第一章題庫所有244道Issue題目的寫作提綱

GRE寫作Issue問題題庫分析與提綱

第一類社會

Generallyspeaking,competitioncontributestoprogressinsociety.

1.Generallyspeaking,competitioncontributestoprogressinsociety.

2.Indemocraticcountries,whenpartiesandcandidatescompetefor

power,thepublicbenefits.

3.Admittedly,whencompetitiongetsoutofthecontrolofmoresandlaws,

societywillsuffer.

競爭對于社會的優點和缺點

3."Itismoreimportanttoallocatemoneyforimmediate,existingsocial

problemsthantospenditonlong-termresearchthatmighthelpfuture

generations."

與其花錢進行可能有助于后代的長期性研究，還不如把錢花在迫在眉睫，已

經存在的社會問題上。

Humanityshouldtakeintoaccountbothlong-terminterestsandshort-term

interestswhenmakingbudgets.

1.Naturally,eachgenerationismostconcernedaboutsolvingproblems

thatimmediatelyconfrontthem.

2.However,whatdifferentiateshumanbeingsfromotheranimalsisthat

humanshaveasenseoffutureandaremorallyresponsibleforthe

well-beingoftheirdescendents.

3.Therefore,asbeneficiariesofpreviousgenerations,eachgeneration

shouldmakeitsowncontributionforthewell-beingoffuture

generations.

當務之急和百年大計的關系

9."Academicdisciplineshavebecomesospecializedinrecentyearsthat

scholars'ideasreachonlyanarrowaudience.Untilscholarscanreacha

wideraudience,theirideaswillhavelittleuse."

近些年來，學科已經細化到了相當的程度以至于學者們的理念只影響小范圍

的人群。除非學者們能擁有影響到大范圍的人群，否則他們的理念將幾乎毫

無用處。

Thespeakeroversimplifiestheissueofacademicinfluenceonsociety.

1.Itistruethatacademicdisciplineshavebecomesospecialized

nowadaysthatsomescholar'sseeminglyidiosyncraticideasonlyreach

anarrowaudience.

2.Itisalsotruethatsocialscientists'failingtoreachthelargepublic

makesitimpossiblefortheirideastocontributetosociety.

3.Nevertheless,scholarsincertainrealmsaredoomedtoliveinan

isolatedandpurelyacademicworld,whichdoesnotnecessarilymean

thattheirideaswillhavelittleuse.

過分專業化問題overspecialization

15."Thestabilityofasocietydependsonhowitrespondstotheextremes

ofhumanbehavior."

一個社會的穩定取決于該社會對人們極端行為所作出的反應。

Itistruethathowasocietycopeswiththeextremesofhumanbehavior

largelydeterminesthesociety'sstability.

1.Theextremesofhumanbehavior-suchasviolenceorstrikes-usually

dictategravesocialtroubles.

2.Onesolutiontothesesocialproblemsissuppressing,whichproves

effectiveintheshortrunandcounterproductiveinthelongrun.

3.Themosteffectivewayofrespondingtosuchproblemsisconstructive

communicationandsometimescompromise.

抽象型題目

16."Althoughmanypeoplethinkthattheluxuriesandconveniencesof

contemporarylifeareentirelyharmless,infact,theyactuallyprevent

peoplefromdevelopingintotrulystrongandindependentindividuals."

盡管許多人認為現代生活的奢華和便利是絲毫沒有壞處的，但是這實際上讓

人們無法成為真正強大和獨立的個體。

Agree

1.Considerfirsttheeffectoftheautomobileonourindependenceas

individuals.Insomerespectstheautomobileservestoenhancesuch

independence.

2.However,wehavebecomeslavestotheautomobile.

3.Considernexttheoverallimpactoftheautomobileonourstrengthas

individuals,bywhichImeanstrengthofcharacter,ormettle.

