Welcometomyclass山東魏橋中學中學鄭士勤

閱讀理解分類及方法ReadingComprehension高考閱讀理解命題特點及開展趨勢(一)詞匯量加大，閱讀速度提高

(二)語篇結構較為復雜，長難句有所增加(三)體裁分布比較均勻，題材趨向多樣化

閱讀理解題型歸類及解題技巧〔一〕細節理解題〔二〕詞義辨析題〔三〕推理判斷題〔四〕主旨大意題〔一〕細節理解題

一般針對某個特定細節而提出，難度較小，屬淺層理解，通讀短文后一般能直接找出答題依據。解題方法：1.通讀全文，領悟大意，理解文章結構層次及細節。做細節理解題，我們具備細心觀察的品質。文章本身的內容是我們答題的唯一依據。2.選用排除法。排除不符合原文細節的選項，剩下的就是要選擇的最正確答案。PracticeThecoldisthemostcommonofman’sailments.Yetitstumped

themedicalauthorities.Manyofmoreterriblediseaseshavecomeunderthecontrolofmodernmanastheresultoftheknowledgegainedinthelabofscienceresearch.Investigatorshavethoughtthatthecoldisusuallycausedbyavirus.However,nomethodofstudyingthisvirushasbeendevised.Thechimpanzeeistheonlyanimaltowhichthediseasecanbegivenexperimentally.Theuseofthisanimalislimitedbyitscostandbythefactthatsomanyoftheanimalsdieofpneumoniaduringtheexperiments.Thisleavesforallpracticalpurposesonlyhumanvolunteerstobeusedinresearchprojects.Many

inmatesofprisonshavehelpedinthiswork,butbecauseoftheselimitations,researchintothecauseandcureofcoldhasprogressedveryslowly.

Researchintothecauseandcureofcoldhas_________.A.goneaheadveryslowlyB.goneaheadveryquicklyC.beenverycommonD.beenimpossible√Choosethebestanswer

要求正確理解短文中一些關鍵詞、短語或句子的含義。常用的手段是利用多種表達法、詞的多義性、同近義語替換、習語釋義等。在做閱讀理解時，我們經常會遇到不認識的單詞、短語，這個時候我們不要緊張，因為我們會猜。猜詞是不但需要準確無誤地理解上下文，而且要運用學過的語言知識，運用邏輯思維去正確的猜測。(二)詞義辨析題解題方法常見的設問形式有：1〕Theunderlinedwordinthe…paragraphrefersto/means________.2)Whatdoes“______”inparagraph…standfor/mean?3)whichofthefollowingcouldbestreplace“______”？4)Theexpression/phrase“_______”means______.Theytraveledalongway,atlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginoldtimes.?2.Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.?3.Weareonthenightshift---frommidnightto8a.m.thisweek.?4.Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.?Practice1.同位法。同位語局部alargebuildinginoldtimes給出了castle確實切詞義，即“城堡”。

1.Theytraveledalongway,atlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginold.?2.Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.?3.Weareonthenightshift---frommidnightto8a.m.thisweek.?4.Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.?Practice2.定義法。定語從句中wholooksaftersheep就說明herdsman的詞義為"牧人"。

1.Theytraveledalongway,atlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginold.?2.Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.?3.Weareonthenightshift---frommidnightto8a.m.thisweek.?4.Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.?Practice3.同位法。兩個破折號之間的短語很清楚地說明nightshift是“夜班”的意思。

1.Theytraveledalongway,atlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginold.?2.Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.?3.Weareonthenightshift---frommidnightto8a.m.thisweek.?4.Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.?Practice4.比照法。but一詞表轉折，因此but前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天"第一節上了一半才來"，因此反向推理，可得出她平時一向"準時"的結論。三推理判斷題主要對短文的結論、隱含意義〔寓意〕、寫作的思路及目的等進行考查，縱觀全文，在聚集短文提供的各項信息的根底上，嚴格按照短文陳述的觀點或描述事實，進行正確的、符合邏輯的推論和引申，包括事情的前因后果、人物的目的動機和性格特征、作者的傾向態度等。解題方法讀懂原文，抓住關鍵詞、短語、句子或段落，透徹理解文章內容,注意文章結構層次和邏輯關系，仔細斟酌，作出準確的推斷和引申。歷年高考題中出現的設問形式：Fromthetext,welearnthatthediaryisnowownedby______.(NMET’99)Vanvergarges’remarksuggeststhat______.(NMET’98)Afterreadingthestory,whatcanweinferaboutthehospital?(NMET’96)WhatdidGregRotaprobablydointheend?〔2004全國Ⅰ〕Doyouknowthefollowingsentences

Doyoualwaysunderstandthedirectionsonabottleofmedicine?Doyouknowwhatismeantby“Takeonlyasdirected?”Readthefollowingdirectionsandseeifyouunderstandthem.“Toreducepain,taketwotablets(藥片)withwater,followedbyonetableteveryeighthours,asrequired.Fornight-timeandearlymorningrelief(緩解疼痛)taketwotabletsatbedtime.Donottakemorethansixtabletsintwenty-fourhours.Forchildrensixtotwelveyearsold,givehalftheamount(量).Forchildrenundersixyearsold,askyourdoctor'sadvice.Reducetheamountifyousufferfromrestlessnessorsleeplessnessaftertakingthemedicine.”Itcanbeinferredfromthedirectionsthatthismedicine________.A.helpsyoutofallasleepquicklyB.maybedangeroustosmallchildrenC.cannotbetakenifonefeelssleepyD.shouldn'tbetakenbychildrenundersix(四）主旨大意題此類題主要針對的主題、中心思想、主題句或主題段、作者的寫作目的(purpose)等方面，要求考生在準確理解全文后歸納短文要點、概括中心思想，也分析和歸納段落大意、重要情節等。解題方法領會全文大意，靈活運用概念、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯方法，真正理解文章的話題和中心思想。做這類試題需要考生具有總體把握文章的能力，以及善于運用概念、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維能力。同時應特別注意的是，一切從文章本身出發，切忌主觀臆斷。Whatisthetopicofthetext?(NMET’93)Thetextismainlyabout____.(NMET’95)What’sthemainpointthewriteristryingtomakeinthelastparagraph?(NMET’98)Thisarticlemainlytellsaboutthestoryof____．(NMET’99)Thewriter’spurposeinwritingthisstoryis______.(NMET2000)Thesubjectdiscussedinthistextis_____.(NMET2000)Whatdoesthetextmainlydescribe?(2004全國Ⅳ

