專題限時集訓(七)閱讀理解推理判斷之文章出處、讀者對象A(2019·蘭州市診斷考試)Anewchapteropenedinmankind'sexplorationofthemoononThursdaymorningasthefirstprobe(航天探測器)tolandonthemoon'sfarsidereacheditsdestinationaftera26-dayjourney.TheChang'e4lunarprobe，representingChina'slateststepinlunarinvestigation，landedat10：26amattheVonKármáncraterandthensentbackthreephotosofthelandingsiteshotbycamerasontheprobe'slander(著陸器)，markingtheworld'sfirstimagestakenonthesurfaceofthefarside.Oneofthephotos，publishedbytheChinaNationalSpaceAdministration，showstheplacewhereChang'e4'srover，whichwasnamedYutu2onThursdaynight，willbeheadingtoexploreandsurvey.ThusbeganthefirstlongjourneytothesideofthemoonthatfacesawayfromtheEarth.Itismeanttofulfillscientists'long-helddesiretocloselyobservethelesserknownregion.Tidal(潮汐的)forcesonEarthslowthemoon'srotationtothepointthatthesamesidealwaysfacesEarth.Theotherside，mostofwhichisnevervisiblefromEarth，isthefarsideofthemoon.Whileithasbeenphotographedbyspacecraft，startingwithaSovietprobein1959，noprobehadevermadeasoftlandingthere，soscientistshadnotbeenabletoconductsurface-levelobservationsandsurveysoftheregion.WuWeiren，chiefdesignerofChina'slunarprogram，saidinBeijingonThursdaythatthelanding“wasperfect”．Hecalledtheevent“animportantmilestoneforChina'sspaceexploration”，addingthatithasmadeagoodstartforfuturelunarexplorationefforts.Withitsinvestigationofthefarside，particularlytheVonKármáncrater，theChang'e4missionwillenablescientiststofindoutwhattheyhaven'tknownaboutthemoonanddeepentheirknowledgeofitsearlyhistoryandofthesolarsystem.【語篇解讀】嫦娥四號探測器在月球背面著陸，這標志著中國探月工程的巨大進步，同時也為人類了解月球的背面提供了信息。1．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．ThebasicdataoftheChang'e4lunarprobe.B．TheChang'e4'sworld-firstlandingonthemoon'sfarside.C．TheChang'e4's26-dayvisittothefarsideofthemoon.D．Thedescriptionofthephotostakenonthesurfaceofthemoon'sfarside.B[考查主旨大意。根據第一段第一句“Anewchapteropenedinmankind'sexplorationofthemoononThursdaymorningasthefirstprobe(航天探測器)tolandonthemoon'sfarsidereacheditsdestinationaftera26-dayjourney”可知，本段主要介紹了嫦娥四號實現了人類首次在月球背面著陸。故選B。]2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inthethirdparagraphreferto?A．Thelander.B．Therover.C．Thefarsideofthemoon.D．TheChang'e4lunarprobe.C[考查詞義猜測。根據第三段的第二句“Theotherside，mostofwhichisnevervisiblefromEarth，isthefarsideofthemoon”以及畫線詞所在句中的“Whileithasbeenphotographedbyspacecraft”可知，it在這里指代“thefarsideofthemoon”，故選C。]3．Whatcanweinferfromthistext?A．Itisonlyonthemoonthatpeoplecanexplorethedeepspace.B．ThescientificinformationobtainedbyChang'e4willbenewtotheworld.C．Itisthefirsttimeforpeopletoseethepicturesofthefarsideofthemoon.D．Chinesespacetechnologyismoreadvancedthanthatofanyothercountry's.B[考查推理判斷。根據第一段最后一句中的“markingtheworld'sfirstimagestakenonthesurfaceofthefarside”可知，嫦娥四號月球探測器發回的照片是世界上首次在月球背面拍攝照片，由此可推知，B項正確。]4．Inwhichsectionofawebsitecanweprobablyreadthistext?A．Tourism.B．HealthCare.C．ScienceandTechnology.D．ArtandEntertainment.C[考查文章出處。本文為新聞報道，介紹了嫦娥四號探測器首次在月球背面著陸，這標志著中國探月工程的巨大進步，由此可推知，本文可能出自一個網站的科技版面。故選C。]B(2019·成都市診斷性檢測)Youngtreesdon'tjustgrow；theydevelopapersonalityandlearnmoreabouttheirenvironmentandhowtheyshouldbestbehaveinit.Theyalsohelpeachotheroutwheneverthere'strouble.Personality，justasamongpeople，variesamongtrees.Someareanxious，somebold.Ontheauthor'sland，therearethreeoaktreesgrowingclosetogether.Oneoftheoaktreesalwaysstartstosheditsleavestwoweeksearlierthantheothers.Sincetheyallexperiencethesametemperature，thesamesoilandthesamelengthofday，suchvariablescan'tbetheexplanation.Sowhat'shappening？