4.Incontrast,thereisacertainstrengthofcharacterthatcomeswith

eschewingmodernconveniencessuchascars,andwiththeknowledge

thatoneiscontributingtoacleanerandquieterenvironment,asafer

neighborhood,andarguablyamoregenteelsociety.

社會和個人之發展問題

17."Therearetwotypesoflaws:justandunjust.Everyindividualina

societyhasaresponsibilitytoobeyjustlawsand,evenmoreimportantly,

todisobeyandresistunjustlaws."

有兩種法律：公正的和不公正的。每個社會成員都有責任遵守公正的法律，

但是更重要的是，更應該不遵守和反抗不公正的法律。

Disagree:

1.First,whetheralawisjustorunjustisrarelyastraightforwardissue.The

fairnessofanylawdependsonone'spersonalvaluesystem.

2.Thefairnessofalawalsodependsonone'spersonalinterest,orstake,

inthelegalissueathand.

3.Disobeyingunjustlawsoftenhastheoppositeeffectofwhatwas

intendedorhopedfor.

4.Byjustifyingaviolationofonesortoflawwefindourselvesonaslippery

slopetowardsanctioningalltypesofillegalbehavior,including

egregiouscriminalconduct.

社會和個人之法律公正么？

19."Ifasocietyistothrive,itmustputitsownoverallsuccessbeforethe

well-beingofitsindividualcitizens."

如果一個社會要繁榮就必須將社會整體的成敗置于單個社會成員的幸福之

±o

Disagree

1.Thesocietyismadeupofindividualcitizens;therefore,the

developmentofindividualcitizensiscrucialforthedevelopmentofthe

wholesociety.

2.Asocietythatignoresthewellbeingofindividualcitizensisboundto

endupinsocialturmoilorrevolution.

少數和多數之成功

20."Nationalgovernmentsshoulddevotemoreoftheirsocialprograms

andservicestochildrenthantoadults."

任何一個國家的政府都應該為孩子而不是為成人建設更多的社會項目和服

務。

1.Noonewoulddenythefactthatitisintheyounggenerationthatliesthe

futureofoursociety.

2.Therefore,weshouldattachenoughimportancetothedevelopmentof

children.

3.However,thisdoesnotmeanthatwecanignoretheinterestsofadults,

whomakeupthemajorworkforceofoursociety.

孩子和成人之社會建設

22."Manypeoplebelievethatafewindividualsorsmallgroups(family,

friends,teachers,celebrities,forexample)havecausedthemtothinkand

behaveinthewaytheydo.Yetitisalwayssocietyasawholethatdefines

usandourattitudes,notafewindividuals."

很多人認為只是一些個人或者小團體(比如家庭、朋友、老師、名人)促成

了他們的思維和行動。其實一直以來不是一些個人而是社會作為一個整體在

定義我們和我們的態度。

1.Individualsandsmallgroupsalsochangeourattitudesandmindstoa

largeextent.

2.Everyoneinfluencingusisalsoinfluencedthesociety.

3.Internetisplayinganevermoresignificantroleininfluencingpeople's

attitudeandvalues.

少數和多數之定義人生

23."Contemporarytechnologymakesavailablemanysmallpiecesof

factualinformation.Asaresult,peoplehavebecomesopreoccupiedwith

bitsoffragmentedinformationthattheypaytoolittleattentiontothelarger

issuesandoverallperspectives."

現代技術使獲得大量細節信息成為可能。其結果是人們全神貫注于七零八碎

的信息而很少去注意更大的問題和全局。

1.Accesstogreatdealofinformationhelppeoplegetawiderviewofan

issue,thushelpthempreventbeinglimitedinthoughts.

2.Technologyhelpsuspaymoreattentiontothelargerissuesandoverall

perspectives.

3.Topreventpreoccupationbyfragmentedinformation,peopleshould

holdrightviewoninformation,nottoassimilateall,buttopercolate

relevantonesfromthoseneedingonlyaglance.

