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COMPASS定向井、水平井計算機輔助設計和測斜分析系統

基本概念定向井、水平井計算機輔助設計和測斜分析系統測量系統參考橢球體高斯-克呂格投影常用坐標系

設計

測量

防碰掃描

平臺優選

創建/打印用戶報告來源誤差

Origins(來源)1

1987

JamiesionTechnicalSoftware---DOSCOMPASS

2

1994DRDofTulsa---Wellpath(DirectionalPackage)3

1995MunroGarrett---Target(DirectionalPackage)4

1995Landmark---COMPASSforWindows

(DOS+Wellpath+Target)測量基礎1

GeodeticSystem大地測量系統FlatEarth－UTM－通用橫向墨卡托圖

GPS-

全球定位系統CGP-中國高斯投影2

Ellipsoid參考橢球體WGS1984－1984年世界大地測量系統

Krasovsky1940-1940年克拉索夫斯基3GeomagneticModel

IGRF2000－2000年國際地磁參考場WMM95-1995年WorldmagneticModel1

LocalCo-ordinate2mapCo-coordinate(平面直角坐標系，相對位置)Easting-橫(E)Y坐標Nothing-縱(N)X坐標3GlobalCo-coordinate(地理坐標系，絕對位置)Latitude緯度Longitude經度4LeaseLine(租借線)North/South-NS向投影East/West-EW向投影參考橢球體Name平均曲率半徑扁率采用國家GRS19806,378,1376,356,752.31/298.257最新推薦WGS19726,3178,1356,356,750.51/298.26NASAAustralian19656,378,1606,356,774.71/298.25AustraliaKrasovsky19406,378,2456,356,863.01/298.25USSRInternatl19246,378,3886,356,911.91/297保留HAYford19096,378,3886,356,911.91/297保留Clarkel18806,378,249.16,356,514.91/293.46Africa,FranceClarkel18666,378,206.46,356,583.81/294.98USA,PhilippinesAiry18496,377,563.46,356,256.91/299.32BritainBessel18416,377,397.26,356,079.01/299.13Europe,Chile,IndonesiaEverset18306,377,276.36,356,075.41/300.80India,Burma,Pakistan,Afghan,Thailand;etc.高斯-克呂格投影1高斯投影分帶中央子午線以經度6°將全球分為60個帶(6°投影)。我國采用由英國格林威治零子午線向東起算。我國境內最西部屬第13投影帶，最東部為第23投影帶，全國共11個6°帶。2高斯平面直角坐標系高斯投影中，投影帶的中央子午線作為縱坐標軸(X軸)，赤道所形成的直線作為橫座標軸(Y軸)。投影后互相垂直，其交點即為坐標原點，構成了統一的平面直角坐標系。3坐標換算地質部門設計的坐標屬于高斯平面直角坐標。

GPS(WGS－84)與BJZ－54坐標的換算需通過WGS－72坐標系統作為過渡。1323常用坐標系1三個北極地理北極、地磁北極、網格北極2三個參數子午線收斂角：高斯－克呂格平面直角坐標縱線與地理坐標縱線之間的差角；磁偏角：地理坐標縱線與地磁坐標縱線之間的夾角，當磁北方位線在正北方位線以東時，稱為東磁偏角；在正北方位線以西稱為西磁偏角地質設計的坐標(高斯－克呂格坐標)：井口、靶點和井底坐標3磁偏角校正:真方位角＝磁方位角＋東磁偏角真方位角＝磁方位角－西磁偏角True

NorthMagnetic

NorthTrue

NorthMagnetic

NorthCompass-SignofMagneticDeclination-Magnetic

Declination+Magnetic

Declination

EGridNorthMagneticNorthTrueNorthMagneticDeclinationGridConvergenceNorthernHemisphereRemembermethod:MakeTrueasbasementLieinEastis“+”DrawthisbeforeusingGrid,TrueandMagneticNorth

E誤差模型(系統)誤差模型(系統)—如何計算井眼軌跡的不確定性

TheErrorModeldefinesHowwellpathpositionaluncertaintyiscalculated.錐形誤差ConeofError系統橢圓誤差SystematicEllipse矢量誤差ISCWSA(井眼測量精度工業導向委員會)(TheIndustrySteeringCommitteeforWellboreSurveyAccuracy)錐形誤差ConeofError球體誤差隨深度變化(誤差表面是個錐體)現場和試驗數據前一個球體半徑+井深變化量X工具誤差系數/1000.工具誤差系數(常數或者隨井斜的變化而變化)起始誤差=井口半徑+井眼誤差

