專題02閱讀理解說明文1.【2024屆廣西柳州高中、南寧三中高三聯考試題】InJapan,thenewyearbeganwithdisasterasa7.5magnitudeearthquakestrucktheNotoPeninsula(能登半島)onthecountry’swesternedgeonMonday.Morethan2,000activefaultlines(斷層線)liebeneathJapan,makingitoneofthemostearthquake-pronecountriesintheworld.Manyscientistshavelongconsideredearthquakeforecastingtobeimpossible.Butgivenrecentimprovementsinartificialintelligence,someresearchershavebeenstudyingwhetherthatcouldchange.Lastfall,researchersattheUniversityofTexasatAustinincreasedsuchhopesforearthquakepredictionwithaseven-monthtrialinChina.Inall,thealgorithm(演算法)successfullyforecast14earthquakes,eachwithinabout200milesofitsactualepicenter(震中).Meanwhile,itmissedonequakeandpredictedeightthatneverhappened.ThetrialwaspartofaninternationalA．I.-designcompetition,oneofafewsucheventsheldinrecentyearstoadvanceearthquakepredictiontechnologies.SergeyFomel,ageoscientistatUTAustinandamemberoftheresearchteam,saysinastatement.“We’renotyetclosetomakingpredictionsforanywhereintheworld,butwhatweachievedtellsusthatwhatwethoughtwasanimpossibleproblemissolvableinprinciple.”Additionally,machinelearningcouldhelpdetecthiddenpatternsindataorcollectmoredatatobetterinformearthquakeforecasting,HutchisonwritesforMITTechnologyReview.Forexample,someresearchersareshowinghowA．I.mightuserecordingsfromaspecificseismicsitetoanticipateanearthquake’smagnitude.Oneteamhasbuiltandtrainedneuralnetworkstopredictwhereaftershocksmayoccurafteraninitialstrike.Andothersareusingmachinelearningtoidentifyandextractseismicwaves—thevibrationsthatspreadthroughtheearthduringtectonicactivity(構造活動)—fromothernoisesintheground.8．What’sthefunctionofthefirstparagraph?A．Toexplainaconcept. B．Tointroduceanewtopic.C．Tosupplyasummary. D．Toprovideanexample.9．Whatmadesomeresearchersoptimisticabouttheearthquakeforecasting?A．Therecentprogressintheories. B．Theuseoftraditionalmethods.C．Theincreasingnumberofearthquakes. D．Theadvancementsinartificialintelligence.10．Whatdoweknowfromthethirdparagraph?A．ThetrialwasconductedbyChinese. B．Thealgorithmwastotallysuccessful.C．A．I.showspromiseinearthquakeprediction. D．TheA．I.competitiononlyfocusedonearthquakes.11．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．Japan’sVulnerabilitytoEarthquakes B．HelperinPredictingEarthquakes—A．I.C．TheImpossibilityofEarthquakePrediction D．InternationalEffortstoPredictEarthquakes【答案】8．B9．D10．C11．B【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了經過試驗發現，人工智能在地震預測方面大有前途，并給出詳細的例子。8．推理判斷題。根據第一段“InJapan,thenewyearbeganwithdisasterasa7.5magnitudeearthquakestrucktheNotoPeninsula(能登半島)onthecountry’swesternedgeonMonday.Morethan2,000activefaultlines(斷層線)liebeneathJapan,makingitoneofthemostearthquake-pronecountriesintheworld.(在日本，新的一年從災難中開始，周一，該國西部邊緣的諾托半島發生了7.5級地震。日本地下有2000多條活動斷層帶，使其成為世界上地震最頻繁的國家之一)”可推知，第一段的作用是引入一個新話題。故選B。9．細節理解題。根據第二段“Butgivenrecentimprovementsinartificialintelligence,someresearchershavebeenstudyingwhetherthatcouldchange.(但鑒于最近人工智能的進步，一些研究人員一直在研究這種情況是否會改變)”可知，人工智能的進步讓一些研究人員對地震預報持樂觀態度。故選D。10．細節理解題。