少數和多數之細節信息

29."Publicfiguressuchasactors,politicians,andathletesshouldexpect

peopletobeinterestedintheirprivatelives.Whentheyseekapublicrole,

theyshouldexpectthattheywillloseatleastsomeoftheirprivacy."

像演員、政治家和運動員這樣的公眾人物應該預料到大眾會對他們的私生活

感興趣。當他們希望受人矚目的時候就應該至少預期到會失去一些隱私（被

大眾得知一些隱私）。

Agree:

1.Intensemediaattentiontothelivesofpublicfiguresraisesa

presumptioninthecollectivemindoftheviewingorreadingpublicthat

ourpublicfigures'livesarefarmoreinterestingthanourown.

2.Themediaconsistoflargecorporationswhosechiefobjectiveisto

maximizeshareholderprofit.Inpursuitofthatobjective,themediaare

simplygivingthepublicwhattheydemand-avoyeuristiclookintothe

privatelivesofpublicfigures.

3.Nevertheless,thestatementshouldbequalifiedinthatapoliticalfigure

hasreasontoexpectprivacythanotherpublicfigures.

少數和多數之公眾人物的隱私

33."Creatinganappealingimagehasbecomemoreimportantin

contemporarysocietythanistherealityortruthbehindthatimage."

在當代社會，打造一個引人入勝的外表已經變得比外表下的內容更加重要

To

Iagreethatimagehasbecomeamorecentralconcern,atleastwhere

short-termbusinessorpoliticalsuccessisatstake.Nevertheless,Ithink

thatinthelongertermimageultimatelyyieldstosubstanceandfact.

1.Theimportantroleofimageisparticularlyevidentinthebusinessworld.

2.Thegrowingsignificanceofimageisalsoevidentinthepoliticalrealm,

particularlywhenitcomestopresidentialpolitics.

3.Inthelongterms,however,thesignificanceofimagewanes

considerably.

外表和內容

36."Thegreatnessofindividualscanbedecidedonlybythosewholive

afterthem,notbytheircontemporaries."

一個人是否偉大是由后人評定的而非他同時代的人。

1.Wedonotrequirearear-viewmirrortorecognizeartisticgreatness—

whetherinmusic,visualarts,orliterature.Thereasonforthisissimple:

artcanbejudgedatfacevalue.

2.Incontrast,inthesciencesitisdifficulttoidentifygreatnesswithoutthe

benefitofhistoricalperspective.

3.Intherealmofbusiness,insomecasesgreatachievementis

recognizableimmediately,whileinothercasesitisnot.

時間先后

40."Scholarsandresearchersshouldnotbeconcernedwithwhethertheir

workmakesacontributiontothelargersociety.Itismoreimportantthat

theypursuetheirindividualinterests,howeverunusualoridiosyncratic

thoseinterestsmayseem."

我們不應該僅僅關注學者和研究者的著作能否對社會做出貢獻。更重要的是

關注他們如何追求實現自己的興趣，無論那些興趣顯得是多么的非同尋常。

Agree:

1.Whoistodecidewhichareasofacademicinquiryareworthwhile?

Scholarscannotbelefttodecide;norcanregulatorsandlegislators.

2.Secondly,byhumannaturewearemotivatedtopursuethoseactivities

inwhichweexcel.

3.Thirdly,itis"idiosyncratic"and"unusual"avenuesofinquirythatleadto

greatestcontributionstosociety.

少數和多數之科學家

41."Suchnon-mainstreamareasofinquiryasastrology,fortune-telling,

andpsychicandparanormalpursuitsplayavitalroleinsocietyby

satisfyinghumanneedsthatarenotaddressedbymainstreamscience."

研究界的一些非主流領域，比如星象學、占卜術和意念及超自然探索，在社

會中起到了很重要的作用，因為它們滿足了人們無法從主流科學獲得的需

求。

1.Admittedly,thesenon-mainstreamareasofinquiryaddresscertain

humanneeds,whichmainstreamscienceandotherareasofintellectual

inquiryinherentlycannot.

