書面表達中的高級結構王道波我們高三英語教師在講評書面表達時，經常告訴學生說，書面表達要得高分，就得有高級句型和高級詞匯；但很多同學在寫書面表達時，總認為高級句型和高級詞匯很神秘，高不可及。其實，未必如此！通過研讀一些優秀的學生習作和歷年高考書面表達的范文，我們發現，很多所謂的高級句型和高級詞匯正是我們老師反復講解和訓練的。下面列舉一些常見且高級的詞匯和句型，供同學們參考。一．高級詞匯1．occur替換thinkof想到，被想起SuddenlyIhadanideathatsomeonehadbrokenintomyhouse.→Anideaoccurredtomethatsomeonehadbrokenintomyhouse.Itoccurredtomethatsomeonehadbrokenintomyhouse.2．devote替換spend貢獻，花費Hespendsallhissparetimeinreading.→Hedevotesallhissparetimetoreading.3．seek替換want/lookfor尋找Theysought(wanted)tohidethemselvesbehindthetrees.4．average替換ordinary普通的I’manaverage(ordinary)student.5．but替換veryvery很nothingbut整個表示很Thefilmwesawlastnightwasveryinteresting.→Thefilmwesawlastnightwasnothingbutinteresting.Thefilmwesawlastnightwasanythingbutboring.6．seat替換sit坐下Onhiswaytoschool,hefoundanoldladyseated(sitting)bytheroad,lookingworried.7．suppose替換should應該Heissupposedto(should)havedrivenmoreslowly.8．appreciate替換thank感激Thankyouverymuchforyouhelp.→Weappreciateyourhelpverymuch./Yourhelpismuchappreciated.9．thecase替換true正確的Idon’tthinkitisthecase(true).10．on替換assoonas一……就……Assoonashearrived,hebeganhisresearch.→Onhisarrival,hebeganhisresearch..11．dueto替換becauseof因為Hearrivedlatedueto(becauseof)thestorm.12．cover替換walk走Aftercovering(walking)10miles,weallfelttired.13．contributeto替換behelpful/useful有用，有貢獻PlentyofmemoryworkisundoubtedlyhelpfultoEnglishstudy.→PlentyofmemoryworkwillundoubtedlycontributetoEnglishstudy.14．roundthecorner替換comingsoon/nearby①Thesummervacationisroundthecorner(coming).Doyouhaveanyplans?正在來②LiMingstudiesinaschoolroundthecorner(nearby).附近15．cometolight替換discover發現Thefamilyweresopleasedwhentheydiscoveredthelostjewels.→Thefamilyweresopleasedwhenthelostjewelscametolight.16．haveaball替換haveagoodtime/enjoyoneself玩得開心Aftervisitingtheworkshop,wewentbacktoschool.Everyoneofushadaball(hadagoodtime).17．comeupwith替換thinkof想到Jackisveryclever.Heoftencomesupwith(thinksof)newideas.18．setaside替換save節省下來Somestudentsthinkthattheyshouldsetasidesomeoftheirpocketmoneyforbooks.(2004天津卷)19．beof+n.替換adj.Theproductsareofhighquality(verygood)andaresoldeverywhereinChina.20．referto替換talkabout/of,mention提及到Theprofessoryoureferredto(talkedabout)isveryfamous.21．cannotbut/cannothelpbut替換havetodo不得不做……Icouldnotbut(hadto)gohome.22．moreoftenthannot替換usually經常Moreoftenthannot(Usually),themeaningofmanywordscanbeeasilyguessed.23．lest替換sothat/inorderthat為了IwrotedownhistelephonenumbersothatIwouldnotforgetit.→IwrotedownhistelephonenumberlestI(should)forgetit.24．belongforsth./belongtodosth.替換wanttodosth./wishfor想做某事Iwanttoseeyouverymuch.→Iamlongtoseeyou.25．becaughtupin/becrazyabout/beabsorbedin/beaddictedto替換beinterestedinHeiscaughtupin(veryinterestedin)collectingstamps.很感興趣26．morethan替換very很①I’mverygladtolearnthatyouarecominginSeptember.→I’mmorethangladtolearnthatyouarecominginSeptember.(NMET2003)②IfthereisanythingIcandoforyou,Iwouldbemorethangladtohelp.(2004全國卷)27．perfect(ly)替換good/verywell好Hespeaksperfect(good)English./HespeaksEnglishperfectly(verywell).28．dosba/thefavor替換help幫助Wouldyoupleasedomethefavor(helpme)toturndowntheradio?29．theotherday替換afewdaysago以前TheotherdaymybrotherandIwenttothecinemabybicycle.(NMET1997)30．