PAGE4PAGE2中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)\o"Read'HolisticWebBrowsing:TrendsOfTheFuture'"HolisticWebBrowsing:TrendsOfTheFutureThefutureoftheWebiseverywhere.ThefutureoftheWebisnotatyourdesk.It’snotnecessarilyinyourpocket,either.It’s

everywhere.Witheachnewtechnologicalinnovation,wecontinuetobecomemoreandmoreimmersedintheWeb,connectingtheever-growinglayerofinformationinthevirtualworldtotherealonearoundus.Butratherthangetstarry-eyedwithutopianwonderaboutthisbrightfutureahead,weshould

soberlyanticipatethemassiveamountofplanninganddesignwork

itwillrequireofdesigners,developersandothers.Thegapbetweentechnologicalinnovationanditsintegrationinourdailylivesisshrinkingataratemuchfasterthanwecankeeppacewith—considerthenumberofuniqueWebapplicationsyousignedupforinthepastyearalone.ThishasresultedinaveryfragmentedexperienceoftheWeb.Whilerunningseveraldifferentbrowsers,withallsortsofplug-ins,youmightalsoberunningmultiplestandaloneapplicationstomanagefeeds,socialmediaaccountsandmusicplaylists.Eventhoughwemaybeadeptatswitchingfromonetaborwindowtoanother,weshouldbeworkingtowardsamoreholisticWebexperience,onethatseamlesslyintegratesallofthefunctionalityweneedinthesimplestandmostcontextualway.Withthisinmind,let’sreviewfourtrendsthatdesignersanddeveloperswouldbewisetoobserveandintegrateintotheirworksoastopavethewayforamoreholisticWebbrowsingexperience:Thebrowserasoperatingsystem,Functionally-limitedmobileapplications,Web-enhanceddevices,Personalization.1.TheBrowserAsOperatingSystemThankstothemassivegrowthofWebproductivityapplications,creativetoolsandentertainmentoptions,wearespendingmoretimeinthebrowserthaneverbefore.Themoretimewespendthere,thelesswemakeuseofthemanytoolsinthelargeroperatingsystemthatactuallyrunsthebrowser.Asaresult,we’rebeginningto

expectthesamehighlevelofreliabilityandsophisticationinourWebexperiencethatwegetfromouroperatingsystem.Forthemostpart,ourexpectationshavebeenmetbysuchinnovationsasGoogle’sGmail,Talk,CalendarandDocsapplications,whichalloffervaryingdegreesofintegrationwithoneanother,andonlineimageeditingtoolslikePicnikandAdobe’sonlineversionofPhotoshop.Andthoseexpectationswillcontinuetobemetbyupcomingreleases,suchastheChromeoperatingsystem—we’realreadythinkingofourbrowsersasoperatingsystems.DoingeverythingontheWebwasonceapipedream,butnowit’sareality.UBIQUITYTheonelimitationofWebbrowsersthatbecomesmoreandmoreobviousaswemakegreateruseofapplicationsinthecloudisthelackofusableconnectionsbetweenopentabs.Mostusershavegrownaccustomedtokeepingmanytabsopen,switchingbackandforthrapidlybetweenGmail,GoogleCalendar,GoogleDocsandvarioussocialmediatools.Butthisswitchingfromtabtotabisindicativeofbrokenconnectionsbetweenapplicationsthatreallyoughttobeintegrated.Mozillaisattemptingtofunctionallyconnecttoolsthatweuseinthebrowserinamoreintuitiveandrichwaywith

Ubiquity.Whileit’sdefinitelyastepintherightdirection,thecommand-lineapproachmaybeabarriertoentryforthoseunabletoletgoofthemouse.Inthescreenshotbelow,youcanseehowUbiquityallowsyoutoquicklymapalocationshownonaWebpagewithouthavingtoopenGoogleMapsinanothertab.Thisisoneexampleofintegratedfunctionalitywithoutwhichyouwouldberequiredtocopyandpastetextfromonetabtoanother.Ubiquity’scorecapability,whichiscreatingaholisticbrowsingexperiencebyunderstandingbasiccommandsandexecutingthemusingappropriateWebapplications,iscertainlythedirectioninwhichthebrowserisheading.Thisapproach,weddedtovoice-recognitionsoftware,maybehowweallnavigatetheWebinthenextdecade,orsooner:hands-free.TRACEMONKEYANDOGGMeanwhile,smaller,quieterreleaseshavebeenpavingthewaytoholisticbrowsing.Thispastsummer,FirefoxreleasedanupdatetoitssoftwarethatincludesabrandnewJavaScriptenginecalled