2.However,becausethesepursuitsarenotrootedinreason,theyare

favoritepastimesofcharlatansandotherswhoseektopreyondupes.

3.Furthermore,withoutanysurewaytoevaluatethelegitimacyofthese

avenuesofinquiry,participantsbecomevulnerabletoself-deception,

falsehopes,fantasticideasandevendelusions.

少數和多數之非主流學科

46."Whilesomeleadersingovernment,sports,industry,andotherareas

attributetheirsuccesstoawell-developedsenseofcompetition,asociety

canbetterprepareitsyoungpeopleforleadershipbyinstillinginthema

senseofcooperation."

政府、體育界、工業界和其他領域中的一些領導者將他們的成功歸因于一種

高度的競爭意識，然而一個社會還是應該更好的為那些即將成為領導者的年

輕人灌輸一種合作的意識。

Agree

1.Thechiefreasonwhyweshouldstresscooperationinnurturingyoung

peopletodayisthat,astomorrow'sleaders,theywillfacepressing

societalproblemsthatsimplycannotbesolvedapartfromcooperative

internationalefforts.

2.Thesecondcompellingreasonforinstillinginyoungpeopleasenseof

cooperationovercompetitionisthateffectiveleadershipdependsless

onthelatterthantheformer.

3.Athirdreasonwhyinstillingasenseofcooperationistobepreferred

overinstillingasenseofcompetitionisthatthelatterservestonarrowa

leader'sfocusonthwartingtheeffortsofcompetitors.

47."Societydoesnotplaceenoughemphasisontheintellect--thatis,on

reasoningandothercognitiveskills."

社會對于理性還是重視不夠，比如推理和認知的能力。

Whilethespeakermightoverlookthebenefitsofnurturingcertain

emotionsandfeelings,onbalanceIagreethatitisbywayofourheads

ratherthanourheartsthatwecanbestensurethewell-beingofour

society.

1.Iconcedethatundueemphasisoncultivatingtheintellectatthe

expenseofhealthyemotionscanharmandindividualpsychologically.

2.Inmanyotherrespects,however,emphasizingemotionsand

de-emphasizingintellectcancarrynegative,evendangerous,

consequencesforanysociety.

3.Thedangersofade-emphasisonintellectarealltooevidentin

contemporaryAmerica.

獨立題目

58."Theincreasinglyrapidpaceoflifetodaycausesmoreproblemsthanit

solves."

現代生活越來越快的節奏弊多利少。

Agree

1.Therapidpaceoflifehasresultedinhealthproblemsinunprecedented

largenumbers.

2.Althoughpeopletodayhavemoreleisuretime,theyarenotinabetter

positionthantheirancestorstoenjoythemselves.

3.Moreunfortunately,peopleseemtohavebecomeaddictedtotherapid

paceofmodernlife.

利多弊少題型

61."High-profileawardssuchastheNobelPrizeareactuallydamagingto

societybecausetheysuggestthatonlyafewpeopledeservesuch

recognition."

最高榮譽比如諾貝爾獎實際上是在損害社會，因為這種獎項在暗示只有少數

人才配得上這樣的榮譽。

Thefactthatonlyafewpeopledeservehigh-profileawardsisinsufficient

evidencetosuggestthatsuchawardsaredamagingtosociety.

1.Undoubtedly,high-profileawardssuggestthatonlyafewpeople

deservesuchrecognition.

2.Whatissignificantisthathigh-profileawardspointouttheright

directionsinwhichallindividualsinparticularfieldsshouldmakeefforts.

3.Tomakesurethathigh-profileawardsservetherightpurposeofsociety,

itisimperativethattherulesoftheawardsbefairandstrictlyadhered

to.