根據第三段“Inall,thealgorithm(演算法)successfullyforecast14earthquakes,eachwithinabout200milesofitsactualepicenter(震中).Meanwhile,itmissedonequakeandpredictedeightthatneverhappened.(該算法總共成功預測了14次地震，每次地震都在震中200英里以內。與此同時，它錯過了一次地震，并預測了8次從未發生的地震)”可知，人工智能在地震預測方面大有前途。故選C。11．主旨大意題。根據第二段“Manyscientistshavelongconsideredearthquakeforecastingtobeimpossible.Butgivenrecentimprovementsinartificialintelligence,someresearchershavebeenstudyingwhetherthatcouldchange.(許多科學家一直認為地震預報是不可能的。但鑒于最近人工智能的進步，一些研究人員一直在研究這種情況是否會改變)”結合文章主要說明了經過試驗發現，人工智能在地震預測方面大有前途，并給出詳細的例子。可知，B選項“預測地震的幫手——人工智能”最符合文章標題。故選B。2.【2024屆江西省九江十校高三二聯試題】Theworldneedstoinvestmoreinagriculturalknow—howtoenhancefoodproduction,reduceruralpovertyandfightclimatechange,accordingtoaconsensusreachedbyaglobalgroupoffarmingtechnologyleadersonThursday.Technologicalinnovationisthecrucialdriverfortransformingtheglobalagri-foodsystems,accordingtotheSanyaDeclarationofthe7thGlobalForumofLeadersforAgriculturalScienceandTechnology.Progressintheareaplaysacrucialroleinenhancingtheworld’sagriculturalproductioncapacity,revolutionizingagriculturalsectors,andpromotingruraldevelopment,thedeclarationsaid.Expertsattendingtheforumcalledupongovernments—especiallythoseindevelopingcountriesandpossiblyfacingurgentfoodsupplyissues—andagriculturalenterprisesworldwidetostepupfundingforagriculturalresearchandtechnologyspreading,suchasbytrainingmoretalent.Theypromisedtoworkmorecloselyinagriculturalscienceandtechnology,withtheaimofhelpingreformagri-foodsystemsandaddressingglobalchallengesrangingfromfoodinsecuritytopovertytoclimatedisasters,andhelpachievethegoalsoftheChina—proposedGlobalDevelopmentInitiative.“Effortsshouldbemadetoturnglobalagri-foodsystemstowardbeingmoreefficient,inclusive,resilientandsustainable,throughenhancinggreenagriculturaltechnologicalinnovation,climatechangeadaptation,carbonemissionreductioninagriculture,andreducingfoodlossesandwasteacrosstheentireproductionchain,”thedeclarationsaid,addingsuchexpertiseistheunderlyingpillar(臺柱)forachieving“energy-efficient,emission-reducing,greenandlow-carbonsustainableagriculturaldevelopment”.ParticipantsapplaudtheChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,theforum’sorganizer,forlaunchingtheInternationalMegaScienceProjectfromGenotypetoPhenotypeInitiative,whichhelpswiththesharingofcropgeneticresourcesandofferspublicproductsandplatformsformolecularbreeding(分子育種).12．Whereshouldtheworldinvestmoreaccordingtothearticle?A．Techniquesconcerningfarming. B．Measurestocombatclimatechange.C．Researchesoffieldinvestigation. D．Solutiontothepovertyissues.13．Whatdoexpertsappealtothegovernmentstodo?A．Theyappealtotherichcountriestohelpdevelopingcountries.B．Theyappealtoallcompaniestoinvestmoreininnovation.C．Theycallongovernmentstoprovidejobsformoretalentedpeople.D．Theycallongovernmentstoinvestmoreinagriculturalresearch.14．Whichofthefollowingdisagreeswiththedeclaration?A．Globalagri-foodsystemshouldbemoreefficientandsustainable.B．Greenagriculturaltechnologicalinnovationshouldbeenhanced.C．