TraceMonkey.Thisenginedeliversasignificantboostinspeedandimage-editingfunctionality,aswellastheabilitytoplayvideoswithoutthird-partysoftwareorcodecs.Asidefromthespeedadvances,whicharealwayswelcome,theimageandvideocapabilitiesareperfectexamplesofhowthebrowserisencroachingontheoperatingsystem’sterritory.Beingabletoeditimagesinthebrowsercouldreplacetheneedforlocalimage-editingsoftwareonyourmachine,andpotentiallyforseparateapplicationssuchasPicnik.Atthispoint,it’snotcertainhowsophisticatedthisfunctionalitycanbe,andsodesignersandordinaryuserswillprobablycontinuetorunlocalcopiesofPhotoshopforsometimetocome.Thenewvideofunctionality,whichreliesonanopen-sourcecodeccalled

Ogg,opensupmanypossibilities,thefirstonebeingfordeveloperswhodonotwanttolicensecodecs.Currently,developersarerequiredtolicenseacodeciftheywanttheirvideostobeplayableinproprietarysoftwaresuchasAdobeFlash.OggallowsvideotobeplayedbackinFirefoxitself.Whatexcitesmany,though,isthatthenewversionofFirefoxenablesinteractivitybetweenmultipleapplications

onthesamepage.Onepotentialapplicationofthistechnology,asillustratedintheimageabove,isallowinguserstoclickobjectsinavideotogetadditionalinformationaboutthemwhilethevideoisplaying.2.Functionally-LimitedMobileApplicationsSofar,ourlookataholisticWebexperiencehasbeenlimitedtothetraditionalbrowser.Butwe’realsointeractingwiththeWebmoreandmoreonmobiledevices.Rightnow,casualsurfingonamobiledeviceisnotaverysophisticatedexperiencesandthereforeprobablynotthemaindrawforusers.Thecombinationofsmallscreens,inconsistentinputoptions,slowconnectionsandlackofcontentoptimizedformobilebrowsersmakesthisaprettyclumsy,unpredictableandfrustratingexperience,especiallyifyou’renotonaniPhone.However,applicationswrittenspecificallyformobileenvironmentsandthatdealwithparticular,limitedsetsofdata—suchasGoogle’smobileapps,device-specificapplicationsforTwitterandFacebookandthemillionsofapplicationsintheiPhoneAppStore—lookmorelikethefutureofmobileWebuse.Becausethemobilebrowsingexperienceisinitsinfancy,hereissomeadviceondesigningmobileexperiences:ratherthansqueezingfull-sizedWebapplications(i.e.onesoptimizedfordesktopsandlaptops)intothepocket,designersanddevelopersshouldbecomeproficientatidentifyingandexecutinglimitedfunctionalitysetsformobileapplications.AMAZONMOBILEAgreatexampleofafunctionally-limitedmobileapplicationis

Amazon’sinterfacefortheiPhone

(screenshotabove).Amazonhasreducedthemassivescaleofitswebsitetothemostessentialfunctions:search,shoppingcartandlists.AndithasoptimizedthelayoutspecificallyfortheiPhone’ssmallerscreen.FACEBOOKFORIPHONEFacebookcontinuestoimprove

itsmobileversion.Thelatestversionincludesasimplifiedlandingscreen,withaniconforeverymajorfunctionofthewebsiteinorderofpriorityofuse.Whileinformationhasbeenreducedandsegmented,thescopeofthewebsitehasnotbeensignificantlyaltered.Eachnewupdatebringstheappclosertoreplicatingthefullexperienceinawaythatfeelsquitenatural.GMAILFORIPHONEFinally,

Gmail’siPhoneapplication

isalsoimpressive.Googlehasintroducedafloatingbartotheinterfacethatallowsuserstobatchprocessemails,sothattheydon’thavetoopeneachemailinordertodealwithit.3.Web-EnhancedDevicesMobiledeviceswillproliferatefasterthananythingthecomputerindustryhasseenbefore,therebyexplodingentrypointstotheWeb.ButtheWebwillvastlyexpandnotsolelythroughpersonalmobiledevicesbutthrough

