Researchimpactin

societyandtheeconomy:

Thedigitalhealthrevolutioninmedicalcare

XJune2024X

XDavidPendlebury,EdWhite,GauravAgnihotriandJonathanAdamsX

Authorbiographies

JonathanAdamsisChiefScientistattheInstituteforScientificInformation(ISI)?.HeisalsoaVisitingProfessoratKing'sCollegeLondon,PolicyInstitute,andwasawardedanHonoraryD.Sc.

in2017bytheUniversityofExeter,forhisworkinhighereducation

andresearchpolicy.ORCiD:

0000-

0002-0325-4431

.WebofScienceResearcherID:

A-5224-2009

.

GauravAgnihotriisanAssociateDirectorwithintheIPservice

operationsgroupatClarivate?.

Gauravhasover15yearsof

experienceinpatentanalyticsand

excelsinderivinginsightsfromlargeamountsofdata.Heispassionate

aboutassistinghisclients–mostlyIPmanagers,R&Dheads,andinnovationstrategyteams,intheirresearchandinnovationinitiatives.Gauravholds

aB.E.(BachelorofEngineering)

degreeinInstrumentationandControlSciences.Hehasledseveralpatent

intelligencestudiesonemerging

technologies,suchasquantum

computing,artificialintelligenceandgreensustainabletechnologies.

DavidPendleburyisHeadofResearchAnalysisattheInstituteforScientific

Information.Since1983hehasusedWebofScience?datatostudythestructureanddynamicsofresearch.HeworkedformanyyearswithISIfounderEugeneGarfield.With

Dr.HenrySmall,Daviddeveloped

ISIEssentialScienceIndicators?.

ORCiD:

0000-0001-5074-1593

.WebofScienceResearcherID:W-3906-2019.

EdWhiteisHeadoftheClarivate

CenterforIPandInnovationResearch?andHeadofIntelligenceConsulting

atClarivate.BasedinLondon,Edis

theprincipalauthoroftheglobally

renownedTop100GlobalInnovators?program.Withanextensive22-year

tenureatClarivate,Edhasatechnicalbackgroundinelectronicengineering,instrumentationandparticle/plasma

devices.Ed'scareerhasfocused

ondevelopinganddeliveringnew

methodsofanalyzinginnovation

ecosystemstoclientsandstakeholders,andthemanagementofconsultancy

servicesteamsglobally.Hehas

advisedhundredsofcorporations,

institutionsandgovernments

worldwidewithtechnologyand

innovationconsultingengagements.

Acknowledgements

WithassistancefromcolleaguesattheInstituteforScientificInformation:

DmytroFilchencko,RyanFry,LisaHulme,MilovanKova?,JanaMilivojevi?,RossPotterandGordonRogers.

AdditionalanalysisprovidedbyTimesHigherEducation,whereindicated.

Foundationalpast,visionaryfuture

AbouttheInstituteforScientificInformation

TheInstituteforScientificInformationatClarivatehaspioneeredthe

organizationoftheworld'sresearch

informationformorethanhalfa

century.Todayitremainscommittedtopromotingintegrityinresearchwhileimprovingtheretrieval,interpretationandutilityofscientificinformation.

ItmaintainstheknowledgecorpusuponwhichtheWebofScience

indexandrelatedinformationand

analyticalcontentandservicesare

built.Itdisseminatesthatknowledgeexternallythroughevents,conferencesandpublicationswhileconducting

primaryresearchtosustain,extendandimprovetheknowledgebase.

Formoreinformation,pleasevisit

/isi

AbouttheClarivateCenter

forIPandInnovationResearch

Combiningmorethan60yearsof

intellectualpropertyexperience,theClarivateCenterforIPandInnovationResearchempowersorganizations

worldwidetoexcelbyprovidingexpertguidancegroundedinpioneering

benchmarksanddata-driveninsights.Bringingtogetherseniorpractitioners,consultantsanddataanalysts,the

Centerperformsresearchtoestablishanddisseminatebenchmarksthat

guidemanagementandstrategy.