Agri-foodsystemsshouldbeabletoadapttoclimatechange.D．Foodlossesandwasteexistmainlyinthepartoffoodproduction.15．Whatisparticipants’attitudetowardsorganizingtheforum?A．Contradictory. B．Favorable. C．Indifferent. D．Critical.【答案】12．A13．D14．D15．B【導語】這是一篇說明文。主要介紹了專家呼吁政府加強對農業技術的投資及相關科學論壇的舉辦。12．細節理解題。根據第一段“Theworldneedstoinvestmoreinagriculturalknow—howtoenhancefoodproduction,reduceruralpovertyandfightclimatechange,accordingtoaconsensusreachedbyaglobalgroupoffarmingtechnologyleadersonThursday.”（全球農業技術領袖周四達成共識，世界需要加大對農業技術的投資，以提高糧食產量、減少農村貧困和應對氣候變化。）可知，世界需要加強對農業技術的投資。故選A項。13．細節理解題。根據第四段“Expertsattendingtheforumcalledupongovernments—especiallythoseindevelopingcountriesandpossiblyfacingurgentfoodsupplyissues—andagriculturalenterprisesworldwidetostepupfundingforagriculturalresearchandtechnologyspreading,suchasbytrainingmoretalent.”（參加論壇的專家呼吁各國政府——特別是那些可能面臨緊急糧食供應問題的發展中國家的政府——以及世界各地的農業企業加大對農業研究和技術傳播的資助，例如通過培訓更多的人才。）可知，專家呼吁政府要加大對農業研究的投資。故選D項。14．細節理解題。根據倒數第二段第一句“Effortsshouldbemadetoturnglobalagri-foodsystemstowardbeingmoreefficient,inclusive,resilientandsustainable,throughenhancinggreenagriculturaltechnologicalinnovation,climatechangeadaptation,carbonemissionreductioninagriculture,andreducingfoodlossesandwasteacrosstheentireproductionchain”（應該通過加強綠色農業技術創新、適應氣候變化、減少農業碳排放、減少整個生產鏈中的糧食損失和浪費，努力使全球農業糧食系統朝著更高效、更包容、更有彈性和更可持續的方向發展。）可知，糧食損失和浪費存在于整個生產鏈中，故D項“糧食損失和浪費主要存在于糧食生產環節。”說法與宣言內容不符。故選D項。15．推理判斷題。根據最后一段“ParticipantsapplaudtheChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,theforum’sorganizer,forlaunchingtheInternationalMegaScienceProjectfromGenotypetoPhenotypeInitiative,whichhelpswiththesharingofcropgeneticresourcesandofferspublicproductsandplatformsformolecularbreeding”（與會者對論壇組織者中國農業科學院啟動“從基因型到顯型”國際大型科學項目表示贊賞，該項目有助于作物遺傳資源的共享，并為分子育種提供公共產品和平臺。）可知，與會者對論壇持支持贊成的態度。故選B項。3.【2024屆河南省開封市高三二測試題】Afallacyisanerrorinreasoningbasedonopinion,misunderstanding,orintentionalmisdirectionthatmakesanargumentinvalid.Commoncausation(因果關系)fallaciesincludethoseofoversimplificationandexaggeration,whichoccurwhenactual‘causesofaneventarereducedtothepointwhereconnectionsbetweencausesandeffectsareblurredorburied.Oversimplificationiscommon,whichmeansreducingmultiplecausestojustoneorafew.Well-intentionedwritersandspeakerscanfallintothetrapofoversimplificationifnotcareful.Onemotivationforsimplificationisthebasicadvicegiventowriters:Don’tgetstuckindetails.Intheprocess,however,awritercanleaveouttoomanydetails,evencriticalinformation.AnothercontributingfactortooversimplificationistheoveruseofanimportanttoolincriticalthinkingcalledOceam’sRazor,aprinciplethatstatesthatthesimplestexplanationthatfitsthedataisthepreferableone.Theproblemisthatthesimplestexplanationmightnotalwaysbetheright-one.