completelynewWeb-enhancedinterfacesintransportationvehicles,homes,clothingandotherproducts.Insomecases,Webenhancementmaylenditselftomarketinginitiativesandadvertising;inothercases,connectingcertaindevicestotheWebwillmakethemmoreusefulandefficient.HerearethreeexamplesofWeb-enhancedproductsorservicesthatwemayallbeusinginthecomingyears:WEB-ENHANCEDGROCERYSHOPPINGWeb-connectedgrocerystore“VIP”cardsmaytrackcustomerspendingastheydotoday:everytimeyouscanyourcustomercard,yourpurchasesareaddedtoamassivedatabasethatgrocerystoresusetoguidetheirstockingchoices.Inexchangeforyourdata,thestoresofferyoudiscountsonselectedproducts.SoonwithWeb-enhancedshopping,storeswillbeabletoofferyou

specific

promotionsbasedonyourparticularpurchasinghistory,andinrealtime(asillustratedabove).ThiswillgiveshoppersmoreincentivetosignupforVIPprogramsandgiveretailersmoreflexibilityandvarietywithdiscounts,salesandotherpromotions.WEB-ENHANCEDUTILITIESOneexampleofaWeb-enhanceddevicewemayallseeinourhomessoonenoughisasmartthermostat(illustratedabove),whichwillallowusersnotonlytomonitortheirpowerusageusingGooglePowerMeterbuttoseetheircurrentchargeswhenitmatterstothem(e.g.whenthey’returninguptheheater,notsittinginfrontofacomputer).WEB-ENHANCEDPERSONALBANKINGAnotherusefulWebenhancementwouldbeadisplayofyourcurrentbankaccountbalancedirectlyonyourdebitorcreditcard(asshownabove).Thisdatawould,ofcourse,beprotectedanddisplayedonlyafteryouclearabiometricsecuritysystemthatreadsyourfingerprintdirectlyonthecard.Admittedly,thisideaisrifewithprivacyandsecurityimplications,butsomethinglikethiswillneverthelesslikelyexistinthenot-too-distantfuture.4.PersonalizationThankstotherapidadoptionofsocialnetworkingwebsites,peoplehavebecomecomfortablewithmorepersonalizedexperiencesonline.BeinggreetedbynameandofferedcontentorsearchresultsbasedontheirbrowsinghistorynotonlyiscommonnowbutmakestheWebmoreappealingtomany.Thenextstepistoincreasetheuser’scontroloftheirpersonalinformationandtooffermoretoolsthatdeliver

new

informationtailoredtothem.CENTRALIZEDPROFILESIfyou’relikemostpeople,youprobablymaintainsomewherebetweentwotosixactiveprofilesonvarioussocialnetworks.Eachprofilecontainsasetofinformationaboutyou,andtheoverlapvaries.Youprobablyhaveuniqueusernamesandpasswordsforeachone,too,thoughusingasinglesign-onservicetogainaccesstomultipleaccountsisbecomingmorecommon.Butwhyshouldn’ttheinformationyousubmittotheseaccountsfollowthesameapproach?Inthecomingyears,whatyoutellpeopleaboutyourselfonlinewillbemoreandmoreunderyourcontrol.Thisprocessstartswithcentralizingyourdatainoneprofile,whichwillthensharebitsofitwithotherprofiles.Thisway,ifyourinformationchanges,you’llhavetoupdateyourprofileonlyonce.DATAOWNERSHIPThequestionofwhoownsthedatathatyoushareonlineisfuzzy.Inmanycases,itevenremainsunaddressed.However,asprivacysettingsonsocialnetworksbecomemoreandmorecomplex,usersarebecomingincreasinglyconcernedaboutdataownership.Inparticular,thequestionofwhoownstheimages,videoandmessagescreatedbyusersbecomessignificantwhenauserwantstoremovetheirprofile.Toputitinperspective,RoyalPingdom,inits

Internet2009inNumbers

report,foundthat2.5billionphotoswereuploadedtoFacebookeachmonthin2009!Themorethisnumbergrows,themoreuserswillbeconcernedaboutwhathappenstothecontenttheytransferfromtheirmachinestoserversinthecloud.Whileitmayseemlikeastepbackward,amovementtorestoreuserdatastoragetopersonalmachines,whichwouldthenintelligentlysharethatdatawithvarioussocialnetworksandotherwebsites,willlikelyspringupinresponsetogrowingprivacyconcerns.Asystemlikethiswouldallowindividualstoassignmetadatatofilesontheircomputers,suchasvideoclipsandphotos;thismetadatawouldspecifythefiles’availabilitytosocialnetworkprofilesandotherwebsites.RatherthanuploadingacopyofanimagefromyourcomputertoFlickr,youwouldgiveFlickraccesstocertainfilesthatremainonyourmachine.Organizationssuchasthe