少數和多數，精英和大眾

65."Peoplehavebeensoencouragedbysocietytofocusonapparent

differencesthattheyfailtoseemeaningfulsimilaritiesamongideas,

individuals,andgroups."

人們被社會鼓勵而將注意力集中于顯而易見的差異上，以至于人們已經無法

看到各種理念、個人和群體之間的有意義的相似。

Peopleindifferentculturalenvironmentswouldresponddifferentlytothis

statement.

1.Ontheonehand,westernculturestendtofocusondifferencesamong

ideas,individualsandgroups.

2.Thedangeroftraditionalsocieties,ontheotherhand,istoignore

differencesforcingindividualsandgroupstoconformtooneauthority.

3.Ahealthyattitudeistobesensitivetobothdifferencesandsimilarities.

統一和差異

70."Inanyprofession-business,politics,education,government-those

inpowershouldstepdownafterfiveyears.Thesurestpathtosuccessfor

anyenterpriseisrevitalizationthroughnewleadership."

在任何領域中--商業、政治、教育、政府--掌權者應該在五年后就讓位。

這是任何機構獲得成功的最好的方式：通過更新領導者而保持活力。

Limitingthetermofleadershipisaneffectivewaytopreventcorruption

andlackofinitiatives.

1.Whenleadershavenofearoflosingtheirpower,theytendtoabuse

theirpower.

2.Anewleadershipusuallyhasgreaterinitiativeandwouldbringinnew

ideas.

3.However,incertainrealmssuchasbusinessitmightnotbeso

necessarytolimitthetermofleadership.

4.Furthermore,newleadersoftenlackthenecessaryskillandexperience

tocopewithexistingproblems;therefore,theyneedaperiodoftimefor

adaptation.

新手和老手

72."Onecanbestunderstandthemostimportantcharacteristicsofa

societybystudyingitsmajorcities."

人們可以通過研究一個社會的主要城市來了解它最重要的特點。

Itisnolongertruethemajorcitiesarecharacteristicofasociety.

1.Majorcitiesusedtobetheculturalcentersofasociety.

2.Nowadays,however,duetotheinfluenceofglobalization,majorcities

throughouttheworldlookmoreorlessthesame.

3.Bycontrast,theruralareasofasocietymaintainmoreofitscultural

tradition.

少數和多數之以小見大

76."Trulyprofoundthinkersandhighlycreativeartistsarealwaysoutof

stepwiththeirtimeandtheirsociety."

真正深刻的思想家和充滿創造力的藝術家總是超前于他們所在的時代和社

會的。

Tobemoreexact,greatthinkersandartistsaregenerallyoutofstepwith

theirtimeandsociety.

1.Manygreatartistsremainedobscurealltheirlives.

2.Therearecountlessexamplesoforiginalthinkerswhowereeither

ignoredormisunderstoodbytheirtimeandtheirsociety.

3.However,therearecasesofgreaterthinkersorartistswhowere

recognizedandrocketedtoinstantfameintheirowntimeandtheirown

society.

另類天才

89."Leadersarecreatedprimarilybythedemandsthatareplacedupon

them."

領導者主要是由身負的責任所造就的。

Generallyspeaking,leadersaretheresultsofacombinationofinternal

qualitiesandexternalconditions.

1.Thedemandsplaceuponapersoncouldchallengehimorherto

becomealeader.

2.However,thestatementseemstosuggestthatanybodycanbecomea

leaderifdemandsareplacedonhimorher,whichisunwarranted.

3.Besidesopportunities,onealsoneedtohavecertainqualitiestomakea

leader.

時勢造英雄

93."Theconceptof'individualresponsibility'isanecessaryfiction.

Althoughsocietiesmustholdindividualsaccountablefortheirownactions,

people'sbehaviorislargelydeterminedbyforcesnotoftheirownmaking."