inthecourseof替換during在……期間Inthecourseof(During)themountain-climbing,pleasehelpeachotherandpayspecialattentiontoyoursafety.31．themajorityof替換most大部分Themajorityof(Mostof)theintervieweespreferwatchingTVathometogoingtothecinema.32．consistof替換bemadeupof由……組成Ourclassconsistsof(ismadeupof)50students.33．bewornout替換betired/broken壞掉了①Afterfivehours’non-stopwork,wewereallwornout(tired).②Myshoesarewornout(broken).Pleasebuymeanewpair.34．becomeof替換happen發生Whatdothinkhasbecomeof(happenedto)him?35．attendto替換lookafter照顧36．onconditionthat替換aslongas只要37．nevertheless替換however但是38．expressone’ssatisfactionwith替換besatisfiedwith感到滿意39．sparenoeffortstodo替換tryone’sbesttodo盡全力做某事40．manya替換many許多41．berushedoffone’sfeet替換bebusyindoing忙于做某事42．ahandfulof替換alittle/some一些43．meanwhile替換atthesametime與此同時44．gettoone’sfeet替換standup站起來45．beneath替換under在……下面46．occasionally替換sometimes/onceinwhile有時47．forinstance替換forexample舉個例子48．seldom替換notoften幾乎不49．wealthy替換rich富有的50．amazing替換surprising令人驚訝的51．asamatteroffact替換infact事實上二．高級句型結構◆It句型①Itwillbe+sometime+before…Itwon’tbelongbeforehumansvisittheMars.②Itis+adj./n.+forsbtodosth.Itisveryimportantforustolearncomputerwell,becauseithaschangedourlifesomuch.HesaidsinceitwasanewmodelinChina,itwasimpossibletofixitwithouttherightspareparts.（2008年湖北卷）③Itis+被強調部分+that…1)ItiswhatYangLiweihasdonethatencouragesusalot.2)Thosewholikereadingextensivelysayitisthroughreadingthatwegetourknowledge.◆more…thananyother表示最高級Amongtheoptionalcourses,spokenEnglishandcomputerstudyaremorepopularthananyoneelse.◆名詞從句①Itwouldmeanagreatdealtometolistentothetapeandlearnwhatiscoveredinthetalk.(2004全國卷Ⅲ)②Myhometownisnolongerwhatitusedtobe.◆（非限制性）定語從句①TheflatisinabuildingonFangcaoStreet.ItisnotfarfromJianxinChineseSchool.→TheflatisinabuildingonFangcaoStreet,whichisnotfarfromJianxinChinese②Itwasquiteanexperienceforusboth,whichI’llneverforgetfortherestofmylife.(2002北京卷)◆分詞結構①Idon’tknowaboutothers,butIusedtohavetoworkevenatweekendsdoingendlesshomeworkandattendingclassesaswell.(NMET2001)②We’llmostlystayathomeintheeveningwatchingTV,playinggames,andmeetingpeople.(2004全國卷Ⅱ)③Hearingthis,afewpeoplebegantorunafterhim.（2004遼寧卷）=4\*GB3④BorninAmerican,ThomasEdisonwasagreatscientistandinventor.（2008年湖南卷）◆with結構①Aterribleaccidenthappenedyesterday,withninepeoplekilledandalmosteightyinjured.②Hewascarryingabedrollandalargebagonhisshoulder,withalargesuitcaseinhislefthand.◆倒裝句①Thelibraryistotheeastoftheteachingbuilding.→Eastoftheteachingbuildingisthelibrary.②Althoughwearetired,wearehappy.→Tiredasweare,wearehappy.③Onlyinthiswaycanhegrowtobeausefulman.(2002上海卷)=4\*GB3④Mayallyourdreamscometrue!Mayourfriendshiplasttilltheendoftheuniverse.!（2007年湖南卷）◆被動語態①Opinionsaredividedonthequestion.(NMET2002)②Allclassesaretaughtbyteacherswithrichexperienceinteachingforeignstudents.(2004全國卷Ⅳ)③Newfactories,housesandroadshavebeenbuilt.(2004江蘇卷)◆巧妙的改寫（1）．Only改成noonebutOnlyTompassedtheexamlastweek.→NoonebutTompassedtheexam.（2）．assoonas…改成Nosooner…than…/Hardly…when…/Immediately…/ThemomentNosoonerhadwearrivedatthecinemathanthefilmstarted.（3）．havesb/sthdo/doneThegirlwasknockedoffherbicycleandhadherlegbroken(herlegwasbroken.).（4）．