Thestartingerroraroundthewellboreisthewellerrorplusthetopboreholeradius(ifdefined).系統橢圓誤差SystematicEllipse工業標準系統的內因和外因引起發生在同一個矢量方向上不考慮隨機誤差測斜閱讀誤差較小或者可以取消Thereareerrorsourcesthatarerandom,buttheyareassumedtobesmallandtendtocanceloutoveranumberofsurveyreadings.某些系數和加權數不適合現代定向測斜儀器六種誤差系數____________________________________________SPE9223，C.J.M.Wolff&J.P.deWardt,JPTDec.1981不居中度Misalignmenterror

工具在井眼/套管中心的誤差(井斜和方位)

相對深度誤差RelativeDepthError

鉆具長度的丈量、拉伸和測斜電纜長度誤差井斜誤差TrueInclinationError測斜儀重力的影響以及儀器的井斜靈敏度羅盤誤差CompassReferenceError磁性工具的干擾和準性的誤差陀螺參考方位誤差GyroscopeAzimuthError支架傾斜(GimbalDrift)造成的陀螺方位偏差磁性方位誤差MagneticAzimuthError鉆具的磁性影響六種誤差系數SixCoefficients井斜、方位誤差表格InclinationAzimuthErrorGrid:更精密的儀器(速率陀螺)儀器廠家提供矢量誤差ISCWSA固態磁性儀器MWD&EMS

SolidStateMagneticInstruments描述動態誤差項

DynamicNumberofErrorTerms誤差項名稱、矢量方向、與誤差源的連接方式、誤差項單位、誤差計算公式_________________________________________________SPE56702，H.Williamson“AccuracyPredictionforDirectionalMWD四種防碰掃描方法比較三維最近距離掃描法優點：中心點之間的最近距離缺點：水平掃描法優點：易于理解缺點：不能用于水平井之間；無法掃描水平段和垂直段；不應用于非直井。高邊+方位角優點：能夠區別參考井交叉直井缺點：互成直角井眼防碰數據缺失四種防碰

掃描方法

比較法面法優點：鉆頭處最近點缺點：易于混淆井深相同時的距離；難以區別參考井交叉直井運行環境：Windows95,Windows98orWindowsNT推薦CPU：奔騰II200Mhz安裝要求硬盤：30M系統內存要求：64MSVGA：800×600COMPASSforWindowsVersion98.7(32bit)井眼軌跡設計

landmarklandmark

常規定向井

水平井

兩維井/三維井

待鉆井眼

井眼軌跡優化定向井設計內容(1)靶點限制條件、井眼軌跡(2)定向造斜方法及后續控制方法(3)測斜與計算(4)井眼穩定環空攜巖及井內波動壓力(5)鉆柱扭矩及阻力定向井軌跡設計1剖面類型

三段制(“J”)剖面和五段制(“S”)等二維定向井、三維定向井2設計原則

根據油田勘探、開發部署的要求，保證安全鉆井要有利于提高油氣產量和采收率應有利于鉆井、采油和修井作業應盡可能選擇比較簡單的剖面類型水平井軌跡設計1水平井剖面類型

小、中、大曲率半徑水平井2水平井剖面形狀

雙增剖面、變曲率剖面、圓弧單增剖面等3設計依據

鉆井目的及采用的鉆井方式工藝裝備條件及技術水平目的層的厚度、產狀設計井的基本設計數據水平井分類分類ToMDToTVD

ToInclination

ToDirectionDogleg/ToolfaceCurvesOnLinebyTVD

(Calc.Dogleg&Toolface)TVD,Lat&Dep

(Calc.Dogleg&Toolface)Tangent

toPointAlignbyInclination

ToMD

ToTVDTangentto

atoPointPoint

(Calc.Build&Turn)OnLinebyTVD

(Calc.Build&Turn)Build/TurnCurves

ToAzimuth

ToInclination

AlignbyInclinationOptimisetrajectorydesign

KOP

Dogleg

Torque/DragWellborePlanner

PickitHerePlanitHereShareitwiththedrillingengineer井眼軌跡測量計算LANDMARK井眼軌跡控制概念

井眼軌跡控制：采用合理的措施(包括BHA、操作參數及測控系統等),強制鉆頭沿預制軌道破碎地層而鉆進的過程。

控制井眼軌跡：－需要研制專門的井下工具和測斜系統(硬件)－必須開發井眼軌跡預測和控制軟件(軟件)計算參數基本參數：井深、井斜、方位計算參數：垂深、N和E坐標、水平投影長度、垂直分量、井眼曲率（狗腿嚴重度）、閉合方位、閉合距……井眼軌跡的測量與計算

