Theysaythatpridecomesbeforeafall.InthecaseofbothNapoleonandHitler,themanyvictoriestheyenjoyedledthemtobelievethatanythingwaspossible,thatnothingcouldstandintheirway.Russia'sicydefenderwastoprovethemwrong.人道是驕兵必敗。就拿拿破侖和希特勒兩人來說吧，他們所向披靡，便以為自己戰無不勝，不可阻擋。但俄羅斯的冰雪衛士證明他們錯了。TheIcyDefenderNilaB.Smith1In1812,NapoleonBonaparte,EmperoroftheFrench,ledhisGrandArmyintoRussia.HewaspreparedforthefierceresistanceoftheRussianpeopledefendingtheirhomeland.HewaspreparedforthelongmarchacrossRussiansoiltoMoscow,thecapitalcity.ButhewasnotpreparedforthedevastatingenemythatmethiminMoscow--theraw,bitter,bleakRussianwinter.冰雪衛士奈拉·B·史密斯

1812年，法國皇帝拿破侖·波拿巴率大軍入侵俄羅斯。他準備好俄羅斯人民會為保衛祖國而奮勇抵抗。他準備好在俄羅斯廣袤的國土上要經過長途跋涉才能進軍首都莫斯科。但他沒有料到在莫斯科他會遭遇勁敵——俄羅斯陰冷凄苦的寒冬。2In1941,AdolfHitler,leaderofNaziGermany,launchedanattackagainsttheSovietUnion,asRussiathenwascalled.Hitler'smilitarymightwasunequaled.HiswarmachinehadmoweddownresistanceinmostofEurope.Hitlerexpectedashortcampaignbut,likeNapoleonbeforehim,wastaughtapainfullesson.TheRussianwinteragaincametotheaidoftheSovietsoldiers.

1941年，納粹德國元首阿道夫·希特勒進攻當時被稱作蘇聯的俄羅斯。希特勒的軍事實力堪稱無敵。他的戰爭機器掃除了歐洲絕大部分地區的抵抗。希特勒希望速戰速決，但是，就像在他之前的拿破侖一樣，他得到的是痛苦的教訓。仍是俄羅斯的冬天助了蘇維埃士兵一臂之力。3Inthespringof1812,NapoleonassembledanarmyofsixhundredthousandmenonthebordersofRussia.Thesoldierswerewelltrained,efficient,andwellequipped.ThismilitaryforcewascalledtheGrandArmy.Napoleon,confidentofaquickvictory,predictedtheconquestofRussiainfiveweeks.拿破侖發起的戰役

1812年春，拿破侖在俄國邊境屯兵60萬。這些士兵受過良好訓練，作戰力強，裝備精良。這支軍隊被稱為大軍。拿破侖對馬到成功充滿自信，預言要在5個星期內攻下俄國。4Shortlyafterwards,Napoleon'sarmycrossedtheNemanRiverintoRussia.Thequick,decisivevictorythatNapoleonexpectedneverhappened.Tohissurprise,theRussiansrefusedtostandandfight.Instead,theyretreatedeastward,burningtheircropsandhomesastheywent.TheGrandArmyfollowed,butitsadvancemarchsoonbecameboggeddownbyslow-movingsupplylines.

不久，拿破侖的大軍渡過涅曼河進入俄國。拿破侖期盼著的速決速勝遲遲沒有發生。令他吃驚的是，俄國人并不奮起抵抗。相反，他們一路東撤，沿途焚毀莊稼和民居。大軍緊追不舍，但它的長驅直入很快由于糧草運輸緩慢而停頓下來。5InAugust,theFrenchandRussianarmiesengagedatSmolensk,inabattlethatleftovertenthousanddeadoneachside.Yet,theRussianswereagainabletoretreatfartherintoRussianterritory.Napoleonhadwonnodecisivevictory.Hewasnowfacedwithacrucialdecision.ShouldhecontinuetopursuetheRussianarmy?OrshouldhekeephisarmyinSmolenskfortheapproachingwinter?