變換插入語的位置①However,theysuggestfeesshouldbechargedlow.→Theysuggest,however,feesshouldbechargedlow.(NMET2002)②Ithinkthisisagoodchanceforyoutoshowyoursingingtalent,andhowwellyou’velearnedChinese.→Thisisagoodchanceforyou,Ithink,toshowyoursingingtalent,andhowwellyou’velearnedChinese.(2004全國卷Ⅰ)(5).用同位語代替非限制性定語從句Meimei,whoissevenyearsold,hasbeenlearningtorideabicycleforseveraldays.→Meimei,agirlofthirteen,hasbeenlearningtorideabicycleforseveraldays.(2002上海卷)Shakespeare,asonfromapoorfamily,amanoflittleeducation,wroteplaysandpoemsthatarereadallovertheworld.（2008年湖南卷）◆其它（1）注重句子的開頭①用with復合結構開頭Withthesunsettinginthewest,wehadtowavegoodbyetotheworkers.Withhishelp,we'velearnedhowtoanalyzeandsettleproblems.（2006年湖南卷）Withthefunctionsofinserting,deleting,movingandcopying,itenablesustoedittest,browsewebpageanddownloadwhatwewant.（2009年江蘇卷）②用非謂語動詞形式開頭ⅰ）InordertoimproveourEnglish,ourschoolheldanEnglishcontest.ⅱ）Walkingtowardsthecinema,hemetaforeigner.（2）長短句交錯使用（注意：應突出主題句；長句子并非越長越好）◆◆相關過渡語1).表示時間順序:first,then,afterwards,meanwhile,later，firstofall,finally,atlast…2).表示空間順序:near,nextto,farfrom,infrontof,ontheleft,ononeside…3).表示比較、對照:like,unlike,suchas,but,however,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,nevertheless,otherwise…4).表示因果關系:because,for,asaresult,therefore,thus…5).表示遞進關系:besides,what’smore,whatwasworse,moreover,furthermore,inaddition,ontopof…6).表示并列關系:and,aswellas,also…7).表示總結性:ingeneral,inaword,inshort,onthewhole,tosumup,inbrief,toconclude…一．巧用連接詞要想使文章有整體性、連貫性，就要學會正確使用連接詞。1.表示羅列增加First,second,third,First,then/next,afterthat/next,finallyForonething…foranother…,On(the)onehand…ontheotherhand,Besides/what’smore/inaddition/furthermore/moreover/another/also,Especially/Inparticular,2.表示時間順序now,atpresent,recently,after,afterwards,afterthat,afterawhile,inafewdays,atfirst,inthebeginning,tobeginwith,later,next,finally,immediately,soon,suddenly,allofasudden,atthatmoment,assoonas,themomentformnowon,fromthenon,atthesametime,meanwhile,till,not…until,before,after,when,while,asduring,3.表示解釋說明now,inaddition,forexample,forinstance,inthiscase,moreoverfurthermore,infact,actually4.表示轉折關系but,however,while,though,or,otherwise,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,incontrast,despite,inspiteof,eventhough,except(for)，instead,ofcourse,afterall,5.表示并列關系or,and,also,too,notonly…butalso,aswellas,both…and,either…or,neither…nor6.表示因果關系because,becauseof,since,nowthat,as,thanksto…,dueto…,therefore,asaresult(of)，otherwise,so…that,such…that7.表示條件關系as(so)longas,onconditionthat,if,unless8.表示讓步關系though,although,as,evenif,eventhough,whether…or…,however,whoever,whatever,whichever,wherever,whenever,nomatterhow(who,what,which,where,when,whom)9.表示舉例forexample,forinstance,suchas…,take…forexample10.表示比較besimilarto,similarly,thesameas,incontrast,comparedwith(to)…justlike,justas,11.表示目的orthisreason,,forthispurpose,sothat,inorderto,soasto,12.表示強調indeed,infact,surely,certainly,nodoubt,withoutanydoubt,truly,obviously,aboveall,13.表示概括歸納inaword,inshort,inbrief,onthewhole,generallyspeaking,inmyopinion,asfarasIknow,asweallknow,ashasbeenstated,asIhaveshown,finally,atlast,insummary,inconclusion,二.常用句型(一)用于文章主題句