Doyouknowthefollowingsentences

Kleptomaniaisanillnessofthemindthatgivesapersonthedesiretosteal.Suchapersonisnotreallyathief.Theyaresickandcannothelpthemselves.Allsmallchildrenactnaturallyandastheygrowuptheynormallylearntocontroltheiractions.Peoplewithkleptomaniaforcertainmedicalreasonshavefailedtodevelopcontrolovertheirdesiretotakethingsthatdonotbelongtothem.Withmedicalhelptheymaybecomenormalcitizensagain.Thethingsthatakleptomaniastealsareseldomofgreatvalue.Theyoftengiveawaywhattheyhavestolenorcollectobjectswithoutusingthem.

Q:Whatisthetopicofthetext?A.YoungThieves.B.AnUnusualIllness.C.ReasonsforStealingD.ANormalChild’sActions.

B答題的基本步驟

1.先看問題，再讀文章：帶著問題閱讀短文，確定主攻方向，根據不同題型，選用不同閱讀方法。2.細讀全文，認真推敲：針對題目的要求，細心閱讀與試題有關的詞匯、句子或段落，要特別留心一些信息詞，它們既是檢查的重點，也是把握全文意思的突破口。因此必須準確判斷，仔細斟酌，以便選出最正確答案。3.復讀全文，驗證答案：在選出全部答案后，應將答案帶入問題中重讀全文，看前后意思是否貫穿，有無矛盾，假設前后不一致或意思矛盾，那么要考慮重選答案。注意事項1.所選有據，防止主觀閱讀他人作品，理解他人的意圖，必須以作者的思維模式為準繩，以原文提供的事實細節邏輯關系為自己思維活動的基準點，切忌把自己的觀點和看法與原文或作者的觀點和看法混為一談，自以為是。2.符合原文的答案＝正確答案≠最正確答案閱讀題要求選的是最正確答案，有的答案從某個枝節來看是對，但從全文來看那么不是最正確的。因此，必須通盤考慮，取主題，舍枝節。3.解題有法，但無定法，貴在得法。要答好閱讀理解題，必須多讀、巧讀和藹于思考。要不斷擴大詞匯量，拓寬閱讀面，提高閱讀速度，同時也要探索和總結適合自己方法，實踐出真知，多練出效益。

A

Ienteredhighschoolhavingreadhundredsofbooks.ButIwasnotagoodreader.Merelybookish,IlackedapointofviewwhenIread.Rather,Ireadinordertogetapointofview.Isearchedbooksforgoodexpressionsandsayings,piecesofinformation,ideas,themes—anythingtoenrichmythoughtandmakemefeeleducated.WhenoneofmyteacherssuggestedtohissleepytenthgradeEnglishclassthatapersoncouldnothavea“complicatedidea”untilhehadreadatleasttwothousandbooks,Iheardthewordswithoutrecognizingeitheritsirony(嘲諷)oritsverycomplicatedtruth.ImerelydeterminedtomakealistofallthebooksIhadeverread.Strictwithmyself,IincludedonlyonceatitleImighthavereadseveraltimes.(How,afterall,couldonereadabookmorethanonce?)AndIincludedonlythosebooksoverahundredpagesinlength.(Couldanythingshorterbeabook?)TherewasyetanotherhighschoollistImade.OnedayIcameacrossanewspaperarticleaboutanEnglishprofessoratanearbystatecollege.Thearticlehadalistofthe“hundredmostimportantbooksofWesternCivilization”“Morethananythingelseinmylife,”theprofessortoldthereporter

withfinality,“thesebookshavemademeallthatIam.”ThatwasthekindofwordsIcouldn’tignore.Ikeptthelistfortheseveralmonthsittookmetoreadallofthetitles.Mostbooks,ofcourse,Ihardlyunderstood.WhilereadingPlato’sTheRepublic,forexample,Ineededtokeeplookingattheintroductionofthebooktoremindmyselfwhatthetextwasabout.However,withthespecialpatienceandsuperstition(迷信)ofaschoolboy,Ilookedateverywordofthetext.AndbythetimeIreachedthelastword,pleased,IpersuadedmyselfthatIhadreadTheRepublic,andseriouslycrossedPlatooffmylist.

BWhenpeoplewanttoknowabouttheweather,theyusuallygototheirradios,TVs,newspapers,ortotheInternet.However,youcanalsofindmanyweathersignsamongwildlife,becauseoftheirhighlydevelopedsenses.Dropsinairpressureproduceaneffectonsmallanimalsinmanyways.Miceanddeeraregoodweatherindicators.Peoplewhospendalotoftimeoutdoorshaveobservedthat,beforeastorm,fieldmicecomeoutoftheirholesandrunaround.Deerleavehighgroundandcomedownfromthemountains.Birdsareespeciallygoodweatherindicatorsbecausetheyalsoshowtheeffectofapressuredropinmanyways.Forexample,somebirdsbecomeirritable(急