個人責任的概念是一種很必要的虛構。盡管社會必須讓個人對他們自己的行

為負責，但是人們的行為很大程度上不是自己能夠左右的。

1.Theclaimthatindividualresponsibilityisanecessaryfictionshassome

meritinthatasocietywhereindividualsarenotheldaccountablefor

theiractionsandchoicesisalawlessone,devoidofanyorder

whatsoever.

2.Acorrelativeargumentforindividualresponsibilityinvolvesthefactthat

lawless,oranarchist,statesgivewaytodespoticrulebystrong

individualswhoseizepower.

3.Asforthespeaker'ssecondclaim,itfliesinthefaceofoureveryday

experiencesinmakingchoicesanddecisions.

少數和多數之個人責任

113."Itisprimarilythroughouridentificationwithsocialgroupsthatwe

defineourselves."

如果我們要定位自己最重要是要定位自己所處的社會團體。

Istronglyagreethatwedefineourselvesprimarilythroughour

identificationwithsocialgroups,asthespeakerasserts.

1.Anydevelopmentalpsychologistwouldagreethatsocializationwith

otherchildrenplaysacriticalroleinanychild'sunderstandingand

psychologicaldevelopmentofself.

2.Aschildrenprogresstothesocialworldoftheplaygroundandother

after-schoolvenues,theirearlierrecognitionthattheyrelatemore

closelytosomepeoplethantoothersevolvesintoadesiretoform

well-definedsocialgroups,andtosetthesegroupsapartfromothers.

3.However,asyoungadultstakeontheresponsibilitiesofpartnering,

parenting,andworking,theyappeartodefinethemselveslessbytheir

socialaffiliationsandmorebytheirmaritalstatus,parentalstatus,and

occupation.

120."Somuchisnewandcomplextodaythatlookingbackforan

understandingofthepastprovideslittleguidanceforlivinginthepresent."

現代社會是如此的嶄新和復雜以至于回首了解過去對于當代生活已經沒有

太大幫助了。

Eventhoughhistoryoffersfewfoolproofpanaceasforlivingtoday,the

author'sclaimthattoday'sworldissouniquethatthepastisirrelevantis

tooradical.

1.Admittedly,historyhashelpeduslearntheappropriatenessof

addressingcertainsocialissues,particularlymoralones,onasocietal

level.

2.However,theonlyfirmlessonfromhistoryaboutsocialillsisthatthey

areheretostay.

現在和過去

126."Society'sexternalrewardsarenomeasureoftruesuccess.True

successcanbemeasuredonlyinrelationtothegoalsonesetsfor

oneself."

社會給予的客觀獎勵并不能衡量真正的成功。真正的成功只能是取決于一個

人為他自己設定的目標。

Successshouldbegaugedonapersonalbase.

1.Society'sexternalrewardscanonlyberegardedassociety's

recognitionofone'scontributiontosociety.

2.Foranindividualperson,acorrectattitudeistogaugesuccessin

relationtothegoalsonesetsforoneself.

3.Overemphasizingthesocialcriterionofsuccesstendstobelittlethe

worthofanindividual.

客觀和主觀

133."Theproblemsofmodernsocietyhaveledmanypeopletocomplain:

'Weliveinterribletimes.'Yet,giventhechoice,noonetodaywouldprefer

toliveinanyothertime."

現代社會的問題是很多人都在抱怨：“我們生活在一個可怕的時代。”但是假

設讓他們選擇的話，現在的人們仍然會選擇現在而不是其他的時代。

Weliveinthebesttimeofhistory.

1.Firstly,ourlivingconditionstodayaresuperiortothoseofanypast

generations.

2.Secondly,technologieshavemadeitpossibleformentoworkunder

muchmorecomfortableworkingconditionstodaythanbefore.

3.Mostoftheproblemstroublingustodayhavebeentroublinghuman

beingsforalongtime.

時間

140."Whatsocietyhasthoughttobeitsgreatestsocial,political,and

individualachievementshaveoftenresultedinthegreatestdiscontent."