到了8月，法俄兩軍在斯摩棱斯克交戰，這一戰役中，雙方各有上萬人陣亡。可是，俄國人仍能在自己的國土上繼續后撤。拿破侖未能取得決定性的勝利。此刻他面臨著一個重要抉擇。是繼續追擊俄國軍隊，還是把軍隊駐扎在斯摩棱斯克，在那兒度過將到的冬天？6NapoleontookthegambleofpressingontoMoscow,448kilometersaway.OnSeptember7,1812,theFrenchandRussianarmiesmetinfiercebattleatBorodino,112kilometerswestofMoscow.Bynightfall,thirtythousandFrenchandforty-fourthousandRussianslaydeadorwoundedonthebattlefield.

拿破侖孤注一擲，決定向遠在448公里之外的莫斯科進發。1812年9月7日，法俄兩軍在莫斯科以西112公里外的鮑羅季諾激戰。夜幕降臨時，3萬名法國士兵以及4.4萬名俄國士兵或傷或亡，倒在了戰場上。7Again,theRussianarmyretreatedtosafety.NapoleonhadaclearpathtoMoscow,buttheoccupationofthecitybecameanemptyvictory.TheRussiansfledtheircapital.SoonaftertheFrencharrived,aragingfiredestroyedtwo-thirdsofthecity.NapoleonofferedatrucetoAlexanderI,buttheRussianczarknewhecouldbidehistime:"WeshalllettheRussianwinterfightthewarforus."

俄國軍隊再次撤往安全之處。拿破侖順利進入莫斯科，然而，對該市的占領成為毫無意義的勝利。俄國人棄城而走。法國人進城不久，一場熊熊大火燒毀了整個城市的三分之二。拿破侖向亞歷山大一世提出停戰，但沙皇深知他可以等待時機：“且讓俄羅斯的嚴冬為我們戰斗吧。”8Napoleonsoonrealizedhecouldnotfeed,clothe,andquarterhisarmyinMoscowduringthewinter.InOctober1812,heorderedhisGrandArmytoretreatfromMoscow.

拿破侖很快意識到，他無法在冬天向遠在莫斯科的軍隊供應糧草、提供御寒衣物和宿營之地。1812年10月，他命令大軍撤出莫斯科。9TheFrenchretreatturnedintoanightmare.Fromfieldsandforests,theRussianslaunchedhit-and-runattacksontheFrench.AshortdistancefromMoscow,thetemperaturehadalreadydroppedtominus4degreesCelsius.OnNovember3,thewinter'sfirstsnowcame.Exhaustedhorsesfelldeadintheirtracks.Cannonbecamestuckinthesnow.Equipmenthadtobeburnedforfuel.Soldierstookillandfrozetodeath.TheFrenchsoldiersdraggedon,leavingthedeadalongeverymile.

法軍的撤離成為一場噩夢。俄國人出沒于田野與森林，采用打了就跑的戰術，向法國人發起攻擊。剛出莫斯科城，氣溫就降到攝氏零下4度。11月3日降下初雪。困乏的馬匹倒地而死。大炮陷入雪中。裝備只得被用作燃料焚燒。士兵們染病凍死。法國士兵拖著腳步行進，一路上留下無數死尸。10AstheRussianarmywasgatheringitsstrength,theFrenchhadtofleeRussiatoavoidcertaindefeat.AttheBerezinaRiver,theRussiansnearlytrappedtheretreatingFrenchbyburningthebridgesovertheswollenriver.ButNapoleon,byastrokeofluck,wasabletobuildtwonewbridges.ThousandsofFrenchsoldiersescaped,butatthecostoffiftythousanddead.OnceacrosstheBerezina,thetatteredsurvivorslimpedtowardVilna.