測斜方法1單點測斜:一次下井只能測一個井深的參數2多點測斜儀:一次下井可記錄井眼軌跡上多個井深處的井眼軌跡參數3隨鉆測斜儀:隨同鉆柱一同下入井內，在鉆進過程中連續測量，并實時將測量數據傳至地面測量誤差的形成1由于井眼軌跡的理想假設，導致了與真實井眼軌跡的偏差2測量數據在每次測量過程中存在著不同程度的誤差，導致由此計算出來的井眼軌跡與實際軌跡不符3由于測點間存在間距(一般30m)，造成井眼軌跡誤差測量數據的處理1不確定橢圓隨著井深的增加而加大2要用陀螺測量資料校正“不確定橢園區”3Compass提供三種誤差分析方法：－ConeofError－SystematicEllipse－ISCWSAVerticalSectionViewinBoreholeAzimuthPlanViewTVDEastV.SectionTVDNorthVerticalLateralHighSideH.MinorMin.AziDepthLateralHighSideXBoreholePlane=Perpendiculartowellpathvectoratdepthofinterest3DimensionalViewCompassErrorEllipseReportXBoreholeXBoreholeDepth測量儀器誤差值誤差分類：1，系統誤差2，隨機誤差3，過失誤差

深度誤差(1/1000)線性誤差(Degree)角度誤差(Degree)基準誤差(Degree)鉆具磁性誤差(Degree)陀螺誤差(Degree)GoogGyro0.50.030.20.1-0.5PoorGyro2.00.20.51.0-2.5GoodMag.1.00.10.51.50.25-PoorMag.2.00.31.01.55.0+5.0-Weighting11SinISinISinISinA(CosI)^-1井眼軌跡計算方法中國鉆井行業：手工計算時采用平均角法，計算機計算時采用最小曲率Compass：最小曲率法、曲率半徑法、平均角法、平衡正切法定向井、水平井設計圖例

叢式井防碰掃描技術目的在叢式井設計和施工中，不僅要求中靶，而且要求防止兩井交叉相碰進行鄰井距離掃描有助于兩井任一井深時的相對位置，以便采取相應的措施鄰井距離掃描方法3D最近距離掃描法法面法(TravelingCylinder)平面法(HorizontalPlan)高邊＋方位角法(Highside+Azimuth)常用掃描方法介紹最近距離掃描：可以確定參考井井眼軸線上任一點到比較井井眼軸線的最近距離和最近距離掃描圖法面距離掃描：可以確定參考點切線的法面與掃描點的交點，同時求出兩點間的距離及相對方位，進而在極坐標平面上畫出法面距離掃描圖掃描方法的選用1指導定向井施工或確定剖面符合率時，優先使用法面距離掃描2遇到叢式井防碰問題時，宜使用最近距離掃描圖3在要求很高的定向井(如救援井)施工中，應同時使用法面距離掃描圖和最近距離掃描圖平臺優選技術

井口排列方式

平臺位置叢式井設計優化叢式井設計，可以提高油田開發的綜合效益和加快投資回收速度。1優化地面井口的排列方式2優選平臺位置優選地面井口排列方式根據每一個平臺上井數的多少選擇平臺內地面井口的排列方式1矩形排列：適合于一個叢式井打多口井2環狀排列：適用于在陸地或淺海人工島鉆叢式井，在一個叢式井平臺上鉆幾十口井優選平臺位置根據每個平臺上各井井底位置(目標點)和地面條件等因素優選，優選平臺位置。優選平臺位置可按照平臺位置的優選原則進行優選用戶報告表格圖形

打印機

繪圖儀技術支jsupport……Start…課程安排UsingOn-lineHelp GettinghelpfromCOMPASSDataStructure HierarchicaldatastructureSiteOptimiser Bestsitelocationtodrill

targetsTemplateEditor Calculatetemplateco-ordinatesPlanning DesignshapeofwellpathSurvey ComputeshapeofwellpathAnti-collision SeparationbetweenwellpathsAnti-collision CombinedexerciseWallPlots Editingprofileandplanplots數據結構DataStructureCompany(公司)Field(油田)Site(井場)Well(井)Wellpath(井眼軌跡)PlanandSurvey(設計和測斜)COMPASShasahierarchicaldatastructure.....