（1）不用說…

Itgoeswithoutsayingthat…（從句）

=Itisneedlesstosay(that)（從句）

=Itisobviousthat…（從句）

例如：不用說，早睡早起是值得的。

Itgoeswithoutsayingthatitpaystokeepearlyhours.

(2)…是不可能的，無法…

ThereisnoV.-ing.

=ThereisnowayofV.-ing.

=ThereisnopossibilityofV.-ing.

=ItisimpossibletoV.

=ItisoutofthequestiontoV.

=NoonecanV.

=WecannotV.

例如：不可否認，成功的關鍵在于健康的身心。

Thereisnodenyingthatsuccessfulbusinessliesinahealthybodyandmind.

(3)我深信…

Iamgreatlyconvinced(that)…（從句）

=Iamgreatlyassured(that)…(從句)

例如：我深信預防勝于治療。

Iamgreatlyconvincedthatpreventionisbetterthancure.

(4)在各種…之中,…

Amongvariouskinds…

=Ofallthe…

例如：在各種運動中，我尤其喜歡慢跑。

Amongvariouskindsofsports,Ilikejogginginparticular.

(5)…是很容易證明的。

Itcanbeeasilyproved(that)…（從句）

例如：時間最寶貴是很容易證明的。

Itcanbeeasilyprovedthatnothingismorepreciousthantime.

(6)…無論怎樣強調都不為過。

…cannotbeoveremphasized

例如：交通安全的重要性無論怎樣強調都不為過。

Theimportanceoftrafficsafetycannotbeoveremphasized.

(7)就我的看法；…我認為…

Inmyopinion…

=AsfarasIamconcerned,…

例如：就我的看法，打電游既花費也有害健康。

Inmyopinion,playingvideogamesnotonlytakesupmuchtimebutalsoisharmfultoourhealth.

（8）（A）每個人都知道…

Everyoneknows(that)…（從句）

(B)就我所知，…

Asfarasmyknowledgeisconcerned…

例如：就我所知，下列方法對我幫助很大。

Asfarasmyknowledgeisconcerned,thefollowingwaysareofgreathelptome.

（9）根據我個人經驗，…

Accordingtomypersonalexperience,…

=Basedonmypersonalexperience,…

例如：根據我個人經驗，…

Accordingtomypersonalexperience,smilehasdonemealotofgood.

(10)在我認識的人當中，也許沒有一個人比…更值得我尊敬。

OfallthepeopleIknow,Perhapsnonedeservesmyrespectmorethan…

例如：在我認識的人當中，也許沒有一個人比我的英語張老師更值得我尊敬。

OfallthepeopleIknow,perhapsnonedeservesmyrespectmorethanMissZhang,myEnglishteacher.

(11)在我的求學過程中，我忘不了…

Inthecourseofmyschooling,Iwillneverforget…

例如：在我求學的過程中，我忘不了學習英語的巨大困難。

Inthecourseofmyschooling,IwillneverforgetthegreatdifficultyIencounteredinlearningEnglish.