AwritercreatinganargumentcanassumethatbasedonOccam’sRazor,thesimplestexplanationislikelytrue,buttheymustnotassumethatisalwaysthecase.Theymustlookatallanglesandcomplexitiesofanissuebeforesettlingonthesimplestexplanation.Hereisanexampleofoversimplification:Schoolviolencehasgoneupandacademicperformancehasgonedownsincevideogamesfeaturingviolencewereintroduced.Therefore,videogameswithviolenceshouldbebanned,resultinginschoolimprovement.Thisargumentexhibitsoversimplificationbecauseitassumesproblemsinschools(increasingviolence,decreasingacademicperformancecanbeattributedtoasinglecause:thetimeyoungpeoplespendplayingvideogamesthatfeatureviolence).Variousotherfactors,includingsocialandeconomicconditionsthatmaycontributetoachild’smentalhealth,areignored.Relatedtothefallacyofoversimplificationisthefallacyofexaggeration-multiplyingacoupleofcausesintomany.12．Whatdoesparagraph3mainlyfocuson?A．Thecausesofoversimplification.B．Theimpactofoversimplification.C．Thedefinitionofoversimplification.D．Thecharacteristicsofoversimplification.13．HowdowriterscommitoversimplificationwhencreatinganargumentbasedonOccam’s-Razor?A．Theyconsideranissuetobecomplicated.B．Theylookatanissuefromdifferentangles.C．Theybelievethesimplestexplanationislikelytrue.D．Theyhaveabsolutetrustinthesimplestexplanation.14．Whichofthefollowingstatementsisanexampleofoversimplification?A．Thenation’slackofmoralstandardsiscausedbymultiplefactors.B．Thelatestcurrencypolicytakesfullblameforthedecliningeconomy.C．Shewassavedbecauseofthesealbeltaswellasdoctors’timelysaving.D．Theproblemofeducationnotjustliesinteachers’failureofdoingtheirjobs.15．Whatmighttheauthordiscussintheparagraphsthatfollow?A．Waystoavoidoversimplification.B．Moreexamplesofoversimplification.C．Causesandexamplesofexaggeration.D．Thedistinctionbetweenexaggerationandoversimplification.【答案】12．A13．D14．B15．C【導語】本文為一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了常見的因果關系謬論主要包括過于簡單化和夸大的謬論，文章重點介紹了造成過于簡單化謬論的原因以及具體的例子。12．主旨大意題。根據文章第三段“Onemotivationforsimplificationisthebasicadvicegiventowriters(過于簡化的一個動機就是給作家的基本建議)”和“AnothercontributingfactortooversimplificationistheoveruseofanimportanttoolincriticalthinkingcalledOceam’sRazor(另一個導致過于簡單話的因素就是過度使用了一種名為Oceam’sRazor的批判性思維)”可知，本段主要介紹了造成過于簡單化的原因，故選A。13．細節理解題。根據文章第三段“AnothercontributingfactortooversimplificationistheoveruseofanimportanttoolincriticalthinkingcalledOceam’sRazor,aprinciplethatstatesthatthesimplestexplanationthatfitsthedataisthepreferableone.(另一個導致過度簡單化的因素是過去使用一種名為Oceam’sRazor的批判性思維，該原則指出，符合數據的最簡單的解釋就是最好的解釋。)”可知，基于Oceam’sRazor，作家會認為符合數據的最簡單的解釋就是最好的解釋，而最簡單的解釋不一定就是準確的，因此過度簡單化的作家會一味地相信最簡單的解釋，故選D。14．推理判斷題。根據文章倒數第二段對文中提到的過于簡單化的例子的評判“Thisargumentexhibitsoversimplificationbecauseitassumesproblemsinschools(increasingviolence,decreasingacademicperformancecanbeattributedtoasinglecause:thetimeyoungpeoplespendplayingvideogamesthatfeatureviolence).Variousotherfactors,includingsocialandeconomicconditionsthatmaycontributetoachild’smentalhealth,areignored.(這一論點過于簡單化，因為它假設學校存在問題（暴力事件的增加、學習成績的下降可能歸因于一個簡單的原因：年輕人玩以暴力為特征的電子游戲的時間。）但其他因素，包括可能有助于兒童心理健康的社會和經濟條件，都被忽視了。)”可知，簡單化不懂得從各個角度來考慮問題，而是一味地將原因歸咎在一件事情上，故B項“最近的貨幣政策是導致經濟下滑的全部原因”就是一個典型的過于簡單化的例子，故選B。15．推理判斷題。根據文章最后一段“Relatedtothefallacyofoversimplificationisthefallacyofexaggeration-multiplyingacoupleofcausesintomany.