...startingatthelowestlevel...MeasuredDepth

Inclination

DirectionORforInclinationOnlyMD,InclinationORforInertialTVD,N/S,E/WSurveyObservationSurveyA

Survey

isaseriesofobservationsmadeinasectionofwellborewiththesamesurveytoolonthesametoolrun.MeasuredDepth

Inclination

DirectionORforInclinationOnlyMD,InclinationORforInertialTVD,N/S,E/WSurveyObservationSurveyA

Survey

isaseriesofobservationsmadeinasectionofwellborewiththesamesurveytoolonthesametoolrun.TheSurveyToolcanbeTraditional(MD,Inc,Azi),InclinationOnly(MD,Inc),orInertial(TVD,N/S,E/W).MeasuredDepth

Inclination

DirectionORforInclinationOnlyMD,InclinationORforInertialTVD,N/S,E/WSurveyObservationSurveyASurvey

isaseriesofobservationsmadeinasectionofwellborewiththesamesurveytoolonthesametoolrun.TheSurveyToolcanbeTraditional(MD,Inc,Azi),InclinationOnly(MD,Inc),orInertial(TVD,N/S,E/W).EachSurveyToolisassignedanErrorModelforcalculatingPositionalUncertainty.

CompanyFieldSiteWellWellpathPlanandSurveyWellpathPlansAWellpathmayhavemany

Plans...WellpathPlansAWellpathmayhavemany

Plans......butonlyonePrincipalPlanWellpathPlansAWellpathmayhavemany

Plans......butonlyonePrincipalPlanAWellpathmayalsohavemany

SurveysSurveysAWellpathmayhavemany

SurveysAWellpathmayhavemany

Plans......butonlyone

PrincipalPlanAWellpathwillhavea

DefinitiveWellpathWellpathDefinitive

WellpathPlansSurveysAWellpathmayhavemany

SurveysAWellpathmayhavemany

Plans...

...butonlyone

PrincipalPlanAWellpathmayhaveaDefinitiveWellpathAtthePlanningStage,TheDefinitiveWellpathmaythePrincipalPlan...WellpathDefinitive

WellpathPlansSurveysWellpathDefinitive

WellpathPlansAWellpathmayhavemany

SurveysAWellpathmayhavemany

Plans...

...butonlyone

PrincipalPlanAWellpathmayhaveaDefinitiveWellpathAtthePlanningStage,TheDefinitiveWellpathmaybethePrincipalPlan……butwhileDrilling,itwould

beacombinationofthemostaccurateSurveysSurveysWellpathAWellpathwillalsohaveitsownlocalMagneticField

calculatedusingtheGeomagneticModeldefinedattheFieldLevelGeomagnetic

FieldIGRFWellpathAWellpathwillalsohaveitsownlocalMagneticField

calculatedusingtheGeomagneticModeldefinedattheFieldLevelThislocalFieldiscalculatedusinganappropriateDateofOperationswhensurveyswerebeingrecordedandtheWellpathLocationGeomagnetic

FieldIGRFSurveyDate:20/04/2000Loc:51o5’45”N3o15’33”E

CompanyFieldSiteWellWellpathPlanandSurveyWellAWellisasurfacelocationreferencedfromtheSitelocalco-ordinatesystem0.0N/S0.0E/WWellAWellisasurfacelocationreferencedfromtheSitelocalcoordinatesystemItmayhaveoneormoreWellpathsreferencedtoit0.0N/S0.0E/WWellAWellisasurfacelocationreferencedfromtheSitelocalcoordinatesystemItmayhaveoneormoreWellpathsreferencedtoitIfrequired,aWellcanhaveaWellReferencePointwhichdefinesapermanentpointuponwhichverticaldepthscanbedisplayed,storedandreferenced.0.0N/S0.0E/WWellReferencePoint