(12)(A)隨著人口的增加，…

Withtheincrease/growthofthepopulation,…

(B)隨著科技的進步，…

Withtheadvanceofscienceandtechnology,…

例如：隨著我國經濟的快速發展，許多社會問題產生了。

Withtherapiddevelopmentofoureconomy,alotofsocialproblemshavesurfaced.

(13)在這信息的年代，…扮演重要的角色。

Intheageofinformationandcommunication,…playsanimportantrole.

例如：在這信息的年代，計算機扮演著非常重要的角色。

Intheageofinformationandcommunication,thecomputerplaysanextremelyimportantrole.

(14)在討論…時，一個人不得不承認…

Indealingwith…,onecannotbutadmit(that)…(從句)

例如：在討論未來職業的時候，一個人不得不承認盡早決定未來的職業很重要。

Indealingwithone’sfuturecareer,onecannotbutadmitthatitisveryimportanttodecideone’sfuturecareerasearlyaspossible.

(15)世界上沒有什么比…更令我高興。

Nothingintheworldcandelightmesomuchas…

例如：世界上沒有什么比到快餐店吃漢堡包更令我高興。

Nothingintheworldcandelightmesomuchashavinghamburgersinfastfoodrestaurants.

(16)…是必要的。ItisnecessarythatS.(should)V.

…是重要的。Itisimportant/essentialthatS(should)V.

…是適當的。ItisproperthatS.(should)V.

…是緊急的。ItisurgentthatS.(should)V.

例如：我們保持公共場所的清潔是應當的。

Itisproperthatwe(should)keepthepublicplacesclean.

(17)每當我聽到…,我就忍不住感到興奮。

WheneverIhear…,Icannotbutfeelexcited.

每當我做…,我就忍不住感到悲傷。

WheneverIdo…,Icannotbutfeelsad.

每當我想到…,我就忍不住感到緊張。

WheneverIthinkof…,Icannotbutfeelnervous.

每當我遭遇…,我就忍不住感到害怕。

WheneverImeetwith…,Icannotbutfeelfrightened.

每當我看到…,我就忍不住感到驚訝。

WheneverIsee…,Icannotbutfeelsurprised.

例如：每當我想到我家附近那一條清澈的小溪，我就忍不住感到悲傷。

WheneverIthinkofthecleanbrooknearmyhouse,Icannotbutfeelsad.

=EverytimeIthinkofthecleanbrooknearmyhouse,Icannothelpfeelingsad.

(18)據說…Itissaid(that)…(從句)

一般認為…Itisthought(that)…(從句)

大家都知道…Itisknowntoall(that)…(從句)

據報道…Itisreported(that)…(從句)

一般預料…Itisexpected(that)…(從句)

一般相信…Itisbelieved(that)…(從句)

例如：一般相信閱讀增長我們的知識，拓寬我們的視野。

Itisbelieved(that)readingincreasesourknowledgeandbroadensourmind.

(19)…的主要原因是…

Themainreasonwhy…is(that)…（從句）

例如：青少年犯罪的主要原因是社會風氣日益敗壞。

Themainreasonwhythejuvenilescommitcrimesisthatsocialenvironmentisbecomingworse.

(20)俗話說得好：“…”

Wellgoesanoldsaying,“…”

=Asanoldsayinggoes,“…”

=Anoldsayinggoes,“…”

=It’sanoldsaying(that)…（從句）

例如：俗話說得好：“誠實為上策”。

Asanoldsayinggoes,“Honestyisthebestpolicy.”

(21)(A)…用下列方法。

…inthefollowingways.

(B)…有三個主要理由。

…forthreemajorreasons.

(C)要…，我們至少要做三件事。

To…,thereareatleastthreethingswecando.

例如：(A)我用下列方法增強信心。

Iincreasemyconfidenceinfollowingways.

(B)人們學習外語主要有三個理由。

Peoplelearnaforeignforthreemajorreasons.