Itworkswithlegal,IPandinnovation

leaderstooptimizeIPoperationsandtechnologyandimproveIPdecision-making,supportedbyindustry-leadingdata,analyticsandprovenpractices.

Formoreinformation,pleasevisit

/products/

center-for-ip-innovation-research

ISBN:978-1-7395906-6-6

DOI:

10.14322/isi.grr.research.impact.in.society

4

Executivesummary

Balancinginternalandexternal

researchimpactsremainsessentialtocapturinganddemonstratingthecomprehensivevalueofresearchtosociety'sprosperity,well-beingandeconomicgrowthandtothe

climateandtheenvironment.

Incorporatingresearch,commercial

andhealthcaredatafora

comprehensiveapproachformsasolidfoundationtotrackhowresearchcanmakealastingimpactonourworld.

Thisreportdelvesintothetopic

ofdigitalhealth,exemplifyingour

capabilitiesbywayofarecentprojectcarriedoutincollaborationwith

TimesHigherEducation(THE)anddeliveredatanindustry-wide

event

atStanfordUniversity,Californiain

February2024.Thisrequiredthe

integrationofmultipledatasourcesfromacrosstheClarivateportfoliotoconstructcomplexcross-dimensionalperspectivestoshedlightonboth

societalandacademicbenefits.

AfocusedreviewoftheacademicliteratureconductedbytheISIat

Clarivaterevealedasignificant

surgeinpublicationsrecorded

withtheterm"digitalhealth"and

associatedterms.In2013,amere39publicationsfeaturedthetermintheirtitles,abstractsorkeywords;by2022publicationsonthistopichadrisennearly70-fold.(Figure1)

Papersinthesub-fieldofAIand

advancedanalyticshaveseenthe

greatestgrowthoverthepastdecade.

ThisupwardtrendpredatesthepopularizationofAItechnologieslikeChatGPT,whichareoften

consideredthecatalystsforAI'smainstreamcommercialsuccess.

WeidentifytheTop10countries/

regionsrankedbyoutputofarticleson'digitalhealthandAIandrelated

methods'publishedinjournals

indexedintheWebofScience,

2013-2022.(Table1)andwename

theresearchinstitutionsrankedby

outputofarticleson'digitalhealthandAIandrelatedmethods'published

injournalsindexedintheWebofScience,2013-2022.(Table2)

Wefoundthatpatentingactivityindigitalhealthoutpacedtherateofgrowthofthepublicationsinthescientificandscholarlyliterature,2013-2022.Weidentified~140K

patentedinventions,discoveringthatthegrowthinpatentfilings(Figure2)outpacedtheincreaseinacademicpapers(Figure1)duringtheperiod2013-2022.

Clarivatealsoexaminedtheleading

innovativeentitieswithstrongpatentportfoliosindigitalhealthresearch

andtechnologies.Themajorityof

patentassigneeswerecorporates,

indicatingthatcorporateactivity

indigitalhealthhasoutstripped

academicresearch,presumablyto

secureintellectualcapitalandgain

earlymarketadvantage.Theseincludebothwell-establishedandstart-up

firmsandasurprisingandunusualmixoforganizations.(Table3)

Aswasevidentintheanalysisofthe

journalliterature,MainlandChina,

representedbytheChineseAcademyofSciences,MainlandChinese

universities,andMainlandChinese

corporations,isthedominantnationalplayerinAIpatentingrelatedto

digitalhealth.(Figures4and5)

Wecouldalsotracetheimpactof

universityresearchondigitalhealth

innovationasresearchpapersauthoredbythesefirmsaddressingdigital

healthandcitedpapersauthored

byuniversitiesofferaparallelroute

totracingnon-academicimpact.