DataPortabilityProject

areintroducingthiskindofthinkingaccrosstheWebtoday.RECOMMENDATIONENGINESSearchengines—andthewholeconceptofsearchitself—willremaininfluxaspersonalizationbecomesmorecommonplace.Currently,themajorsearchenginesareadaptingtothisbyofferingdifferenttakesonpersonalizedsearchresults,basedonuser-specificbrowsinghistory.IfyouaresignedintoyourGoogleaccountandsearchforapizzaparlor,youwillmorelikelyseelocalresults.Withits

socialsearch

experiment,Googlealsohopestoleverageyoursocialnetworkconnectionstodeliverresultsfrompeopleyoualreadyknow.Roundingthoseoutwithreal-timesearchresultsgivesusersamorepersonalsearchexperiencethatisamuchmorerealisticrepresentationoftherapidproliferationofnewinformationontheWeb.Andbecausetheresultsarefilteredbasedonyourbehaviorandpreferences,thesearchenginewillcontinueto“learn”moreaboutyouinordertoprovidethemostusefulinformation.Anothernewsearchengineisattemptingtogettotheheartofpersonalizedresults.

Hunchprovidescustomizedrecommendationsofinformationbasedonusers’answerstoasetofquestionsforeachquery.Themoreyouuseit,thebettertheenginegetsatrecommendinginformation.AslongasyoumaintainaprofilewithHunch,youwillgetincreasinglysatisfactoryanswerstogeneralquestionslike,“WhereshouldIgoonvacation?”Thetrendofpersonalizationwillhavesignificantimpactonthewayindividualwebsitesandapplicationsaredesigned.Today,consumerwebsitesroutinelyaltertheirlandingpagesbasedonthelocationoftheuser.Tomorrow,websitesmightdosimilarinterfacecustomizationsforindividualusers.Designersanddeveloperswillneedtoplanforsuchvisualandstructuralversatilitytostayonthecuttingedge.

