoarrive.

B.Thetrafficwasnotbusythatmorning.

C.Atrafficaccidenthappenedontheman'swayhere.

D.Themanneedn'tgotoworkonMondaymorning.

5.A.Shemakeseffortstoorganizetheparty.B.Sheisgoingtobelatefortheparty.

C.Shedesignsthedresswithcare.D.Sheiseagertoattendtheparty.

6.A.Theconcertisverypopular.

B.Thewomanhastofinishherworkfirst.

C.Thewomanshouldn'tgototheconcert.

D.Hedoesn'tbelievethewomanhastheconcertticket.

7.A.Thebatteryneedscharging.B.1(isnowheretobefound.

C.Thebatteryispositionedincorrectly.D.Itisthewrongremotecontrol.

8.A.Hisprojecthadtobesuspended.B.Hisprojectwassuccessful.

C.Hefailedtogetenoughlandforhisproject.D.Hewasunabletogetenoughfunding.

9.A.HehaslittlepassionforEnglishlessons.B.HehasmadegreatprogressinEnglish

C.HeisuninterestedinEnglishsongs.D.Heisamajorofmusic.

10.A.Mr.Long'sbriefingwasunnecessarilylengthy.

B.Mr.Long'sbriefingwasrotrelevanttothemission.

C.Thewomanshouldhavebeenmoreattentive.

D.Thewomanneedn'thaveattendedthebriefing.

SectionB

Directions:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassagesandonelongerconversation,andyouwillbe

askedseveralquestionsoneachofthepassagesandtheconversation.Thepassagesandtheconversation

willbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefour

possibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbe(hebestanswertothequestionyouhave

heard.

Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

11.A.Mostfoodscan'tbefreeze-dried.B.Theydon'tknowhowtodoit.

C.Theydon'thaveproperequipment.D.Thisprocessistime-consuming.

12.A.Theyareverylightinweight.B.Theytakeuplittlespacetostore.

C.Theydon'tkeepmuchnutrition.D.Theydon'ttasteasgoodasbefore.

13.A.How(oproducefreeze-driedfoods.B.Whypeoplelikefreeze-driedfoods.

C.Advantagesoffreeze-driedfoods.D.Featuresoffreeze-driedfoods.

Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

14.A.$31.B.$71.

C.$1000.D.$4000.

15.A.Shelearnshowtoentertainothers.B.Shefindsapersontochatwith.

C.Sheneedn'tdinealone.D.Shefeelsrelaxed.

16.A.AtraditionalJapaneseman.B.Anunusualjob.

C.Theoutlookofrentalservice.D.Theadvantageofdoingnothing.

Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.

17.A.Theyhaveputuptheirhouseforsale.

B.TheyhavepaidseveralvisitstoSpain.

C.Theyhaveinformedheroftheirdecision.

D.Theyhavehintedattheplansseveraltimes.

18.A.Shehopestoreturntoherhometown.

B.Sheistiredofthefastpaceofcitylife.

C.Shehasbeenlongingtoliveinabiggertown.

D.Shehasalwayswantedtolearnanewlanguage.

19.A.Itisquitefamiliartothem.

B.Itisasmallbutfast-pacedtown.

C.ItisanidealplacetolearnSpanish.

D.Itismuchdifferentfromwheretheyareliving.

20.A.Takeoverthefamilybusiness.

B.Move(oSpainwithherparents.

C.Assistherparentswiththemove.

D.Packtheluggageforherparents.

II.GrammarandVocabulary

SectionA

Directions:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentand

grammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthe

givenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.

Whyweshouldrecordtravelmoments

Throughoutmytravels,Ihavecomeinsearchofasound,notasight.

Justassometravellerstakephotosoflandscapesortheirfood,Istartedcollectingsoundrecordingsas

anunusualandartisticwaytohelpmeremembersomeofthemoststimulatingdetailsofmytrips.I've

foundthat(21)(listen)backtotheserecordings,I'mabletorecalleachplaceandmomentina

differentwaythanIcanbyscrollingthroughimages.Itturnsoutthatthismaybe(22)our

brainsremembersounddifferentlythanothertypesofsenses.