Whileitisrelativelyrareforresearchpaperstocitepatents,doingsocanprovideanadditionallinkinthechainofinnovation.Tables4and5listthetop10institutionsandcountries/

regions,respectively,bydocumentscitedbypatentsforeachofthethreedigitalhealthtopicfields.ThishelpsusunderstandhowimpactfulresearchdocumentsareforIPadvancements.

5

Introduction

Researchunderpinsknowledge

discoveryandverification,deliveringessentialbenefitstothehealth

andwealthofsocieties.While

governmentsandotherfundersof

researchrecognizethisimportanceit

iscrucialtorelyonempiricalevidence,ratherthananecdotalaccounts,to

maintaineffectiveconsensus.ThisreportdemonstrateshowClarivate

canharnessitsextensivedata

resourcestodescribeandtrackthosebenefits.However,itconcludeswith

acautionarynote:whileassessment

ofthesocietalimpactofcertain

researchendeavorsisfeasible,the

establishmentofuniversallyapplicable,verifiableandreplicableindicators

thatwouldprovidevalidandsoundcomparisonsacrossvariousfieldsremainsanongoingchallenge.

Theexcellenceofresearchispartlysignaledbyinternalindicators

withintheacademiccommunity,

suchasthesignificanceofjournalpublicationsasreflectedincitationindicators.Academicexcellence,highlightedbythesemeasures,is

rightlyadmiredandpraised.Yetitisimperativetorecognizethatfunded

researchyieldsnumerousother

benefitsbeyondacademicmetrics.Therefore,wemustalsoconsider

externalindicatorsofsocietalimpact.

Thecaptureanddocumentationofthedownstreamsocietalimpactofupstreaminvestmentsinresearchischallenging.Moreover,evaluationsystemsmaybeinconflict:"the

[policy]emphasisonsocietalimpactontheonehand,andan[academic]assessmentfocusonrecentpast

performanceontheother,areatleastpartiallyconflictingpolicyincentives."(Moed,Theproblemofassessingsocialimpact).

Thereisawidespreadnotionthat

thesocietalimpactofresearchisa

newconcernforfundingagencies.Whileitcanbedifficulttomeasureandisrarelythemainimpetusbehindresearcheffort,theexpectationthatpubliclyfundedresearchshould

yieldbenefitsforthepublicinvestorisintrinsictoitspoliticalsupport.

Itisforthisreasonthatweatthe

InstituteforScientificInformation(ISI)havebeen

investigatingthese

topics

forthepastfewdecades.

Todate,nationalagencieshave

oftenfocusedsolelyoninternal

researchcriteriawhenprioritizing

ideasandreportingoutcomes.Twokeythingsexplainwhy.Publication

servesasthebackbonetothe

academicprocess;citationiscore

toacademicculture,guidedby

establishedpeernorms.Universallyembracedbyall,acrossdisciplines

andgeographicalregions,academiccitationpracticesexhibitremarkableconsistency–i.e.everyoneprovidesauthorship,affiliationandlocation

detailsinasimilarway.Theability

toindexandutilizethisconsistent

informationenabledtheISItoprovideahigh-quality,meticulouslycurated,comprehensiveandtrustworthy

repositoryofpublicationrecordsandmetadata,nowembodiedintheWebofScience.Andwedemonstrated

howthisdatacouldbeleveragedtoderive'impact'indicators.

"Whileitcanbedifficulttomeasureandisrarelythemainimpetusbehindresearch

effort,theexpectationthatpubliclyfundedresearchshouldyieldbenefitsforthepublicinvestorisintrinsictoitspoliticalsupport."

6

Balancinginternalandexternalresearchimpactsremainsessentialtocapturinganddemonstratingthecomprehensivevalueofresearchtosociety'sprosperity,well-beingandeconomicgrowthand

totheclimateandtheenvironment.

However,thesameleveloffeasibilitydoesnotextendtothemeasurementofother(external)researchimpacts.

Projectsspanningmedical,

technological,socialandcultural

domainsexhibitvarying–sometimesoverlapping–impactsthatdifferincharacteristics,challengingeffortstoquantifyandcomparethemduetotheirdiversityandtimeframes

rangingfrom5,10oreven20years.