CompanyFieldSiteWellWellpathPlanandSurveyASiteisacollectionofWells.0.0N/S0.0E/WSiteASiteisacollectionofWells.Thesitecentremaygivenmaporgeodeticco-ordinates...0.0N/S0.0E/WSite0.0N/S0.0E/WSiteASiteisacollectionofWells.Thesitecentremaygivenmaporgeodeticco-ordinates...andanelevationaboveasystemorFieldDatum.0.0N/S0.0E/WSiteDrillingTargetsASiteisacollectionofWells.Thesitecentremaygivenmaporgeodeticco-ordinates...andanelevationaboveasystemorFieldDatum.TheSitecoordinatesystemcanbealignedtoeitherTrueNorthorGridNorthN0.0N/S0.0E/WSiteDrillingTargetsASiteisacollectionofWellsreferencedbythesameLocalCoordinateSystem.ThesitecentremaygivenMaporGeographicco-ordinates...andaelevationaboveaSystemorFieldDatum.TheSitecoordinatesystemcanbealignedtoeitherTrueNorthorGridNorthSitescanhavedrillingtargets...N0.0N/S0.0E/WSiteDrillingTargetsNASiteisacollectionofWellsreferencedbythesameLocalCoordinateSystem.ThesitecentremaygivenMaporGeographicco-ordinates...andaelevationaboveaSystemorFieldDatum.TheSitecoordinatesystemcanbealignedtoeitherTrueNorthorGridNorthSitescanhaveTargets…whichcanbeselectedbyaWellpath0.0N/S0.0E/WSiteDrillingTargetsNASiteisacollectionofWellsreferencedbythesameLocalCoordinateSystem.ThesitecentremaygivenMaporGeographicco-ordinates...andaelevationaboveaSystemorFieldDatum.TheSitecoordinatesystemcanbealignedtoeitherTrueNorthorGridNorthSitescanhaveTargets…whichcanbeselectedbyasingleWellpathorselectedbymultipleWellpaths

CompanyFieldSiteWellWellpathPlanandSurveyFieldAFieldisacollectionofSites...FieldAFieldisacollectionofSites...withinthesameGeodeticSystem.GeodeticSystemFieldAFieldisacollectionofSites...withinthesameGeodeticSystem.SiteswithinaFieldcanbeindependentlyalignedtoGridNorthorTrueNorthGeodeticSystemGGTFieldAFieldisacollectionofSites...withinthesameGeodeticSystem.AllSiteswithinaFieldareindependentlyalignedtoGridNorthorTrueNorthAFieldhasaSystemDatum

thenamegivento0TVDfortheFielde.g.MeanSeaLevel.GeodeticSystemSystemDatume.g.MSLGTGFieldAFieldisacollectionofSites...withinthesameGeodeticSystem.AllSiteswithinaFieldareindependentlyalignedtoeitherGridNorthorTrueNorthAFieldhasaSystemDatum,

thenamegivento0TVDfortheFieldDatawithintheFieldcanbereferencedtotheSystemDatumGeodeticSystemSystemDatume.g.MSLFieldAFieldisacollectionofSites...withinthesameGeodeticSystem.AllSiteswithinaFieldareindependentlyalignedtoeitherGridNorthorTrueNorthAFieldhasaSystemDatum,

thenamegivento0TVDfortheFieldDatawithintheFieldcanbereferencedtotheSystemDatum,WellpathDatumGeodeticSystemSystemDatume.g.MSLWellpathDatume.g.RKBFieldAFieldisacollectionofSites...withinthesameGeodeticSystem.AllSiteswithinaFieldareindependentlyalignedtoeitherGridNorthorTrueNorthAFieldhasaSystemDatum,thenamegivento0TVDfortheFieldDatawithintheFieldcanbereferencedtotheSystemDatum,WellpathDatumortheWellReferencePointGeodeticSystemSystemDatume.g.MSLWellReferencePointe.g.MLWellpathDatume.g.RKBAFieldisacollectionofSites...withinthesameGeodeticSystem.AllSiteswithinaFieldarealignedtoeitherGridNorthorTrueNorthAFieldhasaSystemDatum

thenamegivento0TVDfortheFieldDatawithinthefieldcanbereferencedtotheSystemDatum,WellpathDatumortheWellReferencePointYoucanselectaGeomagneticModel

tocomputemagneticdeclinationatanylocationandtimewithintheField.FieldGeodeticSystemGeomagnetic