(與過于簡單化的謬論相關的就是將幾個原因夸大為多個原因的謬論。)”可知，文章末尾提到了與過于簡單化的謬論相關的夸大謬論，且前文提到了過于簡單化的原因并給出了相關的例子，故接下來也將講述夸大謬論的原因以及具體例子，故選C。4.【2024屆安徽省安慶市高三下學期二模試題】Nobodyknowsyetwhatthebestwayofremovingallthatcarbonwillbe,butscientistsaroundtheworldaredevelopinganewmethod.TheSwisscompanyClimeworksisbuildingbigextractor(抽油煙機)fanstoremovecarbon.Butotherscientistsarelookingtonature’scarboncycleforinspiration.They’relookingforwaystoimproveit,speeditupandhelpittakemorecarbonoutoftheairpermanently.OneofthosescientistsisProfessorLukeMackinder,aplantbiologistattheUniversityofYork.Hisresearchintocarbonremovalisinspiredbyoceanalgac(海藻).“Abouthalfofcarbonabsorptiontakesplaceintheocean,”hesays.“Algaeareextremelyefficientatabsorbingit.”Inordertodothis,histeamhasstudiedthegeneticcode(基因密碼)ofalgaetoworkoutwhichgenesplayavitalroleincarbonabsorption.Hebelievestheyhavenowfiguredthisout.“Nowwehavealistandwecanstartthinkingabouthowtobringthemtogetherindifferentlivingthings,”hesays.“Weplacethegenesintothoseofotherplants.It’sgeneticmodification.”Mackinderanticipatesaddingthemtoarangeofcropsandtrees.Theresultingincreasedproductioncouldbegoodforfoodsecurity.Alternatively,theycouldhelptoenhancetheinfluenceofclimatechange.Italldependsonwhatwedowiththecarbononceit’strappedinthoseplants.Eatingthemwouldquicklyreturnittotheatmosphere.Butifinsteadwefindwaystostoreit,wecouldkeepitoutoftheatmosphereforgood.DaveHillyard,chiefadministratoroftheCarbonTechnologyResearchFoundationthatisfundingMackinder’sresearch,saysthatitisimportanttofundworkonawiderangeofcarbonremovalmethods,because“somewillnotgettheresultsthey’relookingforandsomewillsucceed.Therearealotofopportunitiesherebutverylittlefundingandresearchgoingintoit.”12．Whatisdiscussedinthefirstparagraph?A．Anapproachtocarbonremoval. B．Awaytoimprovebigextractorfans.C．Ameansofjoiningacompany. D．Amethodofdoingscientificresearch.13．WhydoesProfessorLukeMackinderfocusonoceanalgae?A．Itissecure. B．Itiseffective. C．Itissufficient. D．Itisaccessible.14．Whatcanweknowaboutthegenesofalgaefromthefourthparagraph?A．Theybringaboutgreatsideeffects. B．Theyareuselessforcarbonabsorption.C．Theyhelpincreasefoodproduction. D．Theyhavebeenputintootherplants.15．WhatisrequiredaccordingtoDaveHillyard?A．Thegovernment’spermission. B．Morescientists’participation.C．Increasingexperimentalchances. D．Theinputintotheresearch.【答案】12．A13．B14．D15．D【導語】這是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了關于利用藻類去除碳的研究。12．主旨大意題。根據文章第一段“Nobodyknowsyetwhatthebestwayofremovingallthatcarbonwillbe,butscientistsaroundtheworldaredevelopinganewmethod.TheSwisscompanyClimeworksisbuildingbigextractor(抽油煙機)fanstoremovecarbon.(沒有人知道去除所有碳的最佳方法是什么，但世界各地的科學家正在開發一種新方法。瑞士公司Climeworks正在建造大型抽風機來去除碳)”可知，第一段討論了一種去除碳的方法。故選A項。13．細節理解題。根據文章第二段“Algaeareextremelyefficientatabsorbingit.(藻類對它的吸收效率極高)”可知，盧克·麥金德教授關注海洋藻類是因為它是有效的。故選B項。14．細節理解題。根據文章第四段“Weplacethegenesintothoseofotherplants.It’sgeneticmodification.(我們把這些基因植入其他植物的基因中。這是基因改造。)”可知，藻類的基因被植入到其他植物中。故選D項。15．推理判斷題。根據文章最后一段“Therearealotofopportunitiesherebutverylittlefundingandresearchgoingintoit.