IntheUnitedKingdom,the2014and2021ResearchExcellenceFrameworks(REF),whichaudithighereducation

institutionsandinformgovernment

researchfunding,askedhowresearchhad"aneffecton,changeorbenefittotheeconomy,society,culture,

publicpolicyorservices,health,

theenvironmentorqualityoflife,

beyondacademia."A

2015study

of

some6,700casestudiessubmittedtotheREF,usedtext-miningandother

techniquestodrawoutconsiderableevidencefortheHigherEducation

FundingCouncilofEngland(HEFCE).However,littleofthispermitted

measurementorcomparisonsanditwasconcludedthat"quantitativeevidencesupportingclaimsfor

impactwasdiverseandinconsistent,suggestingthatthedevelopmentofrobustimpactmetricsisunlikely."

Severalfactorscontributetothiscomplexity:

1.Thereisatimelagforthenew

knowledgeemergingfrom

researchtobeunderstood,

developedandappliedtopolicies,newproductsandprocesses,

socialortechnological.

2.Manyresearchdiscoveriesspawnmultipleapplicationsandmostnewproductsaretheresultofmultiple,collaborativelinesofdevelopment.

3.Thelackofsocialorcommercialconventionsforassigningcredittooracknowledgingtheoriginsofideas,outsideofpatenting,hampersimpactassessment.

4.Societalimpactisdifficulttoscaleandthefractionalattribution

ofanyonediscoverytoan

improvementisnearimpossible.

Itisalsoevidentfrommanystudiesthatsuccessfulinnovationisrarelylinearandmoreoftentakesplace

inaninterplaybetweenresearch

producerandsocietaluser.Theideathatresearchtakesplaceinan'ivorytower'isinaccurateasmostleadingscientists,technologistsandsocial

researchersworkcollaboratively.Recognizingthis,theAustralianResearchCouncilevaluatesboth'

EngagementandImpact

'.

Theestablishmentofstandardsforimpactindicatorsposeschallengesrequiringdeepthinkingandbroaddataresources.Researchimpactprogressesgradually,akintothe

movementofaglacierratherthanastream,suggestingthatinthe

short-termindicatorsmightwell

havetobeappliedto'indicative'or'anticipated'ratherthanobservedorrealizedimpactoutcomes.

Balancinginternalandexternal

researchimpactsremainsessential

tocapturinganddemonstratingthecomprehensivevalueofresearch

tosociety'sprosperity,well-being

andeconomicgrowthandtothe

climateandtheenvironment.We

arecommittedtoworkingalongsideourpartnerstodevelopmultiple

perspectivestodemonstratebroadercontributions,whileremainingvigilantagainstthepitfallsofoversimplifyingimpactthroughsolitarymetrics.

7

02.Theremarkableriseofdigitalhealth

Thesubsequentsectionsofthis

reportdelveintothetopicof

digitalhealth,exemplifyingour

capabilitiesbywayofarecent

projectcarriedoutincollaborationwithTimesHigherEducationanddeliveredatanindustry-wide

event

atStanfordUniversity,CaliforniainFebruary2024.ThisstudyintegratesmultipledatasourcesfromacrosstheClarivateportfoliotoconstructcomplexcross-dimensional

perspectivestoshedlightonbothsocietalandacademicbenefits.

Thelandscapeofdigitalhealthis

rapidlyevolving,drivenbyresearch,innovationandthepressingneedtoenhancepatientcare.Researchandinnovationinotherdisciplinesarealsocreatingnewcapabilitiesthatcan

beeffectivelyappliedtohealthcare.Thetechnologiesbeingenvisioned

anddevelopedholdsignificant

potentialforbothcommercialand

clinicalsuccess,advancingthe

causeofhumanhealth.Thisistothe

benefitofall—individuals,researchinstitutions,commercialorganizations,healthcareproviders,fundersand

governments.Clarivate,withitsdeepandbroad-reachingdataresourcesacrossresearch,innovationand

healthcare,coupledwithitsexpertanalysts,iswell-positionedtoreviewafieldlikedigitalhealthandlook

atitspotentialsocietalimpacts.

TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)defines'digitalhealth'as"thefieldof

knowledgeandpracticeassociatedwiththedevelopmentanduseof

digitaltechnologiestoimprove

health.ThisexpandstheconceptofeHealthtoincludedigitalconsumers,andawiderrangeofsmartdevicesandconnectedequipment."

TimesHigherEducation

InFebruary2024,some200researchleadersfrom23nationsrepresentinguniversities,corporations,governmentagenciesandfoundationsgatheredatStanfordUniversity.Theirfocus:toexplore,discussanddebatethe

ongoingrevolutioncreatedbycombiningdigitaltechnologieswith

conventionalhealthcare.DigitalHealth2024wassponsoredbyStanfordCenterforDigitalHealth,theStanfordHealthcareInnovationLab,andTimesHigherEducation,withClarivateprovidingessentialresearch

andinnovationdataandin-depthanalysistoinformthediscussions.

Relatedtermssuchas'eHealth'typicallyrefertoelectronicallyprovidedhealthcareinformationandservicesviatheinternet,

while'mHealth'designates

mobileapplications,includingthoseoncellphonesand

connectedwearabledevices.

EdWhite,HeadoftheClarivate

CenterforIPandInnovationResearchandGlobalHeadofIntelligence

ConsultingatClarivateshared

insightsattheStanfordconference

andsuggestedthatdigitalhealthasatermmaysoonbepassé."Weusedtotalkaboutbigdata—butnowwejustsaydata.It'sprobablythesamewithdigitalhealth—it'sjusthealthcare."

Theanticipatedsocietalbenefitsof

accessingandutilizingdigitalhealtharemanifold,includingimproving

accesstoandthequalityofmedical

care,enablingmorepersonalizedcarewithgreaterpatientinvolvementandcommitment,fosteringashifttowardspreventiveratherthanreactivecare,streamlininghealthcaredelivery,andreducingcosts.However,concerns

ariseregarding

inequitiesinaccess

,privacyandethicalissues,regulatoryoversightandreimbursement

policies,newworkflowproceduresforhealthcareproviders,aswellas

thevalidationofdevicesandservicesforeffectivenessandcostefficiency.Navigatingthislandscapeiscomplex.

TheFebruary2024TimesHigherEducationanalysisshared,

"'Poverty,lackofaccesstodigitalhealth,poorengagementwithdigitalhealthforsomecommunities,andbarrierstodigitalhealthliteracy

aresomefactorsthatcancontributetopoorhealthoutcomes,'readone2020paper,"

DigitalhealthequityandCOVID-19:theinnovation

curvecannotreinforcethesocialgradientofhealth

",publishedin

theJournalofMedicalInternetResearch—thejournalthathaspublishedthebiggestshareofdigitalhealthpapersinthisstudy."

8

03.Whatpapersandcitationssayaboutresearchindigitalhealth

Withtheadventofwearable

technology,theproliferationoffitnessapplications,andtheintegration

oftelemedicineintomainstream

healthcaresincetheCovid-19

pandemic,itishardlysurprisingthatresearchintodigitalhealthhasgrownsignificantly.Yet,theextentofthis

growthremainstrulyremarkable.

Researchindigitalhealthspansmanydiversefields,rangingfrombasic

sciencetotechnologyapplications,biomedicalandclinicalinvestigationtomaterialsscience,engineering

andcomputerscience,andeven

socialsciencestudiesinpolicy,

ethics,management,sociologyandpsychology.Italsoexemplifieshow

researchspanningacademia,industryandgovernmentlaboratoriesmovesintotherealmofnewtechnologies

andapplications,usesandservices.