AccordingtoDrJamesGiordano,aprofessoratGeorgetownUniversityMedicalCenter,ourbrains

processinformationandturnitintomemoriesbyreceivingit(23)oursenses,encodingitand

storingit-muchlikeacomputer.Whenwereceiveinformationandencodeit,itisfairlyshort-termin

nature;butwhen(24)(store),itbecomeslong-termmemory.Theinformationwereceiveand

processwithourcars(25)(call)echoic〃取血療(回聲記憶).“Thinkofthebrainasaspaceand

timemachine.Ilallowsus(26)(transport)ourselvesbackandforwardintime,acrossspaces/*

Giordanosaid."Echoicmemoryisexactlyasthenamewouldimply:itis,infact,anechoofsomethingthat

(27)(occur).”

AccordingtoastudyattheUniversityofIowanamedInoneearandouttheother,agroupcfstudents

participatedintwoexperimentsin(28)theylistenedtosounds,lookedatimagesandheld

objects.Inthefirstexperiment,studentswereaskedtorecall(29)various山(刺激物)were

thesameordifferentafterasetperiodoftime.Inthesecond,theywereaskedtorecallthesounds,images

andobjectsafteranhour,adayandthenaweek.In(30)oftheinstances,students5recollection

ofsoundwasfarworsethantheirvisualmemories,andthelongerthetimepassedby,thegreaterthegap

became.

SectionB

Directions:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.

Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.

A.astronomicalB.aweC.enduringD.facilitatedE.generatedF.

massive

Stonehenge

StonehengeinsouthernEnglandrankstheworld'smostsymbolicarchaeological（考古的：sitesand

oneofitsgreatestmysteries.ThehugestonecircleonSalisbuiyPlaininspires31and

fascination——butalsointensedebatesome4,600yearsafteritwasbuiltbyancientBritonswholeftno

writtenrecord.

Themonument'smysteriouspasthas32countlesstalcsandtheories.Accordingtofolklore,

StonehengewascreatedbyMerlin,whomagicallytransportedthe33stonesfromIreland,where

giantshadputthemup.AnotherlegendsaysthearmiesfromDenmarkputthestonesup,andanother

theorysaystheyweretheruinsofaRomantemple.

Moderndebateoverthemonument'smeaninghastwomaincamps:thosewhoseeitasareligious

site,andotherswhobelieveitrepresentsascientificobservatoryandalsoakindof34computer

usedforworkingoutdates.Bothcampsbasetheirtheoriesonthesite's35influence.Theposition

ofthestones36tothesunandmoonistakenasevidenceofritualslinkedtothechangingseasons

andthesummerandwintersolstices

Competingtosolvethe37prehistoricpuzzleisSheffieldUniversity'sMikeParkerPearson,

co-leaderoftheStonehengeRiversideProject,whichispartlyfundedbytheNationalGeographic

Society.DiscoveriesbytheprojectteamsupportedtheclaimthatStonehengewasacenterforreligious

activitieslinkedbytheRiverAvonandtwoceremonialavenuestoamatchingwoodencircleatnearby

DurringtonWalis.Thetwocircleswiththeirtemporaryandpermanentstructures38,respectively,

thelivingandthedead,accordingtoParkerPearson.

^Stonehengeisn'tamonumentin39Jhesays."Itisactuallyoneofapair-oneinstone,one

inwood.ThetheoryisthatStonehengeisakindof40hometotheancestors.”

III.ReadingComprehension

SectionA

Directions:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B.CandD.

Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.

Food-deliveryfirmsarccomingofage.Amongteensandmillennials,orderingfoodonlineisas

41ahabitasbookingaroomonline.Justhow42consumersareisclearfromfinancialdocuments

byDoorDash,America'sbiggestfood-deliverycompany.FromJanuarytoSeptemberthatyear,itbooked

ordersworth$16billion,upby198%yearonyear.

ThemajorityofAmerica's700,000orsoeateriesnow43bymeansofadeliveryapp.Modern

lifemakespeoplerelymoreonconveniencefood,asmorewomenworkandeverybodyis44time.In

doingso,ithasalsochangedoneofSiliconValley'smostcriticizedbusinessmodels.

RestaurantsenteredthedigitalworldtwodecadesagowhenTinEuropeandGrubhubin

Americaputmenus45.Restaurantsdeliveredthefoodthemselvesandthemiddlemenwerereliably

profitable.46、thenew“third-partylogistics^^firmslikeDoorDashandUberEatshavetosharethe

bills,whichaveragearound$30,threeways.Oncedriversandrestaurantstaketheir47.notmuchis

left.