(這里有很多機會，但投入的資金和研究卻很少。)”可知，根據DaveHillyard的說法，對研究的投入是需要的。故選D項。5.【2024屆黑龍江省部分學校高三二模試題】ThestudybyUniversityofArizonaresearchers,publishedintheCreativityResearchJournal,findsthatcreativepeoplearemorelikelytofruitfullyuseidle(空閑的)timebylettingoneidealeadtoanother.“Inpsychologyandneuroscience,moststudiesonhumanthoughtseitherprompt(提示)participantstothinkinacertainwayoraskthemtoreportonthoughtstheyexperienced,butlessisknownabouthowthoughtsnaturallyariseandunfoldovertimeinunpromptedcontexts,”saidJessicaAndrews-Hanna,anassociateprofessorintheDepartmentofPsychologyandseniorauthorofthepaper.“Thisiswhereourstudycomesin.”Theresearchersdividedthestudyintotwoparts.Forthefirstexperiment,theresearchersaskedeachparticipanttositaloneinaroomfor10minuteswithoutanyaccesstodigitaldevices.Intheabsenceofanyparticularprompt,theparticipantswereaskedtovoicetheirthoughtsaloudinrealtime.Therecordedfilesfrom81participantswerethentranscribed(轉錄)andanalyzed.Thefirstexperimentfoundthatcreativepeopleweremoreengagedintheirthoughtswhentheywereleftalonewithoutdistractions,suchascellphonesandtheInternet.“Creativepeopleratedthemselvesasbeinglessbored,evenoverthose10minutes.Theyalsospokemorewordsoverall,whichindicatedthattheirthoughtsweremorelikelytomovefreely,”saidAndrews-Hanna.Forthesecondexperiment,over2,600adultsansweredquestionsthroughasmartphoneappcalledMindWindow,developedbyAndrews-HannaandhergraduatestudentEricAndrews.Participantswhoself-identifiedasbeingcreativereportedbeinglessboredduringtheidletime.TheresearchersarecontinuingthislineofworkusingtheirMindWindowapp.Theyencouragepeopletodownloadandusetheapptohelpscientistsunderstandhowpeopleacrosstheworldthinkintheireverydaylives.“Understandingwhydifferentpeoplethinkthewaytheydomayleadtopromisinginterventionstoimprovehealthandwell-being,”saidAndrews-Hanna.8．WhatdoAndrews-Hanna’swordsinparagraph2focuson?A．Thenecessityofthestudy. B．Thevalueofformerstudies.C．Theparticipantsofthestudy. D．Theprocessofformerstudies.9．Whatdidtheparticipantsdointhefirstexperimentofthestudy?A．Theyspokeoutwhattheythought. B．Theyrecordedtheirownvoices.C．Theyrememberedsomeprompts. D．Theyfinishedanumberofreports.10．Whatdidthestudyfindaboutcreativepeople?A．Theymadebetteruseofdigitaldevices.B．Theyenjoyedidletimemorethanothers.C．Theyweremorelikelytounderstandothers.D．Theyweremorewillingtosharetheirthoughts.11．WhichwordbestdescribesMindWindowappaccordingtotheresearchers?A．Educational. B．Fashionable. C．Expensive. D．Beneficial.【答案】8．A9．A10．D11．D【導語】本文為一篇說明文，主要介紹了新的科學研究發現有創造力的人更有可能有效地利用空閑時間，而不會感覺無聊。8．主旨大意題。根據文章第二段““Inpsychologyandneuroscience,moststudiesonhumanthoughtseitherprompt(提示)participantstothinkinacertainwayoraskthemtoreportonthoughtstheyexperienced,butlessisknownabouthowthoughtsnaturallyariseandunfoldovertimeinunpromptedcontexts,”saidJessicaAndrews-Hanna,anassociateprofessorintheDepartmentofPsychologyandseniorauthorofthepaper.“Thisiswhereourstudycomesin.”