Togaindeeperinsightsintothesedevelopments,analystsfromtheLifeSciences&HealthcaredivisionatClarivatesharedataxonomy

tocategorizethetopicofdigitalhealthintothreemajorfields:

1.Devicesandhardware:

wearabledevices,connecteddevices,sensorsandgaming.

2.Softwareandanalytics:mobile

healthapps,softwareasamedicaldevice,connectedhealthcare

platforms,telemedicineand

remotecare,digitalimagingand

remotediagnostics,andartificial

intelligenceandadvancedanalytics.

3.Function:clinicalpracticeitselfandhealthandresearchworkflows.

Afocusedreviewoftheacademic

literatureconductedbytheISIat

Clarivate,analyzingarticlesand

reviews(papers)across22,000

trustedjournalsintheWebofSciencedatabase,revealedasignificantsurgeinpublicationsrecordedwiththe

term"digitalhealth*"(theasterisk

incorporatesassociatedterms).In

2013,amere39publicationsfeaturedthetermintheirtitles,abstractsor

keywords;by2022publicationsonthistopichadrisennearly70-foldto2,641papers,totaling7,944overthedecade.

Thesearchstrategiesemployedtopinpointpapersrelatedto

thesethreesub-fieldthemes

weresignificantlymoreintricatethanasimplequeryforthe

term'digitalhealth'.Thisrefinedapproachyieldedapproximately125,000publications,asubstantialincreasefromthe8,000initially

identifiedinthepreliminarysweepdiscussedearlier.

Figure1:(PublishedinTimesHigherEducation)Percentgrowthin

paperspublishedinsubfieldsrelatedtodigitalhealthinjournalsindexedintheWebofScience,2013-2022:AIandadvancedanalyticspapers

grew2,724%since2013.(Datasource:WebofScience,Clarivate).

Percentageincreaseinpaperspublished,2013–2022

3,000

2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0

Wearabledevice

Connecteddevice

Sensors

Gaming

Mobilehealthapp

Softwareasamedicaldevice

Connectedhealthcareplatforms

Telemedicine,remotecare

imaging,remotediagnostics

AI,advancedanalytics

practice/therapy

Healthandresearchworkflows

Digital

Clinical

Device/hardwareSoftwareandanalyticsFunction

9

Investorspourbillionsintodigitalhealthstartups,sparkingalucrativeeraforuniversitiesinafast-movingecosystem

The

accompanyingarticle

publishedinTimesHigher

EducationusedClarivatedata

tohighlightthepotentialof

thisfieldforresearchinstitutions.

"Withinvestorssniffinground

universitiesforthenextbigthing–theypiled￡21billionintodigitalhealthstart-upsin2022and￡31billionin2021–thegoldenageofdigitalhealthresearchcould

alsobeaverylucrativeonefor

scientistsandtheirinstitutions.

Butwheredouniversityresearchers,withtheirtraditionalfocuson

publicationsandlong-termprojects,fitintoafast-movingecosystem

thatsupportershopewillalsoofferhugegainsforpublichealth?"