Untilrecentlynoneofthesestartupfirmsmade48,eveninemergingmarketswherelabourcosts

arefarlower.Lackofobviouseconomiesofscaleorbarrierstoentrymeantseveralcompetitorswere

fightingovermarketsharebyofferingdiners49discounts—andbleedingredinkintheprocess.

Theyalsofaced(heprospectofasharp50inlabourcosts,asCaliforniapassedalawthatrequired

companiestotreatapp-basedworkersasfullemployees.

51.theAmericanfirm'snumberscontainedplentytochewon.DoorDashisgeneratingcashand

isprofitableonanadjustedbasis.Itsin-appadsbusinessoffersjuicymargins.Thecompanyseesitselfas

thedigitalhubfbr(heconvenienceeconomy,connectingmerchants,customersandriders;(heword

“platform“arose646timesinitsfiling.Ithasevenstarteddeliveringgroceriesandconvenience-storeitems

andsellinglast-mile52toothercompanies.Lookingahead,highunemploymentamidacontinuing

economicdownturnshouldmeanlotsofcheaplabour.

Otherfactsare53toswallow.DoorDashwarnsthatgrowthwillslowasmorepeoplearegoing

backtoworkafterthevirusdeclined.Thesharepricesofmanylisteddigitalfirmsthatbenefitedfrom

lockdownsandself-isolatingconsumers54onthenewsofaneffectivevaccine(疫苗).Anddespite

theircritics*defeatinCalifornia,gigfirms(招臨工的公司)willcontinuetofaceaccusationsof55

(heirworkers.Inthisrespect,DoorDashhasalreadyjoined(hecluboflistedtechplatforms.

41.A.establishedB.cautiousC.curiousD.annoying

42.A.aim-orientedB.addictedC.excitedD.well-informed

43.A.collectB.relayC.forecastD.distribute

44.A.friendlytoB.experiencedinC.shortofD.responsiblefor

45.A.outsideB.rightC.onlineD.free

46.A.BycontrastB.ForinstanceC.TosumupD.Inturn

47.A.edgeB.roleC.cutD.price

48.A.moneyB.callsC.complaintsD.movement

49.A.tradeB.generousC.meanD.cash

50.A.breakB.divisionC.blowD.rise

51.A.MoreoverB.ThereforeC.HoweverD.Consequently

52.A.advertisingB.deliveryC.insuranceD.productivity

53.A.harderB.quickerC.easierD.slower

54.A.doubledB.lastC.mountedD.fell

55.A.takingadvantageofB.goingalongwithC.lookingoutforD.puttingupwith

SectionB

Directions:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfallowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinished

statements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbest

accordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.

（A）

Growingup,Iunderstoodonethingaboutmydad:Hekneweverything.Thiswasourrelationship,in

sum:Iaskedhimquestionsandhetoldmetheanswers.WhenImovedoutonmyown.Icalledhimatleast

onceaweek,usuallywhensomethingbrokeinmyapartmentand1neededtoknowhowtofixit:thetoilet,

theair-conditioning...

Butthen,eventually,Ineededhimless.Igotmarried,andmyhusbandhadmostof（heknowledgeI

lackedaboutwaterheatersandnondestructiveinsectremoval.Foreverythingelse,wehadtheInternet.I

don'tknowwhenithappened,butourconversationswhenIcalleddeclinedtosixwords.Me:"Hi,Dad.”

Him:"Hi,sweets.Here'sMoir."Iiovedmydad,ofcourse,butIwonderedattimesifmaybehehad

alreadysharedeverythingIneededtoknow.

Then,thispastsummer,myhusband,ourfourkids,andImovedinwithmyparentsforthreeweeks

whileourhousewasbeingrepaired.Theyownalakehouse,andDadaskedmetohelphimrebuildthe

bulkheadatdo或（碼頭的艙壁）.Itwashardlabor.Butas\vcputthenewbulkheadtogetherpieceby

piece,mydadknowingexactlywhatwentwhere,Ilookedathim."Howdoyouknowhowiobuilda

bulkhead?^^

Theheavymallet（木槌）hewasswingingpausedinmidair."Ispentasummerincollegebuilding

themontheJerseyShore.”“Youdid?”IthoughtIkneweverythingaboutinydad—allhisrandomjobs.I

knewabouttheapplefarm,(hesummeralthehotsaucemanufacturingplant,andeven(hedinerline-cook

position,wherehelearnedhowlomakethebestomeletintheworld.ButIneverknewthis.

