PAGEPAGE4Uint1SectionA.Time-ConsciousAmericansIntroduction:Thisisanexpositoryessay.TheauthorexplainsasocialphenomenonintheU.S.Americansaretime-conscious.HepresentswhyandhowAmericanssavetimecarefullybyusingexamplesandcause-effectanalysis.Insomeparagraphs,theauthor’sstatementispresentedatthebeginningandsupportedwithspecificdetails,andthenthereasonisgivenbriefly.Thearticlecanbedividedinto3parts:Part1(Para1-2)Americanssavetimecarefullyandtreatitasifitwerereal–apreciousresource.Part2(Para3-7)Why&howAmericansworkhardatthetaskofsavingtime.Part3(Para8)ItistakenasasignofskillfulnessorbeingcompetenttosolveaproblemorfulfillajobwithspeedintheU.S.I.Newwords1.budget①n.預(yù)算，撥款搭配：balanceone’sbudget平衡預(yù)算within/belowbudget低于預(yù)算afamilybudget家庭預(yù)算②v.(for)做預(yù)算，盤算，安排e.g.:Hebudgetedforbuyingahouse③a.便宜的，合算的e.g.:abudgetdress便宜的服裝④budgetary(budget+ary)a.預(yù)算上的2.acute①靈敏的，敏感的e.g.:Dogshaveanacutesenseofsmell.②嚴(yán)重的，劇烈的搭配：acutepain劇痛anacutelackofwater嚴(yán)重缺水③acutenessn.敏銳④辨析：acute,sharp,keenacute指五官，感覺，智力的敏銳sharp有刃的，鋒利的，也指思想敏銳，語言尖銳e.g.:asharpknife一把鋒銳的小刀asharptongue刮嘴keen鋒利的，敏銳的與sharp與acute的意思相同還可表示熱心的、著迷的3.replace①vt.把…放回原處，取代e.g..Shereplacedthebookontheshelf.②vt.取代，替代(taketheplaceof)e.g.:HehasreplacedMr.BrownasPresident.他取代布朗先生當(dāng)了董事長。③辯析：substitute,replace[動(dòng)詞]substituteAforB=replaceBwith/byA[名詞]substituteofAforB=replacementofBby/withAe.g.:Shesubstitutedhoneyforsugar.Shereplacedsugarwithhoney.她用蜂蜜替代糖。4.abrupt①a.突然的，意外的e.g.:Themeetingcametoanabruptendanabruptchangeofpolicy突然改變政策②a.（舉止、言談等）粗魯?shù)模斆У膃.g.:Whenlaskedherabouthernewjob,shewasquiteabruptwithme.[辯析]abrupt.Rude(1)rude指別人態(tài)度粗魯，缺乏必要的禮貌用語，稱呼或溫和的態(tài)度等；(2)abrupt則側(cè)重指由于過于突然或缺乏事先考慮而表現(xiàn)出來的不夠禮貌。5.brief①n.摘要inbrief(tobebrief)=inshort;inasfewwordsaspossible簡要言之thenewsinbrief新聞提要②v.向…做簡介③a.簡潔的，短暫的e.g.:Hisexplanationwasbriefandtothepoint他的說明既簡潔又切題。④brieflyad簡單地說brevityn.簡短briefcasen.文件箱，公文包6.opening①a.初始的openingwords/remarks開場(chǎng)白②n.開始；職位，空缺e.g.:theopeningofabook,speech,film,etc書（講語或電影的開頭）Therearefewopeningsinpublishingfornewgraduates出版社能為新畢業(yè)的大學(xué)生提供的空缺職位極少。7.interactn.交流；相互作用（影響）；合作Wethoughtshedidnotlikeus,whereasinfactshewasveryshy.我們以為她不喜歡我們，然而事實(shí)是因?yàn)樗芎π摺?6.competenta.有能力的，能干的，勝任的搭配辯析：becompetentforsthtodosthbecapableof(doing)sth有能力做…beabletodoe.g.:Sheiscompetentforthetask.她能勝任這項(xiàng)工作。Heisnotcompetenttolookafteryoungchildren.他不會(huì)照管孩子。Ⅱ.Phrases&Expressions1.resultin導(dǎo)致，致使，造成……的結(jié)果-Thetalksresultedinreducingthenuclearofmissiles.這些會(huì)談的結(jié)果導(dǎo)致了導(dǎo)彈數(shù)額的減少。-Oureffortsresultedinfailure.我們的努力以失敗告終。2.nothingbut只有，除了……以外什么也不-Iwantnothingbutthebestformychildren.我只想給我的孩子們最好的。-Heisnothingbutaliar.他只不過是個(gè)騙子。Cf.anythingbut-Heisanythingbutaliar.他決不是個(gè)騙子。3.accountfor①說明，解釋-Hecouldn’taccountforhisabsencefromschool.他不能對(duì)自己的曠課做出解釋。②（指數(shù)量）占-Theproductionofrawmaterialsamountsforaconsiderableproportionofthenationaleconomy.原料生產(chǎn)在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中占相當(dāng)大的比重。