被社會自詡為是它最偉大的社會、政治和個人成就的東西結果往往帶來最大

的非議。

Agreewithconcession:

1.Withrespecttoindividualachievements,greatachieversarebynature

ambitiouspeopleandthereforetendtobedissatisfiedanddiscontent

withtheiraccomplishments—nomatterhowgreat.

2.Individualachievementscanoftenresultindiscontentonasocietal

level.

3.Turningfromindividualachievementstosocietal,includingpolitical,

achievements,theextenttowhichgreatachievementhavecaused

discontentoftendependsonone'sperspective.

社會和人民大眾

142."Thewell-beingofasocietyisenhancedwhenmanyofitspeople

questionauthority."

當很多人都質疑權威的時候社會就會繁榮昌盛。

Agreewithconcession:

1.Admittedly,whenmanypeoplequestionauthority,somesocietalharm

mightresult,evenifasocialcauseisworthy.

2.Whileviolenceisrarelyjustifiableasameansofquestioningauthority,

peacefulchallengestopoliticalandlegalauthority,bymanypeople,are

notonlyjustifiablebutactuallynecessarywhenitcomestoenhancing

andevenpreservingsociety'swell-being.

3.Questioningauthorityisalsoessentialforadvancesinthesciences.

4.Similarly,inthearts,peoplemustchallengeestablishedstylesand

formsratherthanimitatethem;otherwise,nogenuinelynewartwould

everemerge,andsocietywouldbeworseoff.

149."Themostpracticalandeffectivewaytoprotectwildernessareasisto

attractmoretouriststotheseareasthroughenvironmentallysensitive

projects."

保護野生環境最實際和最有效的途徑就是通過環保的（旅游）項目吸引更多

的旅游者來這些地區（旅游）。

Disagree

1.Touristsswarmingtovisittheenvironmentallysensitiveprojectsmay

poseaseriousthreattothewildnessareas.

2.Themostpracticalandeffectivewaytoprotectwildernessareasisto

leavethoseplacestotakecareofthemselves.

環保和旅游的關系

152."Theonlyresponsibilityofcorporateexecutives,providedtheystay

withinthelaw,istomakeasmuchmoneyaspossiblefortheircompanies."

公司的經營者們唯一的責任就是在法律規定范圍之內為他們的公司賺盡可

能多的錢。

Inseveralrespectsthispositionhasconsiderablemerit;yetitignores

certaincompellingargumentsforimposingonbusinessesadditional

obligationstothesocietyinwhichtheyoperate.

1.Ontheonehandareconvincingargumentsthatprofitmaximization

withintheboundsofthelawshouldbeabusinessexecutive'ssole

responsibility.First,imposingonbusinessesadditionaldutiestosociety

inwhichtheyoperatecan,paradoxically,harmthatsociety.

2.Secondly,byaffirmingthatprofitmaximizationwithinlegalboundsisthe

mostethicalbehaviorpossibleforbusiness,moreprivateenterprises

andindividualswillbeencouragedenterthemarketplaceinthequestof

profits.

3.Ontheotherhandarecompellingargumentsforholdingbusiness

executivestocertainresponsibilitiesinadditiontoprofitmaximization

andtocompliancewiththeletteroflaw.

-160."Themostessentialqualityofaneffectiveleaderistheabilityto

remainconsistentlycommittedtoparticularprinciplesandobjectives.Any

leaderwhoisquicklyandeasilyinfluencedbyshiftsinpopularopinionwill

accomplishlittle."

對于一位強有力的領導者來說，最關鍵的能力就是要對一些原則和目標堅定

不移。任何領導如果很頻繁的、很輕易的為大眾意志而轉移的話，他將會一

事無成。

Inaddressingtheissueitishelpfultoconsider,inturn,threedistinctforms

ofleadership:business,politicalandsocial-spiritual.