“Yep.Nowletmeteachyouhowtousethissaw.”

Asheexplainedtheimportanceofnotbendingtoolow,Irealizedthatmaybeit'snotthatthere's

nothinglefttosay.MaybejustthatTvespentmylifeaskinghimthewrongquestions.

Afewweekslater,aftermyfamilyandImovedbackintoourrenovatedhouse,Icalledmyparents.

Dadanswered.t4Hi,sweets,**hesaid.“Here'sMom.”"Wait,DadJIsaid."Howarcyou?”Weendedup

talkingabouttheconsultingjobhewasworkingon,anewbatteryhe'dboughtfbrhissailboat,arefinance

myhusbandandIwerelookingintotorelieveourhomeloan.Nothinglife-changing.Toanyoneelse,it

wouldsoundlikeanormalconversationbetweenadadandhisdaughter.

Buttome,itwasnovel.Anewbeginning.Ispentthefirstpartofmylifeneedingtotalktomydad.

NowItalktohimbecauseIwantto.

56.Whydidtheauthor,sconversationswithherdadbecomeshorterovertime?

A.Shegotmarriedanddidn'thavetimetotalk.

B.Herdadbecamelesstalkativeashegotolder.

C.Sherealizedthatherdaddidn'tknoweverything.

D.Shefeltthatsheneededlesshelpfromherfather.

57.Whatdidtheauthorfindwhilelivingwithherparentsthispastsummer?

A.Herfatherwasquitetalkative.

B.Herfatherwaskeenonmakingthingsbyhimself.

C.Shedidn'tknowasmuchaboutherfatherasshehadthought.

D.Shedidn'tnoticeherfatherwasagedandneededherassistance.

58.Whydidtheauthorcallherdadaftershemovedbackintoherrenovatedhouse?

A.Tolearnmoreaboutherfather'spastexperiences.

B.Tocatchupandtrytohaveanormalconversation.

C.Toaskforhelpwithmorehouseholdrepairingtips.

D.Tothankhimfbrlettinglierandherfamilystaywithhim.

59.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitlefbrthispassage?

A.DIYwithmydad:Learningtobeindependent

B.Fromfixingtoiletstobuildingbulkheads:Changingmylifestyle

C.Reconnectingwithmyfather:Alessoninaskingtherightquestions

D.Lessonsinself-sufficiency:HowGooglereplacedmydad'sknowledge

(B)

Theterm“seal"isoftenusedtorefertobothsealsandsealions,buttherearcseveralcharacteristics

(hatsetsealsandsealionsapart.

SealsandsealionsarebothintheorderCarnivoraandsuborderPinnipedia,thustheyarecalled

“pinnipeds."Pinnipedsaremammalsthatarewell-adaptedforswimming.Theyusuallyhaveastreamlined

barrelshape(桶形)andfourflippersattheendofeachlimb(四肢).Theyalsogivebirthtoliveyoungand

nursetheiryoung.Pinnipedsarcprotectedbyathicklayeroffatundertheirskinandfurtokeepthem

warminwater.Therearethreefamiliesofpinnipeds:thePhocidae,theearlessortrueseals;theOtariidae,

theearedseals,andtheOdobcnidac,thewalruses.

CharacteristicsofPhocidae(EarlessorTrueSeals)

Earlesssealshavenovisibleearflaps,althoughtheystillhaveears,whichmaybevisibleasadark

spotorsmallholeonthesideoftheirhead.

“True”seals:

?Havenoexternalearflaps.

?Swimwiththeirhindflippers.Theirhindflippersalwaysfacebackwardandarefurred.

?Havefrontflippersthatareshort,furryandthickinappearance.

?Canbefoundinbothmarineandfreshwaterenvironments.

CharacteristicsofOtariidae(EaredSeals,IncludingFurSealsandSeaLions)

Oneofthemostnoticeablefeaturesofearedsealsistheirears,buttheyalsomovearounddifferently

thantrueseals.

Earedseals:

?Haveexternalcarflaps.

?Areonlyfoundinmarineenvironments.

?Swimwiththeirfrontflippers.Unlikeearlessseals,their

hindflipperscan(urnforward,andtheyareabletowalk,

andevennin,ontheirflippers.The“seals"youmaysee

performingatmarineparksareoftensealions.