(C)要保持身體健康，我們每天至少可做三件事。

Tokeephealthy,thereareatleastthreethingswecandoeveryday.

（二）用于文章承轉句。（22）那就是說…;亦即…

Thatistosay,…

=Thatis,…

=Namely,…

例如：我們生活需要有規律。也就是說，早睡早起，戒除煙酒。

Weneedtolivearegularlife.Thatis(tosay),wecankeepgoodhoursandrefrainfromsmokinginthedailyactivities.

（23）我們有理由相信…

Wehavereasonstobelieve(that)…

例如：我們有理由相信體罰應該嚴格禁止。

Wehavereasonstobelieve(that)corporalpunishmentshouldbestrictlyprohibited.

（24）事實上，…

Asamatteroffact,…=infact…

例如；事實上，健康才是最重要的。

Asamatteroffact，itishealththatcount.

（25）（A）例如，…

Forexample,…=Forinstance

(B)以…為例

Take…forexample

例如：例如，我們盲目地提高生活水準，卻降低生活質量。

Forexample,elevatethelivingstandardblindly,butlowerthequalityoflife.

（26）此外，我們不應忽視…

Besides(inaddition),weshouldnotneglect…例如：此外，我們不應忽視每個人都想要一個溫馨祥和的社會。

Inaddition,weshouldnotneglectthateveryonewantsafriendlyandpeacefulsociety.

(27)相反的，…

Onthecontrary,…=Bycontrast,…

例如：相反的，少數學生似乎還在虛度光陰。

Onthecontrary,afewstudents,itseems,arestillfoolingaround.

(28)另一方面，…

Ontheotherhand,…

例如：政府應嚴格執法，另一方面，大眾也應該培養減少污染的好習慣。

Thegovernmentshouldenforcelawsstrictly.Ontheotherhand,thepublicshouldalsodevelopthegoodhabitofreducingpollution.

(29)然而；很可惜的是…

However,itisapitythat…

例如：然而，很可惜的是他總是臨時抱佛腳。

However,itisapitythatheshouldalwayscramattheeleventhhour.

(30)換言之，…

Inotherwords,…=Toputitdifferently

例如：換言之，我會盡最大的努力達到我的目標。

Inotherwords,Iwilltrymybesttoattain(gain;liveupto)mygoal.

(31)別人可能認為這是事實，但我不是。我認為…

Itwillbetrueasassumedbyother,butIdon’tbelieveit.Ibelievethat…(從句)

例如：別人可能認為這是事實，但我不是。我認為如果你有很大的決心和毅力，成功最終是屬于你的。

Itwillbetrueasassumedbyothers,butIdon’tbelieveit.Ibelievethatifyouhavestrongdeterminationandperseverance,successwillcertainlycometoyouintheend.

(32)從此之后，我已發現…

Eversincethen,Ihavefoundthat…(從句)

例如：從此之后，我已發現微笑是避免我們日常生活中發生糾紛的最好辦法。

Eversincethen,Ihavefoundthatsmilingisthebestwaytoavoidanypossibleconflictsinourdailylife

(33)這樣說來，假如…,當然毫無疑問地…

Inthelight,if…,therecansurelybenodoubt(that)…(從句)

例如：假如我們能善于利用時間，當然毫無疑問地我們會成功。

Inthelight,ifwecanmakegooduseoftime,therecansurelybenodoubtthatwewillgetsomewhere.

(34)更嚴重的是，…

Whatismoreseriousis(that)…(從句)

例如：更嚴重的是，我們不珍惜野生動物。

Whatismoreseriousisthatwedonotcherishwildlife.

(35)鑒于社會實際的需要，…

Inviewofthepracticalneedofsociety,…

例如:鑒于社會實踐的需要，愈來愈多的人對學英語有興趣。

Inviewofpracticalneedofsociety,therearemoreandmorepeopleinterestedinlearningEnglish.

（三）用于文章結論句

（36）如果能實踐這三點，…

Ifonecanreallyputthethreepointsintoaction(practice),…

例如：如果能實踐這三點，他肯定能過上幸福的生活。

Ifonecanreallyputthethreepointsintoaction(practice),he