1.Inthebusinessrealm,effectiveleadershipisgenerallydefined,atleast

inourcorporateculture,asthatwhichachievesthegoalofprofit

maximizationforafirm'sshareholdersorotherowners.

2.Inthepoliticalrealm,stubbornadherencetoone'sobjectiveintheshort

termmightserveapoliticalleader'sinterestinpreservinghisorher

power,yetinthelongtermsuchbehaviorinvariablyresultsinthat

leader'sdownfall.

3.Socio-spiritualleadership,inordertobeeffective,inherentlyrequires

thattheleaderremainsteadfastlycommittedtoprinciple.

少數和多數之領導與大眾

170."Thesurestindicatorofagreatnationisnottheachievementsofits

rulers,artists,orscientists,butthegeneralwelfareofallitspeople."

一個偉大國家最真實的體現不是它的統治者、藝術家或者科學家的成就，而

是他所有老百姓的普通福利（幸福）。

1.Admittedly,theoverridingimperativeofanydemocraticstateisto

enhancethegeneralwelfareofitscitizenry.Yetthespeakerfailsto

provideaclearlitmustestformeasuringthatwelfare.

2.Manyscientificachievementsservetoenhanceanation'sgeneral

welfare.

3.Artisticachievementisalsoneededtomakeanationabetterplacefor

humansoverall.

4.Weshouldalsobecarefulnottohastilyassumethatanationis

necessarilygreatmerelybyvirtueoftheachievementsofindividual

citizens.

社會精英和人民大眾

thegeneralwelfare

171."Peoplewhopursuetheirownintellectualinterestsforpurely

personalreasonsaremorelikelytobenefittherestoftheworldthanare

peoplewhotrytoactforthepublicgood."

能夠造福社會的是那些純粹出于個人原因而追求自己興趣知識的人，而不是

那些打算為大眾謀福利的人。

Agree

1.Byhumannaturewearemotivatedtopursueactivitiesinwhichwe

excel.

2.Secondly,itisunusualavenuesofpersonalinterestthatmostoftenlead

tothegreatestcontributionstosociety.

3.Thirdly,toadoptaviewthatrunscontrarytothespeaker'sposition

wouldbetosanctioncertainintellectualpursuitswhileproscribing

others-whichsmacksofthoughtcontrolandpoliticaloppression.

個人和整體之動機

174."Lawsshouldnotberigidorfixed.Instead,theyshouldbeflexible

enoughtotakeaccountofvariouscircumstances,times,andplaces."

法律不應該是僵化或固定的，而應該根據不同的環境、時期和地點而足夠靈

活。

1.Ontheonehand,acertainmeasureofconsistency,stabilityand

predictabilityinourlawsisrequiredinorderforustounderstandour

legalobligationsandrightsaswegoaboutourday-to-daybusinessas

asociety.

2.Ontheotherhand,rigidlawscanresultinunfairnessifappliedinflexibly

inallplacesatalltimes.

法律的靈活性

178."Itispossibletopasslawsthatcontrolorplacelimitsonpeople's

behavior,butlegislationcannotreformhumannature.Lawscannot

changewhatisinpeople'sheartsandminds."

通過法律可以控制或者限制人們的行為，但是立法是無法改變人類本性的。

法律無法改變人們的感情和思想。

Itisnecessarytorealizethelimitsoflawwhenwehail"rulebylaw".

1.Commontellsusthatwithoutlaws,societywouldfallintoastateof

chaos.

2.However,legislationcannotreformhumannature.

3.Societyshoulddependoneducationtocultivatepeople'sheartsand

minds.

180."Manyproblemsofmodernsocietycannotbesolvedbylawsandthe

legalsystembecausemoralbehaviorcannotbelegislated."

現代社會的很多問題是法律和立法系統無法解決的，因為道德行為是無法用

法律約束的。

Iagreewiththisassertioninsofarasitrelatestoconstraintsoncertain

personalfr