ModelSystemDatume.g.MSLWellReferencePointe.g.MLWellpathDatume.g.RKB

CompanyFieldSiteWellWellpathPlanandSurveyCompanyACompanymayhaveseveralFieldsCompaniesmayhavedifferentpolicieson...CompanyACompanymayhaveoneormoreFieldsCompaniesmayhavedifferentpolicieson......Anti-collisioncalculations...Anti-collision

PreferencesCompanydMDcos(I)SurveyCalculation

MethodAnti-collision

PreferencesACompanymayhaveoneormoreFieldsCompaniesmayhavedifferentpolicieson......Anti-collisioncalculations......SurveyCalculationmethodsCompanySurveyToolErrorsErrorsintrinsicin

wellboresurveyingdMDcos(I)SurveyCalculation

MethodAnti-collision

PreferencesACompanymayhaveoneormoreFieldsCompaniesmayhavedifferentpolicieson......Anti-collisioncalculations......SurveyCalculationmethodsand...SurveyToolErrorParameters.SurveyHistory-TheDefinitivePathStoryDefinitvePathGyro11stHoleSectionCasedMWD11stHoleSectionOpenHoleDefinitvePathDefinitvePathGyroFS2ndHoleSectionCased-FinalSurveyGyro2MWDistheonlydatawehavesoitbecomestheDefinitivePathMWDreplacedbyagyrosurvey.ThegyrosurveybecomestheDefinitivePathMWDinnextopenholesectiontied-ontogyrotoformDefinitivePath2ndHoleSectionOpenholeMWD2GyrorunfromsurfacereplacesallprevioussurveystoformtheDefinitivePath大地坐標

Company,Field&SitesetupV.S.OriginCoordinateOriginUTMNorthReferencesLatitudeDepartureLat/DepOriginLocalCrSlotVertSectnOriginProjectedHorizontalDisplacementSlotLocalCrAUTMZoneGrid

NorthGrid

North500,000mEquator0°Central

MeridianTrue

NorthTrue

NorthAUTMZoneGrid

NorthGrid

North500,000mEquator0°Central

MeridianTrue

NorthTrue

North

Local

NorthFromtheFieldSetupweknowthatthesitesarealignedtoGridNorth.AUTMZoneGrid

NorthGrid

North500,000mEquator0°Central

MeridianTrue

NorthTrue

North

Local

North...soweknowknowthesiteiseastoftheCentralMeridian.EastWestAUTMZoneGrid

North500,000mEquator0°Central

MeridianTrue

North

Local

NorthEastGridconvergence(thedifferencebetweentrueandgridnorth)is+0.68+0.68AUTMZoneGrid

North500,000mEquator0°Central

MeridianTrue

North

Local

NorthEastMagneticDeclination,theanglebetweenTrueandMagneticnorthis-2.78+0.68Magnetic

North-2.78AUTMZoneGrid

North500,000mEquator0°Central

MeridianTrue

North

Local

NorthEastAdirectionof183°magnetic....+0.68Magnetic

North-2.78AUTMZoneGrid

North500,000mEquator0°Central

MeridianTrue

North

Local

NorthEast183°+(-2.78°)-0.68°=179.54°Local+0.68Magnetic

North-2.78Updated:21July1998True

NorthMagnetic

North+Magnetic

DeclinationTrue

NorthMagnetic

North-Magnetic

DeclinationCompass-SignofMagneticDeclinationCompassConventionAustralianNationlGridConventionCentralMeridianEquator500,000mGTGTGTGTCentralMeridianEquator500,000mGTGTGTGTGrid=True-ConvGrid=True-ConvGrid=True-ConvGrid=True-Conv++++----Grid=True-ConvGrid=True+ConvGrid=True+ConvGrid=True-ConvCentral