?Maygatherinlargergroupsthantrueseals.Sealionsare

muchmorevocalthantrueseals,andmakeavarietyofloud,

barkingnoises.

CharacteristicsofWalruses

Wonderingaboutwalruses,andhowtheydifferfromsealsandsealions?Walrusesarepinnipeds,but

theyareinthefamily,Odobenidae.Oneobviousdifferencebetweenwalruses,sealsandsealionsisthat

walrusesaretheonlypinnipedswithtusks—apairoflongpointedteeth.Thesetusksarepresentinboth

malesandfemales.

Otherthantusks,walruseshavesomesimilaritiestobothsealsandsealions.Liketrueseals,walruses

don'thavevisibleearflaps.But,likeearedseals,walrusescanv/alkontheirflippersbyrotatingtheirhind

flippersundertheirbody.

60.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutpinnipedsistrue?

A.Pinnipedsaregoodswimmers.

B.Pinnipedsarcafraidofcoldweather.

C.Pinnipedsareof(hePhocidaefamily.

D.Sealsandsealionsarcpinnipeds,whilewalrusesarenot.

61.Onewaytodistinguishasealionandatruesealisthat.

A.thesealioncannotplayballB.thetruesealcannothearwell

Cthesealinndoesn,thaveearflapsDthetruesealcan'twalkwithhindflippers

62.Whichofthefollowingpicturebestillustratesawalrus?

(C)

Thecurb(下斜路緣).Il'saconveniencethatmostofusrarely,ifever,notice.Yet,withoutit,daily

lifemightbealotharder—inmorewaysthanone.Pushingababystrollerontothecurb,skateboarding

ontoasidewalkortakingafullgrocerycartfromthesidewalktoyourcar—allthesetasksareeasier

becauseofthecurbcut.

Butitwascreatedwithadifferentpurposeinmind.

It'shardtoimaginetoday,butbackinthe1970s,mostsicewalksintheUnitedStatesendedwitha

sharpdrop-off.Thatwasabigdealforpeopleinwheelchairsbecausetherewerenoramps(斜坡)tohelp

themmovealongcityblockswithoutassistance.Accordingtoonedisabilityrightsleader,asix-inchcurb

“mightaswellhavebeenMountEverest”.So,activistsfromBerkeley,California,whoalsoneeded

wheelchairs,organizedacampaigntocreate(inyrampsatinierseclionstohelppeopledependentonwheels

moveupanddowncurbsindependently.

Ithinkaboutthe“curbcutcffccf,alotwhenworkingonissuesaroundhealthequity(^T)-Thefirst

timeIevenheardaboutthecurbcutwasina2017StanfordSocialInnovationReviewpiecebyPolicyLink

CEOAngelaBlackwell.Blackwellrightlynotedthatmanypeopleseeequity“asazero-sumgame.”

Basically,thatthereisa"prejudicedsocietalsuspicionthatintentionallysupportingonegrjuphurts

another/'Whatthecurbcutefleetshowsthough,Blackwellsaid,isthat“whensocietycreatesthe

circumstancesthatallowthosewhohavebeenleftbehindtoparticipateandcontributefully,everyone

wins.**

Therearemultipleexamplesofthisprincipleatwork.Forexample,investinginpoliciesthatcreate

moreliving-wagejobsorincreasetheavailabilityofaffordablehousingcertainlybenefitspeoplein

communitiesthathavelimitedoptions.But,theactionalsoempowersthosepeoplewithopportunitiesfor

betterhealthandthemeanstobecomecontributingmembersofsociety—andthatbenefitseveryone.Even

thefootballhuddle(圍成一團以秘密商討)wasinitiallycreatedtohelpdeaffootballplayersa(Gallaudet

Collegekeeptheirgameplanssecretfromopponentswhocouldhavereadtheirsignlanguage.Today,it's

usedbyeveryteamtoshieldtheopponentfromlearningaboutgame-winningstrategies.

So,nexttimeyoucrossthestreet,orrollyoursuitcasethroughacrosswalkorrideyourbikedirectly

ontoasidewalk-thinkabouthowmuchthecurbcut,thatchangeindesignthatbrokedownwallsof

exclusionforonegroupofpeopleatadisadvantage,hashelpednotjustthatgroup,butallofus.