\o"讀\“整體網站瀏覽：對未來的發展趨勢\”"整體網頁瀏覽：對未來的發展趨勢克里斯托弗·巴特勒未來的網頁無處不在。未來的網頁，不是在你的辦公桌，也不一定在你的口袋里，它是無處不在的。隨著每一個新的技術創新,我們將越來越沉浸在網絡中,連接層中信息的日益增長使虛擬世界與現實環繞在我們周圍。不過這種光明的未來并不能過分樂觀的看待,我們應該清醒的預見大量的規劃和設計工作依賴于設計人員、開發人員和其他人。在我們的日常生活中僅去年一年技術創新和一體化之間的差距正在萎縮，其速度遠遠超過我們可以考慮到的一些獨特的你已注冊了的網頁應用。這導致了網絡體驗起來有一種非常分散的感覺。比如當不同的瀏覽器、各種各樣的插件運行時,您也不得不運行多個獨立應用程序來管理feed,社交媒體賬戶和音樂播放列表。盡管我們可能善于從一個選項卡或窗口切換到另一個，我們仍應該努力建立一個更全面的網絡體驗，一個銜接完美的集成了所有我們需要的最簡單最簡便的功能。考慮到這一點，讓我們回顧一下四個趨勢，設計人員和開發人員將會明智的觀察和融入他們的工作，為更全面的Web瀏覽體驗鋪平道路：瀏覽器作為操作系統；功能有限的移動應用程序；增強網絡的設備；個性化。1瀏覽器作為操作系統大量增長的網絡生產力應用程序，創作工具和娛樂選擇，讓我們在瀏覽器中比以往任何時候花更多的時間。我們花越多的時間在那里，我們對運行在更大的操作系統中的瀏覽器里的許多工具的利用率就越低。因此，我們開始期待從我們的操作系統中體驗到同樣高水平的可靠和老練的感覺。在大多數情況下，我們對這樣的創新的預期已被滿足，如谷歌的Gmail，通話，日歷和文檔應用程序，其中提供所有不同程度的與彼此的融合的改革，還有在線圖像編輯工具Picnik和Adobe的在線版的Photoshop等。而那些期望在即將到來的版本中繼續得到滿足，Chrome操作系統的人我們已經在考慮我們的瀏覽器，操作系統等。正在網絡上發生的一切曾經是一個白日夢，但現在它已是一個現實。1.1無處不在有一個網絡瀏覽器的局限正在變得越來越明顯，那就是當我們正在更大的利用計算機的云應用時缺乏可用打開的選項卡之間的連接。大多數用戶已經習慣于在保持打開的許多標簽，Gmail，谷歌日歷，谷歌Docs和各種社會化媒體工具之間來回快速切換。但是這種象征著應用程序之間的斷開的從選項卡到選項卡的轉換，卻真的應該被整合。Mozilla正試圖在功能上，讓我們在瀏覽器中使用更直觀，更豐富的方式與無處不在的連接工具。雖然這絕對是向一個正確的方向前進的一步，但命令行方式可能是解放鼠標的壁壘。在下面的截圖中，你可以看到無處不在的一個Web頁面，這可以讓您快速查找到谷歌地圖上顯示的位置，而無需在另一個選項卡中打開。這是一個綜合功能的例子，沒有它，你將需要從一個標簽到另一個復制和粘貼文本。Ubiquity的核心能力，是通過理解基礎的命令并執行它們用適當的網絡應用創造一個整體的瀏覽器體驗，這正是瀏覽器標題的方向。這種對于語音識別軟件的投身的方法，，可能關系到在未來的十年我們如何瀏覽網頁，或遲早會變成：解放雙手（不用鼠標或鍵盤）。1.2TRACEMONKEY和OGG及時，更小，更安靜的版本已經鋪平了道路，以便全面的瀏覽。剛剛過去的這個夏天，火狐發布了一個更新其軟件，其中包括一個全新的JavaScript引擎TraceMonkey的。該引擎提供了一個顯著的提升，在速度和圖像編輯功能，以及能夠播放視頻，而無需第三方軟件或編解碼器。除了從速度前進，隨時歡迎，圖像和視頻功能是如何在瀏覽器的操作系統的領土侵犯的完美的例子。能夠在瀏覽器中編輯圖像可以替換為本地的圖像編輯軟件在您的計算機上，并有可能為獨立的應用程序，如Picnik的需要。在這一點上，它不能確定這個功能可以多么復雜，因此，設計人員和普通用戶可能會繼續運行，今后一段時間內的本地副本的Photoshop。新的視頻功能，它依賴于一個開放源碼的編解碼器，稱為奧格，開辟了許多可能性，是第一個不需要許可證編解碼器的開發。目前，開發人員需要的編解碼器授權，如果他們希望自己的視頻的專用軟件如Adobe的Flash播放。奧格允許視頻播放在Firefox本身播放。是什么激發許多，雖然是新版本的Firefox可以在同一頁面上的多個應用程序之間的交互性。一個潛在的應用，如上面的圖片所示，這項技術允許用戶在播放視頻時的視頻，以獲得更多關于他們的信息，單擊“對象。2功能有限的移動應用程序到目前為止，我們看一個全面的Web體驗已不限于傳統的瀏覽器。但我們也與Web交互越來越多的移動設備上。眼下，休閑沖浪在移動設備上是一個非常復雜的經歷，因此可能不會對用戶具有主要的吸引力。小屏幕，輸入選項不一致，連接速度慢，內容缺乏針對移動瀏覽器進行了優化組合，這是一個很笨拙的，不可預知的和令人沮喪的經驗，特別是如果你在iPhone上。但是，應用程序編寫的專門為移動環境中和，處理與特定的，有限集的數據，例如作為谷歌的移動應用程序，設備特定的應用程序的Twitter的和Facebook的和高達數百萬的應用程序在iPhoneApp商店，看起來更像未來的使用移動網絡。由于移動瀏覽體驗還處于起步階段，這里有一些建議設計的移動體驗，而不是擠壓全尺寸的Web應用程序（即那些用于臺式機和筆記本電腦進行了優化）納入囊中，設計人員和開發人員應該熟練掌握確定和執行有限的功能集于移動應用。2.1亞馬遜手機一個功能有限的移動應用程序的一個很好的例子是Amazon的接口為iPhone（上面的截圖）。亞馬遜已經降低了大規模其網站的最重要的功能：搜索，購物車，并列出。它優化了布局，專為iPhone的小屏幕。2.2FACEBOOK的IPHONEFacebook繼續提高它的移動版本。最新版本包括一個簡單的登陸畫面，每一個主要功能的網站中使用的優先順序的圖標。信息已減少，分段的網站，其范圍沒有顯著改變。每一個新的更新帶來了更接近應用程序復制充分的體驗，感覺很自然的方式。2.3GMAIL的IPHONE最后，Gmail的iPhone應用程序也令人印象深刻。谷歌已經推出了一個浮動欄的界面，允許用戶批量處理電子郵件，這樣他們就不必打開每封電子郵件以處理。3增強網絡的設備移動設備將擴散的速度比任何計算機行業已經出現之前都要迅速，因此成為爆炸網絡的入口點。但網絡將極大地擴大并不僅僅通過個人移動設備，而是通過全新的增強型網絡接口的運輸