MeridianEquator500,000mGTGTGTGTGrid=True-ConvGrid=True-ConvGrid=True-ConvGrid=True-Conv++--Compass-SignofGridConvergence靶點定義TargetDescriptionsGeometricalTargetsPointRectangleEllipseCircleGeometricalTargetsmaybedefinedasapoint,circle,ellipse,orrectangle.PointRectangleEllipseCircleGeometricalTargetsmaybedefinedasapoint,circle,ellipseorrectangle.Youcanoffsetthe“aimingpoint”fromthegeometriccentre.GeometricalTargetsGeometricalTargetsPointRectangleEllipseCircleGeometricalTargetsmaybedefinedasapoint,circle,ellipseorrectangle.Youcanoffsetthe“aimingpoint”fromthegeometriccentre.Usingthicknessupanddown,the“aimingpointcanbeoffsetvertically.GeometricalTargetsPointRectangleEllipseCircleGeometricalTargetsmaybedefinedasapoint,circle,ellipseorrectangle.Youcanoffsetthe“aimingpoint”fromthegeometriccentre.Withthicknessupanddownthe“aimingpointcanbeoffsetvertically.Targetscanberotated...GeometricalTargetsPointRectangleEllipseCircleGeometricalTargetsmaybedefinedasapoint,circle,ellipseorrectangle.Youcanoffsetthe“aimingpoint”fromthegeometriccentre.Withthicknessupanddownthe“aimingpointcanbeoffsetvertically.Targetscanberotated......andinclinedfromhorizontalwithrotationaboutthe“aimingpoint”.FwdBackLeftRightFwdBackLeftRightFwdBackLeftRightUpDownUpDownUpDownCompassTargetShapesCircleRectangleEllipsePolygonalTargetsPolygonalTargetsmaybedefinedwithanynumberofpointsPolygonalTargetsPolygonalTargetsmaybedefinedwithanynumberofpointsTheymayalsobeassignedathicknessaboveandbelowacentrePolygonalTargetsPolygonalTargetsmaybedefinedwithanynumberofpointsTheymayalsobeassignedathicknessaboveandbelowacentrePolygonscanberotated......andinclinedfromhorizontalwithrotationaboutthe“aimingpoint”.PolygonalTargetsUnlikeGeometricalTargetswhichhaveaconstantthickness...PolygonalTargetsUnlikeGeometricalTargetswhichhaveaconstantthickness…Polygonaltargetshavevariablethickness,definableforeachpoint,enablingwedgeshapedtargetstobedefinedPolygonalTargetsPolygonalTargetPointsmaybedefinedusinglocalNorthings&Eastings...NSEW(0,0)(149,78)(180,158)(115,151)(210,128)(285,168)(329,102)(260,72)PolygonalTargetsPolygonalTargetPointsmaybedefinedusinglocalNorthings&Eastings...OrdefinedusingGeodeticCo-ordinates.NSEW(500145,118110)(500294,118188)(500325,118268)(500260,118261)(500355,118238)(500430,118278)(500474,118212)(500405,118182)GeologicalTarget2.Pointsare100possiblerepeatsurveylocationsoftheactualpointofpenetration.The8pointslyingoutsidethegeologicaltargetrepresentthe8%probabilitythatthetargethasbeenmissed.Wesaythe“inclusionprobability”atthepointis92%.GeologicalandDriller’sTargets1.Surveysshowthatwellhaspenetratedthetargetat.Uncertaintyinthispositionisusuallyrepresentedbyanerrorellipse(thisoneisdrawnat2sd).3.Wecancolour-codetheinclusionprobabilityateverypointinsidethegeologicaltargetboundaryasfollows:>95%90%-95%<90%etc.

WellDirectionTheresultisa“contourmap”GeologicalandDriller’sTargetsWellDirection4.ApproximatingoneoftheprobabilitycontourswithstraightlinesdefinestheextentofaDriller’stargetDrillersTarget3.Wecancolour-codetheinclusionprobabilityateverypointinsidethegeologicaltargetboundaryasfollows:>95%90%-95%<90%etc.

Theresultisa“contourmap”GeologicalandDriller’sTargets測斜處理SurveyVaryingCurvatureScanVaryingCurvatureisasurveycalculationmethodwhichasabyproductproducesavaluecalledInconsistency.VaryingCurvatureScanMDIntervalTheInconsistency

canbeconsideredtobetheeffectonthebottomholelocationofeachindividualsurveystation.