Well，thistreeissimplymorecarefulthantheothers.Whoeverholdsontotheirleaveslongercandomorephotosynthesis(光合作用)andstoremorenutrients.However，thelongeratreekeepsitsleaves，thehighertheriskofinjury.Notonlydotreesmaketheirowndecisions,theyalsolearnfromtheirmistakes.Atree，forexample，keepingitsleavestoolongduringoneyearwillnevermakethismistakeagain.Thisleadstoseveralotherconclusions：treesmustnoticethetemperatureandthelengthofthedayandbeabletosavetheirexperiencessomewhere.Obviously，treesdon'thavebrains，butitisthoughtthatinthesensitivetipsoftheirrootstheykeeptrackofinformationandexperiences.Buttreesaren'tonlycleverwhenitcomestocaringforthemselves.Theyalsosupporteachotherwheneverthere'stroublebygivingwarningsandeventakingcareofsickandweakconspecificswithnutrients.Forexample，onetimetheauthorfoundaveryoldtreestump.Itsinsideshadrottedalongtimeagototopsoil.Butthewoodontheoutsideofthestumpwasstillliving.Howwasthispossible？Well，thestumpwasnourishedbyitsneighborswithnutrientsfromtherootsystem，andhadbeenforatleast400years!Whydotreesdosuchathing？It'ssimple：it'sbettertogether.Treesneedtheforest；itprotectsthemfromstorms，providestherightmicroclimateandwarnsthemofattacks.【語篇解讀】本文是一篇說明文。主要介紹了樹的智慧。5．Whydoestheauthormentionthethreeoaktrees?A．Toillustratetreescanlearnfromexperiences.B．Toshowtreescanmakeindependentdecisions.C．Toexplaintreesarequitesupportivetoeachother.D．Toprovetreeshavethesamepersonalitiesashumans.B[考查推理判斷。根據第二段第四句可知，三棵橡樹中，有一棵總比其他兩棵先落葉；結合第三段第一句可知，樹木能自己做決定；據此可推知，作者提及三棵橡樹旨在說明樹木可以自己做決定，故B項正確。]6．Accordingtothetext，whichofthefollowingbestdescribesgeneralfeaturesoftrees?A．Anxiousandbold.B．Smartandadventurous.C．Helpfulandwell-behaved.D．Adaptableandsupportive.D[考查推理判斷。根據第三段第一句，并結合第三段內容可知，樹木不僅能自己做決定，還能從自己的錯誤中吸取教訓；據此可推知，樹木適應能力強；根據第四段第一、二句可知，樹木不僅善于照顧自己，當遇到困難時，它們會發出警告，相互支持，甚至照顧生病、虛弱的同類；據此可推知，樹木之間互幫互助，故D項正確。]7．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“dosuchathing”mean?A．Givewarnings.B．Offerassistance.C．Dependonothers.D．Providenutrients.B[考查詞義猜測。根據第四段尾句可知，樹樁是由它的鄰居從根處給予營養來滋養的；結合第五段第一句Whydotreesdosuchathing？和第五段的內容可知，該處表示“為什么樹木要互相幫助？”，故畫線短語是指提供幫助，故B項正確。]8．Wheredoesthistextmostprobablycomefrom?A．Apubliclecture.B．Asciencebook.C．Anexperimentreport.D．Atraveljournal.B[考查文章出處。通讀全文可知，本文是一篇說明文，主要介紹了樹的智慧：每棵樹都有它不同的個性，遇到困難時它們也會互相幫助；研究發現，樹不但能自己做決定，還能從自己的錯誤中吸取教訓；據此可推知，本文最可能選自科學書籍，故B項正確。]C(2019·昆明市診斷測試)Who'rehappier，menorwomen？Researchshowsit'sacomplexquestionandthataskingwhethermalesorfemalesarehappierisn'treallythathelpful，becausebasically，happinessisdifferentforwomenandmen.Women'shappinesshasbeendecliningforthepast30years，accordingtorecentstatistics.Andresearchshowsthatwomenaretwiceaslikelytoexperiencedepressioncomparedwithmen.Gender(性別)differencesindepressionarewellconfirmedandstudieshavefoundthatbiological，psychologicalandsocialfactorscontributetothedifference.Earlystudiesongenderandhappinessfoundmenandwomenweresocializedtoexpressdifferentfeelings.Womenaremorelikelytoexpresshappiness，warmthandfear，whichhelpwithsocialbondingandappearmoreconsistentwiththetraditionalroleasaprimarycaregiver，whilemendisplaymoreanger，prideanddisrespect，whicharemoreconsistentwithaprotectorandproviderrole.Recentresearchsuggeststhatthesedifferencesarenotjustsocially，butalsogeneticallyrelated.Studieshavelookedintothesefindingsfurtheranddiscoveredthatfemalesusemoreareasofthebraincontainingmirrorneurons(鏡像神經元)thanmaleswhentheyprocessfeelings.Mirrorneuronsallowustoexperiencetheworldfromotherpeople'sview，tounderstandtheiractionsandintentions.Thismayexplainwhywomencanexperiencedeepersadness.Womentendtoexperiencemorenegativefeelings，suchasmoreguilt，shameandtoalesserdegree，embarrassment.Psychologicallyitseemsmenandwomendifferinthewaytheyprocessandexpressfeelings.Withtheexceptionofanger，womenexperiencefeelingsmorestronglyandsharetheirfeelingsmoreopenlywithothers.Studieshavefoundinparticularthatwomenexpressmoreappreciation—whichhasbeenlinkedtogreaterhappiness.Thissupportsthetheorythatwomen'shappinessismoredependentonrelationshipsthanmen's.【語篇解讀】本文從社會、生理和心理三個方面介紹