正當俄羅斯軍隊集聚兵力之時，法國人卻不得不逃離俄國，以避免注定的失敗。在別列茲那河，俄國人焚燒了漲水的河道上的橋梁，差點將后撤的法軍困于河邊。僥幸的是，拿破侖居然突擊造起兩座橋。成千上萬法國士兵得以逃脫，但卻損失了5萬人。渡過別列茲拿河，潰不成軍的幸存者一瘸一拐地向維爾紐行進。11OfthesixhundredthousandsoldiersNapoleonhadledintoRussia,lessthanonehundredthousandcameback.TheweakenedFrencharmycontinueditsretreatwestward15.Celsiusa.（溫度）攝氏（的）16.conquestn.conquering,defeat征服，戰勝e.g.HitlerbadlymiscalculatedwhenheassumedtheconquestoftheUSSRwouldbesimple.17.counterattackn.attackmadeinresponsetoanenemy'sattack反攻e.g.Thearmybeganitscounterattackthismorning.18.cruciala.veryimportant至關重要的e.g.Amazingly,oursoccerteamwonthevictoryinthecrucialfinalgame.19.czarn.沙皇20.decisivea.producingadefiniteresultorconclusion;havingorshowingtheabilitytodecidequickly決定性的；果斷的e.g.MostofthedecisivelandcampaignsofWorldWarIoccurredonthecontinentofEurope.21.declarationn.formallyannouncing;aformalannouncement宣布；宣言e.g.Theopeningspeechessoundedmorelikedeclarationsofwarthanofferingsofpeace.22.defendern.保衛者e.g.Hehadtobeatseveraldefenderstoscore.23.devastatinga.causinggreatdestruction毀滅性的e.g.Thousandsofrefugeesaretrappedbydevastatingwar,draughtandfamine.24.diefrom/ofhaveasthecauseofdeath死于e.g.Someanimalsdiedofstarvationinthesnow.25.dragonmoveslowlyandwitheffort;continueendlesslyandtediously緩慢費力地走；拖延e.g.Thesecompensationcaseshavealreadydraggedonforoneyear.26.efficienta.abletoworkwellorproducingasatisfactoryresultwithoutwastingtimeorresources效率高的e.g.Remoteterminalsinthehome,connectedtodatabanks,makethehomethemostefficientplacetoworkinmanycases.27.emperorn.therulerofanempire皇帝；君主e.g.theRomanemperors28.empiren.帝國e.g.theRomanEmpire29.engagev.beginfightingwithsb.;(causeto)takepartinordo;occupyorattractsb.'sinterest,etc.與……交戰；使從事；占用（時間、精力等）engage(sb.)insth.(causeto)takepartinsth.（使）（某人）從事某事e.g.Theyarecurrentlyengagedinlengthytradenegotiations.30.exilen.thestateofbeingsentawayfromone'snativecountryorhome,esp.forpoliticalreasons;forcedabsence流放；流亡vt.e.g.Helivedinexilefornearlysixyears.31.gamblen.athingonedoeswithariskoflossandachanceofprofit賭博takeagambletakearisk冒險e.g.Thecompanytookagamblebycuttingthepriceoftheirproducts,anditpaidoff.32.Germann.德國人；德語a.德國（人）的33.heroica.havingthecharacteristicsofahero;verybrave英雄的；英勇的e.g.Thesoldiersavedthegirlatthecostofhisownlife.Hisheroicdeedswereappreciatedbyallthepeopleinthecommunity.34.hit-and-runa.hittingandthenescaping打了就跑的35.homelandn.one'snativecountry祖國；家鄉e.g.Manyemigrantsareplanningtoreturntotheirhomeland.36.inthecaseofasfaras...isconcerned至于，就……來說e.g.Theriseininterestratewillbedisastrousinthecaseofsmallfirms.37.instructvt.giveordersordirectionsto(sb.);teach(sb.)指示，命令；講授e.g.ThefamilyhasinstructedsolicitorstosueThomsonforcompensation.38.invasionn.anenteringorbeingenteredbyanattackingmilitaryforce入侵；侵略e.g.OnHitler'sorders,theinvasionofPolandbeganonSeptember1,1939.39.launchvt.start;send(sth.)onitscourse開始；發射e.g.Beginningintheearly1960s,humanslaunchedprobestoexploreotherplanets.40.lightninga.veryquickorsudden閃電式的，極快的n.