Ifthesurveystationismissing...Inconsistencyof

asingleobservationShiftMDIntervalX100VaryingCurvatureScanShifttobottom

holelocation...theInconsistency

istheamountbywhichthebottomholelocationwouldmoveinspace.MDIntervalDefinitivePathWhileDrillingaWellDefinitivePath:TOTCO26”SurveyListTOTCO26”TOTCO26”DefinitivePathWhileDrillingaWellDefinitivePath:TOTCO26” TOTCO26” MSS17-1/2”TOTCO17-1/2”TOTCO26”MSSSurveyListTOTCO26”MSS17-1/2”26”DefinitivePathWhileDrillingaWellDefinitivePath:TOTCO26” GYRO13-3/8”13-3/8”GYROSurveyListTOTCO26”MSS17-1/2”GYRO13-3/8”TOTCO26”DefinitivePathWhileDrillingaWellDefinitivePath:TOTCO26” GYRO13-3/8” GYRO13-3/8” MWD12-1/4”GYRO13-3/8”12-1/4”MWDSurveyListTOTCO26”MSS17-1/2”GYRO13-3/8”MWD12-1/4”TOTCO26”13-3/8”GYRODefinitivePathWhileDrillingaWellDefinitivePath:TOTCO26” GYRO13-3/8” GYRO9-5/8”SurveyListTOTCO26”MSS17-1/2”GYRO13-3/8”MWD12-1/4”GYRO9-5/8”9-5/8”GYROTOTCO26”13-3/8”GYRODefinitivePathWhileDrillingaWellDefinitivePath:TOTCO26” MMS13-3/8” GYRO9-5/8” GYRO9-5/8” MWD8-1/2”9-5/8”GYROMWD8-1/2”SurveyListTOTCO26”MSS17-1/2”GYRO13-3/8”MWD12-1/4”GYRO9-5/8”MWD8-1/2”9-5/8”GYROTOTCO26”13-3/8”GYRODefinitivePathWhileDrillingaWellDefinitivePath:TOTCO26” MMS13-3/8” GYRO9-5/8” EMS7”

SurveyListTOTCO26”MSS17-1/2”GYRO13-3/8”MWD12-1/4”GYRO9-5/8”MWD8-1/2”EMS7”9-5/8”GYROTOTCO26”13-3/8”GYRO7”EMS設計Plan2DWellDesignSlantWell

4parameters

2todefine

2tocomputeL1MeasuredDepthofKickOff

B1BuildRateatStart

I1MaximumAngleHelp

L2LengthofHoldSection2DWellDesignSWellAnSWellmayhaveaBuild-Hold-Dropprofile...2DWellDesignSWell…oritmayhaveaBuild-Hold-Build-Holdprofile.2DWellDesignSWell

7parameters

5todefine

2tocomputeKick-offL1L3L2B1B2I1I2L1MeasuredDepthofKickOff

B1BuildRateatStart

I1MaximumAngleHelp

L2LengthofHoldSection

B22ndDropRate

I2FinalInclination

L3LengthofFinalHoldDogleg/ToolfaceCurvesToMD(Calc.Location)ToTVD(Calc.Location)ToInclination(Calc.Location)ToDirection(Calc.Location)AlignbyInclination(Calc.Dogleg&Toolface)OnLinebyTVD

(Calc.Dogleg&Toolface)PlantoaPoint

(Calc.Dogleg&Toolface)TangenttoPoint(Calc.Toolface)CurveHoldToMDToTVDTangenttoaPointPoint

(Calc.Build&Turn)OnLinebyTVD

(Calc.Build&Turn)Build/TurnCurvesToAzimuthToInclinationAlignbyInclinationOptimumAlignThisPlanMethodconstructsthreesections...CurveOptimumAlignThisPlanMethodconstructsthreesections...Curve,HoldOptimumAlignThisPlanMethodconstructsthreesections...Curve,Hold,CurveOptimumAlign

(Curve\Hold\Curve)Bytheendofthismethodthewellpathwillhavehitthetargetandbeonaspecifiedinclinationandazimuth.IncAziOptimumAlign

(Curve\Hold\Curve)Bytheendofthismethodthewellpathwillhavehitthetargetandbeonaspecifiedinclinationandazimuth.Thesecouldbeuserenteredvalues...OptimumAlign

(Curve\Hold\Curve)Bytheendofthismethodthewellpathwillhavehitthetargetandbeonaspecifiedinclinationandazimuth.Thesecouldbeuserenteredvalues...Orcalculatedusing2ndtargetlocationOptimumAlign

(Curve\Hold\Curve)Getthereby...OptimumAlign

(Curve\Hold\Curve)...Entering(calculating)twodoglegrates

or...RROptimumAlign

(Curve\Hold\Curve)...enteringthelengthoftangentsection

or...OptimumAlign

(Curve\Hold\Curve)...enteringtheTVDofthestartande