(“在心理學和神經科學中，大多數關于人類思想的研究要么促使參與者以某種方式思考，要么要求他們報告他們所經歷的想法，但關于想法是如何在無提示的情況下自然產生和展開的，我們知之甚少，”心理學系副教授、該論文的資深作者杰西卡·安德魯斯-漢納說。“這就是我們研究的意義所在。”)”可知，文章第二段可知，Andrews-Hanna的話重點說明了這項研究的必要性。故選A項。9．細節理解題。根據文章第三段“Forthefirstexperiment,theresearchersaskedeachparticipanttositaloneinaroomfor10minuteswithoutanyaccesstodigitaldevices.Intheabsenceofanyparticularprompt,theparticipantswereaskedtovoicetheirthoughtsaloudinrealtime.(在第一個實驗中，研究人員要求每個參與者單獨坐在一個房間里10分鐘，不接觸任何數字設備。在沒有任何特別提示的情況下，參與者被要求實時大聲說出他們的想法)”可知，試驗中第一組參與者被要求說出他們的想法。故選A項。10．細節理解題。根據文章第四段“Thefirstexperimentfoundthatcreativepeopleweremoreengagedintheirthoughtswhentheywereleftalonewithoutdistractions,suchascellphonesandtheInternet.“Creativepeopleratedthemselvesasbeinglessbored,evenoverthose10minutes.Theyalsospokemorewordsoverall,whichindicatedthattheirthoughtsweremorelikelytomovefreely,”saidAndrews-Hanna.(第一個實驗發現，有創造力的人在沒有手機和互聯網等干擾的情況下更專注于思考。“有創造力的人認為自己不那么無聊，即使是在那10分鐘里。總的來說，他們說的話也更多，這表明他們的思想更容易自由流動。”)”可知，有創造力的人在沒有手機和互聯網等干擾的情況下更專注于思考，說的話也更多，這說明更愿意分享自己的想法。故選D項。11．推理判斷題。根據文章最后一段“TheresearchersarecontinuingthislineofworkusingtheirMindWindowapp.Theyencouragepeopletodownloadandusetheapptohelpscientistsunderstandhowpeopleacrosstheworldthinkintheireverydaylives.“Understandingwhydifferentpeoplethinkthewaytheydomayleadtopromisinginterventionstoimprovehealthandwell-being,”saidAndrews-Hanna.(研究人員正在使用他們的MindWindow應用程序繼續這項工作。他們鼓勵人們下載并使用這款應用程序，以幫助科學家了解世界各地的人們在日常生活中是如何思考的。安德魯斯-漢納說：了解為什么不同的人會有不同的想法，可能會導致有希望的干預措施，以改善健康和福祉。”)”可推知，MindWindow軟件有助于研究者的研究，可得出MindWindow軟件對于研究者來說是有好處的。故選D項。6.【2024屆甘肅省白銀市名校高三二模試題】Electricallypoweredvertical-take-off-and-landing(eVTOL)aircraft—flyingcarsareanideawhosetimehasnotquiteyetcome,butisfastapproaching.Manyfirmsareofferingvariousdesigns.Noneofthese,however,willbeJetson-likefamilyflyingcars.Pivotal,basedinSiliconValley,bycontrasthascraftedsomethingthatpeoplecanpurchaseandpilotthemselves.Helixisasingle-seatvehicle,so“flyingmotorbike”mightbemoreaccurate.Fromnextyear,manypeoplewillbeabletoorderoneforpersonaluse,thoughtheywillnotbeabletotakedeliveryuntilJune.MarcusLengfoundedPivotalin2011,andsomeback-of-the-envelopecalculationshemadesuggestedthatelectriclift-offofahuman-carryingcraft,usingmotorspoweredbythelithium-ionbatteriesoughttowork.HethusbuiltamodelandflewitinthegardenofhishouseinWarkworth,Ontario.Now,afteramelioratingit,thefirmthinksithassomethingmarketable.Theaircrafthas,nevertheless,changedlittleinitsfundamentalsovertheyears.Ithastwopairsofwingsandeightpropellers(螺旋槳),makingitslightlyresembleasquashed“H”whenseenintheskyfrombelow.Andthereisnoundercarriage.Instead,itsbellyiscurvedinawaysimilartoahumpbackwhale’s,soitrockstostabilityafterlanding.Pilot’slicenceornot,buyerswillstillneedsometrainingtoflyaHelix.Pivotalinsistsonthis.Forthesamereason,thecraft’ssoftwarewillstopthepilotdoinganythingthatdoesnotfititssafetyrules.Andif,despitethis,somethingdoesgowrong,itisfittedwithaparachute（降落傘）.TheHelix’stopspeedisarespectable100kph,butitsrangeisonly30km.Andrefuelingitisabitofapain.Fillingupfromthemainstakesfourandahalfhours,thoughaspecialhigh-powersystemsimilartothoseemployedforelectriccarscanbringthatdownto75minutes.WhileHelixstilldoesn’tcomparetotheflyingcarfromtheJetsons,itcouldbeastepforward.12．Whatcanwelearnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A．HelixhasbeenusedinWarkworthwidely.B．Flyingcarswon’tbeallowedforpersonaluse.C．Lengwasthefirstpersontodesignflyingcars.D．Helixisonlysuitableforonepersontodrive.13．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ameliorating”inparagraph3’mean?A．Testing. B．Driving. C．Improving. D．Repairing.14．Whatisparagraph4mainlyabout?A．Helix’srelativedevices. B．Helix’strainingprocess.C．Helix’ssafetymeasures. D．Helix’sworkingprinciple.15．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsHelix?A．Doubtful. B．Objective. C．Indifferent. D．Cautious.【答案】12．D13．C14．C15．B【導語】本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了一家名為Pivotal的硅谷公司開發的電動垂直起降飛行器Helix，對其設計、特點、市場前景等方面進行了介紹。12．推理判斷題。根據文章第一段“Helixisasingle-seatvehicle,so“flyingmotorbike”mightbemoreaccurate.(Helix是一輛單座汽車，所以“會飛的摩托車”可能更準確。)”可知，Helix只適合一人駕駛。故選D。13．詞句猜測題。根據劃線單詞下文“thefirmthinksithassomethingmarketable.(公司認為它有了市場)”可推測，在改進之后，公司認為它有了市場。劃線單詞ameliorating指的是“提高、改進”之意。選項A“Testing(測試)”；選項B“Driving(駕駛)”；選項C“Improving(改善)”；選項D“Repairing(修理)”。故選C。14．主旨大意題。根據文章第四段“Pilot’slicenseornot,buyerswillstillneedsometrainingtoflyaHelix.Pivotalinsistsonthis.Forthesamereason,thecraft’ssoftwarewillstopthepilotdoinganythingthatdoesnotfititssafetyrules.Andif,despitethis,somethingdoesgowrong,itisfittedwithaparachute（降落傘）.(無論是否有飛行員執照，買家仍然需要一些訓練來駕駛螺旋。Pivotal堅持這一點。出于同樣的原因，飛行器的軟件會阻止飛行員做任何不符合安全規則的事情。盡管如此，如果出了什么問題，它還配備了降落傘。)”可知，文章第四段主要講述的是Helix的安全措施。故選C。15．推理判斷題。根據文章最后一段“TheHelix’stopspeedisarespectable100kph,butitsrangeisonly30km.Andrefuelingitisabitofapain.Fillingupfromthemainstakesfourandahalfhours,thoughaspecialhigh-powersystemsimilartothoseemployedforelectriccarscanbringthatdownto75minutes.WhileHelixstilldoesn’tcomparetotheflyingcarfromtheJetsons,itcouldbeastepforward.(Helix的最高時速可達100公里，但續航里程只有30公里。加油是一件很痛苦的事。從主電源加滿電需要四個半小時，不過一種類似于電動汽車的特殊大功率系統可以把這個時間縮短到75分鐘。雖然Helix仍然無法與《杰森一家》中的飛行汽車相比，但它可能是向前邁出的一步。)”以及全文內容可知，作者在文章中客觀地介紹了Helix的設計、特點、市場前景等方面，沒有表達出明顯的懷疑、冷漠或謹慎的態度。相反，作者通過提供技術細節和背景信息，幫助讀者更好地理解和評估這款新型飛行器。因此，可以認為作者對于Helix的態度是客觀的。故選B。7.【2024屆貴州省黔東南州高三下學期二模試題】AteamofphysicistsattheUniversityofEdinburgh,workingwithaninfectionandimmunityspecialist,has,viaexperimentation,validatedatheorytoexplainwhypaintdriesatthesamerateregardlessofhumidity(濕度)levels.

Generally,paintshoulddryfasteronanoutdoorfenceonadrydaythanwhenitishumidbecauseevaporation(蒸發)occursfasterwhentheairaroundaliquidsourceisdrier.Butevidencesuggeststhisisnotthecaseforpaintandsomeotherliquids.ChemistSalmonandhiscolleaguesdevelopedatheorytoexplainwhy.Theysuggesteditisbecauselargemoleculesintheliquidarepulledtothesurfaceduringevaporation,forminga“polarizationlayer”thatpreventsevaporation,andbyextension,drying.Inthisneweffort,theresearchteamworkedtotestthistheory.Theresearchersdrilledfiveholesintoashortcylinder(圓柱體)andinserted