Top25institutionswithcitationimpact

Rank

Institution

DigitalhealthpapersintheWebofScience

Citations

Percentageofpapersinthetop10%bycitation

CNCI

1

BethIsraelDeaconessMedicalCenter

70

1,444

28.57

4.11

2

YaleUniversity

51

532

17.65

3.49

3

UniversityofCopenhagen

50

1,011

26.00

2.59

4

UniversityofManchester

75

1,582

32.00

2.50

5

HarvardUniversity

284

4,885

28.52

2.46

6

WorldHealthOrganization

53

917

28.30

2.22

7

Brigham&Women’sHospital

68

1,116

22.06

2.20

8

UniversityofOxford

130

2,844

26.92

2.10

9

StanfordUniversity

129

2,899

26.36

1.98

10

ImperialCollegeLondon

131

2,631

21.37

1.93

11

UniversityCollegeLondon

198

4,021

30.81

1.92

12

UniversityofEdinburgh

60

746

26.67

1.85

13

MassachusettsGeneralHospital

80

1,350

30.00

1.83

14

ETHZurich

55

634

25.45

1.70

15

KarolinskaInstitute

66

1,200

24.24

1.64

16

UniversityofPennsylvania

69

933

15.94

1.60

17

NationalUniversityofSingapore

81

1,535

24.69

1.59

18

UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego

71

1,532

25.35

1.58

19

UniversityofQueensland

68

668

22.06

1.56

20

UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles

72

1,446

22.22

1.51

21

NanyangTechnologicalUniversity

55

1,082

16.36

1.47

=22

UniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco

134

1,935

20.90

1.45

=22

LondonSchoolofHygiene&TropicalMedicine

58

1,182

17.24

1.45

24

UniversityofToronto

163

1,765

16.56

1.43

25

FreeUniversityofBerlin

87

841

20.69

1.42

Datasource:Clarivate.Note:CNCI=CategoryNormalizedCitationImpact.Thisisameasureoftherelativerateofcitationforaninstitution

givenpapers'ageandfieldclassification(olderpaperswillbemorecitedthanyoungeronesanddifferentfieldscarrydifferentaverageratesofcitation).

10

04.Canartificialintelligence(AI)makehealthcaremoreefficientandimpactful?

AIandadvancedanalyticshaveseenthegreatestgrowthoverthepast

decade.Beginningwithjust93papersin2013,thepublicationpoolexpandedto7,662papersfortheperiod2013-

2022,risingannuallythrough335

(2018),1,320(2020),and2,626(2022).Thisupwardtrendpredatesthe

popularizationofAItechnologieslikeChatGPT,whichareoftenconsideredthecatalystsforAI'smainstream

commercialsuccess.(Figure1)

TheUnitedStatesledinmostofthemajorfieldsandsubfieldareasinourtaxonomy,withthenotableexceptionofAIandadvanced

analytics.Inthisarea,MainlandChinaoutproducedtheUnitedStatesandnearlymatcheditinresearchinfluence,asmeasuredbycitationimpact.(Table1)

Table1:Top10countries/regionsrankedbyoutputofarticleson'digitalhealthandAIandrelatedmethods'publishedinjournalsindexedintheWebofScience,2013-2022.(Datasource:WebofScienceandInCites?,Clarivate)

WebofScienceItems

Citations

CategoryNormalizedCitationImpact(CNCI)

%Top10%

Datasetbaseline76621708771.9926.82

MainlandChina

2191

62362

2.26

27.93

UnitedStates

1808

52565

2.51

33.74

India

721

11529

1.79

24.27

UnitedKingdom

687

20374

2.69

36.83

SouthKorea

379

8141

1.90

26.65

Canada

362

11158

2.81

36.19

Italy

336

7821

2.15

33.04

Australia

301

6924

2.23

30.23

Germany

298

6206

2.19

29.87

SaudiArabia27844212.3334.89

11

Table2:Researchinstitutionsrankedbyoutputofarticleson'digitalhealthandAIandrelatedmethods'publishedinjournalsindexedintheWebofScience,2013-2022.(Datasource:WebofScienceandInCites,Clarivate)

WebofScienceItems

Citations

CategoryNormalizedCitationImpact(CNCI)

%Top10%

Datasetbaseline76621708771.9926.82

HarvardUniversity

234

8714

3.16

37.18

UniversityofToronto

113

3369

3.00

39.82

StanfordUniversity

106

4403

3.95

50.00

HuazhongUniversityofScience&Technology

97

5792

4.36

47.42

ChineseAcademyofSciences

95

2903

2.06

33.68

UniversityCollegeLondon

88

3306

3.24

43.18

ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity

83

2304

2.17

25.30

MassachusettsGeneralHospital

81

3756

3.95

41.98

Xi'anJiaotongUniversity

77

9465

7.30

54.55

ImperialCollegeLondon7315232.2341.10

Amongtop-rankeduniv