4.inarush匆忙的-Whyisshealwaysinsucharush?-Inmodernsociety,everyoneisinarush.5.underpressure-Hesaidthathemadehisstatementtothepolicewanderpressure.他說他是被迫向警方作此聲明的。6.gowith①與……相配，與……協(xié)調(diào)，與……和諧-Theseshoesdon’tgowiththedress.這雙鞋子對(duì)這身服裝不相稱。②同是發(fā)生，伴隨，是……的結(jié)果-Moneydoesnotalwaysgowithhappiness.錢不一定幸福。7.workat工作，從事于，鉆研-Sheworkshardatkeepingherselffit.她努力保持身體健康。-Youwillneverbecomegoodattennis,unlessyouworkatit.除非你下功夫，否則你將打不好網(wǎng)球。8.savefor①儲(chǔ)蓄，儲(chǔ)存-I’llsavesomemoneyforlateruse.我存些錢以備用。-Saveyourstrengthforthehardworkyou’llhavetodolater.留著點(diǎn)勁，你一會(huì)兒還得干重活。②除……以外-Thecurtainedstagewasemptysavingforafewpiecesoffurniture.落下帷幕的舞臺(tái)上空蕩蕩的，除幾件家具外什么也沒有。9.athand①正考慮的Thequestionwasnotrelatedtothematterathard.這個(gè)問題與正在考慮的事情無關(guān)。10.inperson親自，親身-Youhadbettergoandspeaktohiminperson.你最好還是親自去跟他說。11.dueto由于，因?yàn)?Theteam’ssuccesswaslargelyduetoherefforts.-Duetotherain,thegamewasputoff.12.beworthyof值得的，配得上的-Heisnotworthyofher.他配不上她。-Thatisveryworthyofourattention.那件事很值得我們注意。Ⅲ.Sentences:1.…noonestandsstill.(L1)Meaning:Noonekeepsmotionless,everyonemovesandadvances.（美國沒有人會(huì)停止不前）一些表示動(dòng)詞，如“stand”、“sit”、“l(fā)ie”等可用作系動(dòng)詞，后接形容詞做主語補(bǔ)足語。e.g.:-Thehousehasstoodemptyformonths.-Shestoodtherecalmandquiet,waitingfortheirdecision.-Thevalleylaypeacefulinthesun.2.Weareslavestonothingbutclock.(L5)Meaning:Weareonlyunderthecontroloftime.只有時(shí)間才能支配我們。slavetosth生活方法受……支配的人aslavetodrink金錢的奴隸aslavetomoney酒鬼3.Webudgetit,saveit,wasteit,stealit,killit,cutit,amountforit;wealsochargeforit.(L6-7)Meaning:Wedealwithtimeinvariouswaysasiftimeweresomethingofrealvalue.本句中的“it”均指時(shí)間，作者是在賓語it(time)前連續(xù)用幾個(gè)動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞來說明時(shí)間是“somethingreal”，是現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中最重要的東西。killtime消磨時(shí)間e.g.:Myflighthasdelayed,solkilledtwohoursbyreadingabook.chargefor要價(jià)e.g.:-Howmuchdoyouchargeformendingshoes?-Wecharge$2ooforasingleroomonenight.4.Wewanteveryminutetocount.Meaning:Wewanteveryminutetobeputintogooduse(sinceitisprecious).Countvi有價(jià)值，有重要性的e.g.:-Everypennycounts.-Heropinioncountsbecauseofherexperience.5.Normally,Americansdonotassesstheirvisitorsinsuchrelaxedsurroundingsoverextendedsmalltalk;muchlessdotheytakethemoutfordinner,oraroundongolfcoursewhiletheydevelopasenseoftrust.(L27-29)extendeda延長的，長時(shí)間的smalltalklightconversationonunimportantornon-serioussubjects.輕松的閑聊。muchlessandevenlesslikely;stillless更不用說。(muchless引導(dǎo)句子要倒裝)-Theoldmancanhardlywalk,muchlessrun.-Icouldn’tagreetosuchproceedings,muchlesscouldIparticipateinsuchproceedings.6.Wecommunicaterapidlythroughfaxes,phonecallsoremailsratherthanthroughpersonalcontacts,which…(L33-34)1）ratherthan勝于，而不足-Heresignedratherthantakepartinsuchadishonesttransaction.他寧愿辭職也不參與這種欺詐行為。-Heratherthanyouisresponsiblefortheloss.是他而不是你，要對(duì)這損失負(fù)責(zé)。（ratherthan連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞和第一個(gè)主語一致）。