63.By“mightaswellhavebeenMountEveresf,(paragraph3),thedisabilityrightsleaderimpliesthata

six-inchcurbmaybecome.

A.asfamousastheworld'shighestmountain

B.analmostimpassablebarrier

C.aconnectionbetweenpeople

D.amostunforgettablematter

64.AccordingtoAngelaBlackwell,manypeoplebelieve(hat.

A.it'sfairtogivethedisadvantagedmorehelpthanothers

B.il'simpossible(ohaveeveryonebetreatedequally

C.it'snecessarytogoallouttohelpthedisabled

D.it'snotworthwhiletopromotehealthequity

65.Whichofthefollowingexamplesbestillustratesthe“curbcuieffect”principle?

A.Spaceflightdesignsareappliedtolifeonearth.

B.FourgreatinventionsofChinaspreadtothewest.

C.ChristopherColumbusdiscoveredthenewworld.

D.Classicliteraturegottranslatedintomanylanguages.

66.Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?

A.Everydayitemsareorigir.allyinventedforpeoplewithdisabilities.

B.Everyoneinasocietyshouldpursuewhatisinhisorherinterest.

C.Adisabilityrightsleaderchangedthelifeofhisfellowmen.

D.Caringfordisadvantagedgroupsmayfinallybenefitall.

SectionC

Directions:Readthepassagecarefully.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Each

sentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentences(hanyouneed.

A.Althoughtheseareallanimalsthatcanactpeople-like,ihepresenceofthesecellsdoesnotmean(hat

(heanimalshavefeelings.

B.Anyonewhoclaimstoknowwhatanimalsfeeldoesn'thavescienceontheirside.

C.Inrecentexperiments,dogshaveshownthattheyknowtofollowahuman'spointedfingertofinda

foodtreat.

D.Manypeoplethinkthatempathyisaspecialemotiononlyhumansshow.

E.Otherexperimentshavecastdoubtthatanimalbehaviorcanreliablysignifyanunderlyingfeeling.

F.Thisillustratesthedifficultyinaccuratelyinterpretinganimalbehaviorasamarkerofhuiran-like

feelings.

Doanimalshavefeelings?

Peopleoftenassignfeelingstoanimals.Thatzoopolarbear'svacantstaremustmeanhe'ssad.The

uh-ohexpressionadogflashesafterknockingoverthegarbageindicatesshame.Butscientistshaven't

determinedwhetherthesehuman-likeexpressionsreallymeananything.Afterall,it'sverydifficulttoread

adog'smind.

Scientistsbelievethatcertainbraincellsinhumanscalledspindle(棱形細胞)areresponsiblefbr

humansocialbehaviorandtheinterplaybetweenthoughtsandfeelings.Studieshaverevealedthat

chimpanzee,dolphinandwhalebrainsalsopossessspindlecells.67

Evenanimalsthatdon'thavespindlecells,suchasdogs,haveshownbehaviorsthatcansuggesta

human-likesocialsense.68Scientistsreport(hatthisshowsdogsaresensitivetohuman

socialcuesandareabletocorrectlyinterpretthem.Still,thisonlyprovesthatdogsknowhowtofindfood,

notthattheyhavefeelings.

Observationsofapeshavealsorevealedbehaviorthatappearstorepresentvarioushuman-likedesires.

Insometests,chimpanzeesdemonstratewhatlookslikealtruism喇他主義)helpingtheirownkindand

evenotherspecieswiihoul(heexpectationofareward.

69Inarecentstudy,aBarnardCollegeresearchertesteddogstoseeiftheirguiltylooks

werelinkedtoactualbadbehavior.Dogsweretemptedwithatreatandtoldbytheirownersnottoeatit.

Thedog'sownersweren'tallowedtoseewhethertheirpetshadeatenthetreatornot,butweretoldeither

thattheydidorthattheydidn't,andweretheninstructedtoscoldthedogsthatdisobeyed.The

experimentersnotedthatscoldeddogsshowedaguiltylookwhetherornottheyhadactuallydonewrong.

70Aguiltylooksuggestsafeelingofguiltinahumanbutnotnecessarilyinadog,

accordingtotheBarnardresearch.Similarly,evenapparent(共情)behaviormightnotactually

meanthesefeelingsarepresentinthebrainsofanimals.

IV.SummaryWriting

Directions:Readthefo