閃電e.g.Policemadealightningraidonthehouse.41.limpvi.walkwithdifficulty,esp.whenonefootorlegishurt一瘸一拐地走；跛行n.e.g.Iinjuredmyankleandhadtolimp.42.minusprep.belowzero;madelessby零下；減a.negative;slightlylowerthanthemarkstated負的；減的；稍低的e.g.Tomorrow'stemperaturewillbeaslowasminustendegreescentigrade.43.mudn.softwetearth爛泥e.g.Thecargotstuckinthemud.44.Nazin.納粹，國社黨分子e.g.TheNazisweremembersoftheright-wingNationalSocialistGermanWorkers'Party,foundedinGermanyin1919andbroughttopowerin1933underAdolfHitler.45.nightfalln.dusk黃昏；傍晚e.g.Wehopetobebackbynightfall.46.occupationn.theseizureandcontrolofacountryorareas;(one's)trade,profession,orbusiness占領；職業e.g.DuringtheJapaneseoccupationofChina,millionsofinnocentChinesepeoplewerekilledbyJapanesesoldiers.47.offensiven.aggressiveaction,attack進攻a.usedfororconnectedwithattack;causingsb.tofeelupset,orannoyed;veryunpleasant進攻的；冒犯的；使人不快的e.g.TheRedArmybroughtitswinteroffensivetoasuccessfulconclusion.48.presson/aheadcontinuedoingsth.inadeterminedway（不顧困難）繼續進行e.g.Ourschoolauthoritiesarekeentopressonwitheducationalreform.49.rawa.coldandwet;notcooked,refined,processed,organizedoranalyzed陰冷的；生的；未加工的e.g.TheeventstookplaceonarawFebruarymorning.50.reckonv.count;consider;think計算；認為bereckonedwithbetakenintoconsideration被加以考慮e.g.Alltheseproblemshadtobereckonedwithastheyarose.51.regionn.area地區e.g.Whenexaminingalargegeographicunit,geographersoftendivideitintosmallerregions.52.rendervt.cause(sb./sth.)tobeinaspecifiedcondition使成為e.g.Hundredsofpeoplewererenderedhomelessbytheearthquake.53.retreatvi.movebackorwithdrawwhenfacedwithdangerordifficulty退卻n.e.g.Weadoptedthefollowingstrategies:Whentheenemyadvances,weretreat;whentheyretreat,wepursue.54.scorchvt.burnanddestroy;causetobecomedryandbrown,esp.fromtheheatofthesun燒光，使成焦土；烤焦e.g.Iscorchedmydresswiththeiron.55.severityn.thequalityofbeingsevere;harshness猛烈；嚴重e.g.Thebrokenwindowsanddoorsofthehouseaddedtotheseverityofthewinter.56.siegen.amilitaryoperationinwhichanarmytriestocaptureatown,etc.bysurroundingitandstoppingthesupplyoffood,etc.tothepeopleinside圍困e.g.Thecitywasundersiegeforsixmonths.57.stand/get/beinthewaypreventfromdoingsth.擋道；妨礙e.g.Manyteacherscomplainthattheycan'tmakeanyimprovementinteachingmethodsastheexistingexamsystemisintheway.58.stragglern.落伍士兵；掉隊者59.stroken.一次；一回；一下；一擊e.g.Hewonacarinthelotterylastweek.That'shisfirststrokeofgoodluck.60.swollena.grownbigger,wider,etc.thanusual;expanded漲水的；腫脹的；擴大的e.g.ThedoctorsaysI'vegotswollenglands.61.tacticn.(usu.pl)aplanormethodusedtoachievesth.oftenagainstanopponent戰術62.tattereda.wearingtornandraggedclothes衣衫襤褸的e.g.Atatteredflagflutteredinthebreeze.63.thankstobecauseof由于，因為e.g.Thankstoherfinancialsupport,thetwochildrenintheremotevillagecouldgotoschool.64.tiden.aregularriseandfallinthelevelofthesea;adirectioninwhichopinion,events,luck,etc.seemtomove潮汐；潮流，趨勢turnthetide(against)changewhatlookslikedefeatintovictory(over)徹底改變形勢（造成對……不利），扭轉潮流e.g.Thetideofopinionseemedtobeturnedagai