2）非限定性定語從句which…takelonger修飾personalcontacts,從句中包含兩個(gè)狀語：thoughpleasant;especiallygivenourtraffic-filledstreets.3）given(prep.)takingintoaccount考慮到……-Givenherinterestinchildren/Giventhatsheisinterestedinchildren,Iamsureteachingistherightcareerforher.-Giventheirinexperience,they’vedoneagoodjob.7.Unlessacertainamountoftimeisallowedtoelapse,itseemsintheireyeseyesasif…（L49-50）1）inone’seyes在……看來-Inherfather’seyesshecandonothingwrong.-Theexpertisalwaysrightintheeyesofeverybody.2）asif引導(dǎo)的從句中用了虛擬語氣，用過去時(shí)表現(xiàn)在，即thetaskwereinsignificant.8.Usually,themoreimportantataskis,themorecapital,energy,andattentionwillbepouredintoitinorderto“getitmoving”.①themore…,themore…越……，越……②getsth/sb,doing(sth)使某人/某事做……-Canyougettheoldcargoingagain?-It’snothardtogettheboytalking;theproblemisstoppinghim.SectionBCultureshockIntroduction:Thisexpositoryarticlebeginswitharhetoricalquestiontoarousethereaders’interest.Thentheessentialstages(thehoneymoon,thehostility,therecovery,theadjustment)tellthereaderstheprocessofcultureshockadjustment.Finally,thewritergivessomesuggestionsonhowtoadjusttoanewculture.Part1(Para1)Studyinginadifferentcountryisanewexperience,buttherearealsosomechallenges.Part2(Para2-7)thefouressentialstagesofculture-shockadjustmentPart3(Para8)Conclusion:learningaboutotherculturesandhowtoadjusttothecultureshockarehelpful.Ⅰ.Newwords1.desirable令人向往的；值得有的；合意的desirev.n.→desirable（事物）值得向往的desirous（人）渴望的e.g.:Successisdesirabletome.成功是我所渴望的。Iamdesirousofsuccess.我渴望成功。2.fascinatinga.有極大吸引力的，迷人的。fascinatev.使……著迷afascinatingvoice迷人的聲音afascinatingstory迷人的故事3.spiten.不管，不顧，盡管搭配：inspiteof不管，不顧Inspiteofallhisefforts,hefailed辯析：inspiteof,despite,although(though),re.g.ardlessof.despite=inspiteof故不能再與of連用inspiteof+名詞=despite+名詞=although+從句re.g.ardlessof=withoutconsideringortakingnoticeofe.g.:Theplanetookoffinspiteof/despitethebadweather.(=althoughtheweatherwasbad.)Theplanewilltakeoff,re.g.ardlessoftheweather.(=nomatterwhethertheweatherisgoodorbad)4.clashn.（金屬等）撞擊[原義]；沖突，不協(xié)調(diào)（喻義）vi.沖突；不一致；較鋒搭配：clashwith與……沖突/不協(xié)調(diào)aclashof……的沖突aclashbetween……（之間）的不協(xié)調(diào)辯析：crash,clash,crushcrash指因附下或猛沖而碎地碰撞。clash指金屬制品等撞擊。crush指壓碎、碾碎、壓壞。5.ending①n.結(jié)尾，結(jié)局②末梢辯析：end,endingend用作名詞指時(shí)間或動(dòng)作、事件的末尾、結(jié)尾。ending用末表示故事、小說、電影、戲劇等的結(jié)尾、結(jié)局。e.g.:[正]shelikestoreadnovelswithhappyendings.[誤]shelikestoreadnovelwithhappyends.6.moreoverad.再者，此外；而且與besides,inaddition,furthermore等詞近義，用于承上啟上。e.g.:sheisverybeautiful;moreover,sheisconsiderate.7.copevi(with)①抗衡→②對(duì)付，應(yīng)付。Copewithproblems/difficulties解決問題，克服困難。8.isolatevt.使孤立，使隔絕beisolatedfrom脫離，隔離beisolatedby被……隔絕isolatesthfrom…把……和……隔離開來isolationn.9.rejectvt.拒絕，不接受；拋棄，丟棄。rejectv.拒絕→′rejectn.不合格產(chǎn)品refusen.拒絕→′refusen.廢物，垃圾rejectionn.拒絕，拋棄10.appreciatevt.欣賞；理解；意識(shí)到；感激辯析：appreciate,enjoy;兩者都表示“欣賞”，appreciate指事物有深刻了解，鑒賞；enjoy僅指從中得到樂趣。e.g.-You’llappreciatehisnovelsbetterifyoureadhisautobiography.-Igreatlyappreciateyourhelp.注：appreciate不可以以“人”為賓語11.furthermoread.此外，還有與inaddition,moreover,besides同義e.g.:Thehouseisn’tbigenoughforus;further