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中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)英文文獻:RedwineconsumptionincreasesantioxidantstatusanddecreasesoxidativestressinthecirculationofbothyoungandoldhumansBackground:Redwinecontainsanaturallyrichsourceofantioxidants,whichmayprotectthebodyfromoxidativestress,adeterminantofage-relateddisease.Thecurrentstudysetouttodeterminetheinvivoeffectsofmoderateredwineconsumptiononantioxidantstatusandoxidativestressinthecirculation.Methods:20young(18–30yrs)and20older(≥50yrs)volunteerswererecruited.Eachagegroupwasrandomlydividedintotreatmentsubjectswhoconsumed400mL/dayofredwinefortwoweeks,orcontrolsubjectswhoabstainedfromalcoholfortwoweeks,afterwhichtheycrossedoverintotheothergroup.Bloodsampleswerecollectedbeforeandafterredwineconsumptionandwereusedforanalysisofwholebloodglutathione(GSH),plasmamalondialdehyde(MDA)andserumtotalantioxidantstatus.Results:Resultsfromthisstudyshowconsumptionofredwineinducedsignificantincreasesinplasmatotalantioxidantstatus(P<0.03),andsignificantdecreasesinplasmaMDA(P<0.001)andGSH(P<0.004)inyoungandoldsubjects.Theresultsshowthattheconsumptionof400mL/dayofredwinefortwoweeks,significantlyincreasesantioxidantstatusanddecreasesoxidativestressinthecirculation.Conclusion:Itmaybeimpliedfromthisdatathatredwineprovidesgeneraloxidativeprotectionandtolipidsystemsincirculationviatheincreaseinantioxidantstatus.BackgroundEffortstodefinetheroleofnutritioninhealthhavecapturedresearcher'sinterestinantioxidantsandtheircapacitytoprotectthebodyfromdamageinducedbyoxidativestress.Extensiveresearchhasdemonstratedtheprotectivepropertiesofantioxidants,whichscavengereactiveoxygenspecies(ROS)andtheirprecursors,aswellasup-regulateenzymesinvolvedintherepairofcellulardamage.Redwinecontainsarichsourceofalargenumberofantioxidants,namelythephenolicacidsandpolyphenols,whichprovideitwithitsprotectiveredoxpotential.Epidemiologicalstudieshaveshownthatdespitethehighintakeofsaturatedfattyacidswithinthedietsofsomepopulations,areducedmortalityratefromcardiovasculardiseaseisattributedtothehighconsumptionofredwine,independentofitsalcoholcontent,the‘FrenchParadox’.Studiesalsoindicatethatsub-populationsalreadyatahighriskofcoronaryheartdisease(CHD)(i.e.elderly)maypotentiallyexperienceagreaterbeneficialeffectfrommoderatewineconsumption[5].Moderateconsumptionofredwinehasalsobeenshowntoretardorslowtheplasmaclearanceofhighdensitylipoproteins(HDL),anegativeriskfactorforthedevelopmentofcardiovasculardisease(CVD).Indoingso,apositivecorrelationbetweenHDLparticlesandmoderateredwineintakebecomesevident.Furthermore,theincubationoflowdensitylipoproteinsLDL)invaryingconcentrationsofredandwhitewineshoweda50%declineinoxidationatconcentrationsof0.04and0.7mg/ethanol/mLrespectively,uptoaconcentrationof1.0mg/mL.TheseresultsindicatethatredwineinhibitscellmediatedLDLoxidationmoreefficientlythenwhitewineandatmuchlowerconcentrations.Toinvestigatefurther,therelationshipbetweenredwineconsumptionandoxidativedamageinhumanshasbeenstudiedbyGreenrodandFenech,inaseriesofinvitroandexvivostudydesigns.Theydemonstratedastrong(>70%)reductioninH2O2inducedgeneticdamageafter1hourpostconsumptionof300mLofredwine.ThesefindingsarealsosupportedbyasimilarstudybySzetoandBenzie,showingthatDNAdamagewassignificantlyreducedinaH2O2challenge,withtreatmentofcaffeicacid,apolyphenolfoundinredwine.Oxidativedamagetoarangeofbiomoleculesisofparticularinteresttoresearchers.Thetripeptideglutathione(GSH)functionsasanantioxidant,whichscavengesfreeradicalspeciesincirculation.GSHisoxidizedastheenzymeglutathioneperoxidasecatalyzesthedegradationofH2O2.IncreasingevidencedemonstratesGSHplaysanintegralroleintheprotectionagainstoxidativestressinthecirculationduetoitsabilitytofacilitatetherecyclingofoxidizedα-tocopherolandascorbicacid,twoimportantantioxidantsinthecirculationandiswidelyusedasabiomarkerofcirculatingantioxidantlevels.WithinplasmafattyacidresiduesofphospholipidsandLDL,areextremelysusceptibletooxidativedamagebyfreeradicalintermediatesresultinginoxidizedfattyacidsandperoxidationbyproducts,suchasconjugateddiennes(CD)andmalondialdehyde(MDA)derivatives.MDAappearstobeoneofthemosttoxicandmutagenicaldehydesgeneratedbylipidperoxidationofpolyunsaturatedfattyacidsofcellmembranes.Itisalsoapopularmeasurementusedtoquantifytheeffectsofradicaldamagetocellularlipids.AlargebodyofevidencewhichindicatesthatfreeradicalproductioncandirectlyorindirectlyplayamajorroleincellularprocessesimplicatedinatherosclerosisandCVD,.Thereforetheaimofthisstudywerefirstlytounderstandhowmoderateredwineconsumption(400ml/day)fortwoweekseffectedcirculatinglipids,antioxidantlevelandtotalantioxidantcapacityinthecirculationandsecondlyassessthedifferencesinbioefficacyofredwineinyoungandolderpopulations.MethodsRecruitmentofvolunteersThisstudyprotocolwasapprovedbytheHumanResearchEthicsCommitteeofVictoriaUniversity(HRETH.SET15/05).Fortyvolunteerswereselectedbasedupontheirresponsestoageneralhealthquestionnaireandaftergivingwritteninformedconsent.Thosewhoweretakinganyanti-coagulantoranti-inflammatorymedicationsorhadahistoryofcardiovascularorliverdiseasewereexcluded.Twoagegroupswereselected,thesewere20volunteersagedbetween18–30yearsold(younggroup)and20volunteersagedolderthen50yearsold(oldergroup).Volunteerswererandomlyassignedtobeginintheredwineorcontrolgroupwithintheirrespectiveagegroup(Figure1).InterventiondesignPriortodrinkingtheredwineorcontrolperiodvolunteerswereaskedtoabstainfromconsuminganyalcohol,grapesorgrapeproductsforoneweek.Afterthisoneweekleadinsubjectshadthree10mLtubesoffastingbloodcollectedviavenipuncturetodeterminebaselinemeasuresofMDA,GSH,andtotalantioxidantcapacityandBMI(kg/m2)calculated,afterwhichtheybegantheredwineorcontrolperiod.Duringtheredwineperiodparticipantsconsumed400mLofredwineeachday(CabernetSauvignon)overaperiodoftwoconsecutiveweeksandabstainedfromotheralcohol,grapesorgrapeproducts.Aplacebosuchasalcoholfreewinewasnotusedduetodifficultiesinmatchingtheflavourandmouthfeeloftheredwineused.Insteadacrossoverdesignwasusedwherebyaftercompletingeithertheredwineorcontrolperiodvolunteersweregivenatwoweekwashoutperiodbeforecrossingoverintotheothergroup.Duringthecontrolperiodvolunteersabstainedfromconsuminganysourceofalcohol,grapesorgrapeproductsfortwoweeks.Three10mLtubesoffastingbloodwereagaincollectedafterthetreatmentorcontrolphase(seeFigure1).Participantswerealsoencouragedtomaintaintheirusualdietandexercisehabitsthroughouttheentirestudyphasewhichwasmonitoredbyparticipantskeepingafoodandactivitydiarybeforeandduringthestudy.Therewerenospecificinstructionsgiventoavoidfoodscontaininglargeamountsofphenoliccompounds,otherthanabstainfromconsuminganyalcohol,grapesorgrapeproductsaspreviouslydescribed.WinesupplementationTheredwineusedthroughoutthisstudywasaCabernetSauvignon,suppliedasacaskwinetopreventtheoxidationofthewine.Thisstylewaschosensinceitisknowntobepalatabletomostpeopleandtothevolunteersinthestudy.Participantsconsumedthewineatanytimeduringtheday,however,itwassuggestedthattheydosoatatimewhentheywouldnormallyconsumealcohol(e.g.withaneveningmeal).Importantly,duringtheperiodofsupplementationparticipantswereaskedtorefrainfromconsuminganyothersourcesofalcohol,grapesorgrapeproducts.WinecompositionTheconcentrationsoftotalanthocyanins,degreeofanthocyaninionisation,totalphenoliccompounds,redwinecolour(densityandhue)andtwoindicesprovidingameasureofpolymerisationofmonomericforms(Chemicalageindex#1and#2)weredeterminedbyspectrophotometricmethods.DeterminationoftheconcentrationoffreeandboundsulphurdioxideinthewinewasmadeusingthemethodofRankineandPocock.Alcoholcontentwasprovidedbythewineproducer.ThecompositionofthewineusedinthisstudywasanalysedcanbeseeninTable1.Allcomponentsofthewineusedinthisstudy,exceptforredwinecolour–hueandfreesulfurdioxide,wereslightlyhigherthantheredwineusedinastudybyGreenrodetal.AnalysesofglutathioneGlutathionewasmeasuredasitisanimportantantioxidantinthecirculationusingacommerciallyavailablecolorimetrickit(NorthwestLifeSciences)basedonthemethodofTeitzefollowingthemanufacturesinstructions.BloodwascollectedviavenipunctureusingEDTAcoatedtubesandstoredat4°C.Wholebloodsampleswerethendeproteinatedmixingaliquotswith100ulofcold5%metaphosphoricacidfollowedbycentrifugationat1500×gfor5min,thesupernatantwasthenremovedandstoredat-20°Cawaitingfurtheranalysis.AllsampleswerethenassayedforreducedGSHasabatch.Thisinvolvedmixing50μLofcalibratorsorsampleswith50μLDTNBreagentand50μLglutathionereductasereagentinthewellsofmicroplate.Thisreactionmixwasthenincubatedatambienttemperaturefor3minafterwhich50ulNADPHreagentwasaddedtoallwellsandabsorbancevaluesreadat405nmwithdatacollectedat15secintervalsfor3min.Absorbancevalueswerethenplottedasafunctionoftimeforeachcalibratorandsample.Acalibrationcurvewasthenconstructedbyplottingthe△A405/minforeachcalibratorasafunctionoftheGSHconcentrationandtheequationforthecalibrationcurvewasthenusedtocalculatetheconcentrationofGSHinallsamples.AnalysesofmalondialdehydePlasmamalondialdehydewasasamarkeroflipidperoxidationusingacommerciallyavailablecolorimetrickit(NorthwestLifeSciences)followingthemanufacturesinstructions.BloodwascollectedviavenipunctureusingEDTAcoatedtubes,storedat4°Candplasmaseparatedwithin2hrsbycentrifugationat3000×gfor10minutesatroomtemperature.Plasmasampleswerethenstoredat-20°Cawaitingfurtheranalysis.AllsampleswerethenassayedforMDAasabatch.Thisinvolvedmixing250ulcalibratororsamplewith10uLofButylatedhydroxytoluenereagent,250ulPhosphoricacidreagentand250ul2-Thiobarbituricacidreagent.Thisreactionmixwasthenincubatedat60°Cfor60minfollowedbycentrifugationat10000×gfor3min.Absorbanceofcalibratorsandsampleswasthenreadat532nminaspectrophotometer(Biorad).AbsorbancevaluesforcalibratorswerethenusedtoconstructacalibrationcurveandtheequationforcalibrationcurvewasthenusedtocalculatetheconcentrationofMDAinallsamples.AnalysesoftotalantioxidantstatusSerumtotalantioxidantstatus(TAS)wasdeterminedforaquantitativeassessmentofinvivoantioxidantstatususingacommerciallyavailablekit(Randox)basedonthetroloxequivalentantioxidantcapacitymethodofMillerfollowingthemanufacturesinstructions.Bloodwascollectedviavenipunctureusingserumseparatortubes,storedat4°Candserumseparatedwithin2hrs.Serumsampleswerethenstoredat-20°Cawaitingfurtheranalysis.AllsampleswerethenassayedforTASasabatch.Thisinvolvedmixing20μLcalibrator(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-etramethylchroman-2-carboxylicacid1.79mmol/L)orsamplewith1mlofchromogen(metmyoglobin6.1μmol/L,ABTS610μmol/L)andincubatingat37°Cfor3min.Initialabsorbancewasthenreadat600nminaspectrophotometer(Biorad).Afterwhich200μLofsubstrate(hydrogenperoxide250μmol/L)wasaddedtocalibratorandsampleandincubatedat37°Cfor3min.Finalabsorbancewasthenreadat600nm.ThechangeinabsorbancevalueforsamplesrelativetothechangeinabsorbanceofthecalibratorwasthentocalculatetheTASinallsamples.Thetotalantioxidantstatusoftheredwine(CabernetSauvignon)usedinthisstudywasalsomeasuredusingthesameassay.AnalysesofserumglucoseandplasmalipidsSerumglucosewasdeterminedusingacommercialglucoseoxidasereagentandstandard(ThermoElectronCorporation).Thisinvolvedmixing3μLofcalibratororsamplewith450μLofglucoseoxidasereagentandincubatingat37°Cfor5min.Absorbanceofcalibratorsandsampleswasthenreadat500nminaspectrophotometer(Biorad).Theabsorbancevalueofsamplesrelativetotheabsorbanceofthecalibratorwasthentocalculatetheglucoselevelinallsamples.Plasmatriglyceridesweredeterminedusingcommerciallyavailablecolorimetrickit(ThermoElectronCorporation).Thisinvolvedmixing6μLofcalibratororsamplewith600μLoftriglyceridereagentandincubatingat37°Cfor3min.Absorbanceofcalibratorsandsampleswasthenreadat500nminaspectrophotometer(Biorad).Theabsorbancevalueofsamplesrelativetotheabsorbanceofthecalibratorwasthentocalculatethetriglyceridelevelinallsamples.Totalcholesterolwasdeterminedusingcommerciallyavailablecolorimetrickit(ThermoElectronCorporation).Thisinvolvedmixing6μLofcalibratororsamplewith600μL ofcholesterolreagentandincubatingat37°Cfor3min.Absorbanceofcalibratorsandsampleswasthenreadat500nminaspectrophotometer(Biorad).Theabsorbancevalueofsamplesrelativetotheabsorbanceofthecalibratorwasthentocalculatethecholesterollevelinallsamples.HDLcholesterolwasdeterminedusingcommerciallyavailablecolorimetrickit(ThermoElectronCorporation).Thisinvolvedmixing4μLofcalibratororsamplewith300μLofHDLreagent1andincubatingat37°Cfor5min.Afterwhich100μLofHDLreagent2wasaddedtocalibratorandsampleandincubatedat37°Cfor3min.Absorbanceofcalibratorsandsampleswasthenreadat600nminaspectrophotometer(Biorad).Theabsorbancevalueofsamplesrelativetotheabsorbanceofthecalibratorwasthentocalculatethetriglyceridelevelinallsamples.LDLcholesterol,ariskfactorforcardiovasculardisease,wascalculatedbysubtractingHDLcholesterolvalues,anegativeriskfactorforcardiovasculardisease,fromtotalcholesterol.StatisticalanalysisStatisticalanalysiswasperformedusingtheSPSSstatisticalpackage(version12.0,SPSSInc.).Alldataweredistributednormallyandexpressedasmean±standarderrorofthemean(SEM).DatafromyoungandolderindividualswereanalyzedusingathreewayANOVAtodeterminetheeffectofwineconsumptionwithintheyoungoroldgroup,anydifferencebetweenyoungandoldgroupsandanydifferencebetweenpresampleswiththeyoungoroldgroup.Duetothecrossoverdesignofthestudyanydifferencebetweenarenotincludedintheanalysisstheprimaryfocusoftheresearchwastodeterminetheeffectofredwineconsumption.InallcasesaPvalueof<0.05wasconsideredstatisticallysignificant.ResultsWholebloodglutathionewasmeasuredasitisanimportantcirculatingantioxidant.BeforeandafterredwineconsumptionGSHlevelswereelevatedinoldervolunteerscomparedtoyoungvolunteers(P<0.001,Figure2).DespitethisdifferencebetweenyoungandoldvolunteersconsumptionofredwinehadthesameeffectwithboththeyoungandoldgroupscausingsignificantreductionsinGSHlevelsafterredwineconsumption,youngwithwine(P=0.004)andolderwithwineperiods(P<0.001,Figure2).NosignificantchangesinGSHlevelwereobservedinyoungandoldergroupswithoutredwine.Plasmamalondialdehydewasmeasuredasabiomarkeroflipidperoxidation.BeforeandafterredwineconsumptionMDAlevelswerereducedinoldervolunteerscomparedtoyoungvolunteers(P<0.05,Figure3).DespitethisdifferencebetweenyoungandoldvolunteersconsumptionofredwinehadthesameeffectwithinboththeyoungandoldgroupcausingsignificantreductionsinMDAlevelsafterredwineconsumption,youngwithwine(P<0.001)andolderwithwineperiods(P<0.001,Figure3).NosignificantchangesinMDAlevelwereobservedinyoungandoldergroupswithoutredwine.Serumtotalantioxidantstatuswascalculatedforsamplesfromeachstudygroup.BeforeredwineconsumptionTASlevelsweredecreasedinoldervolunteerscomparedtoyoungvolunteers(P<0.001,Figure4).Despitethisdifferencebetweenyoungandoldvolunteersconsumptionofredwinehadthesameeffectwithinboththeyoungandoldgroupdemonstratingasignificantincreaseintotalantioxidantstatusafterredwineconsumption,youngwithwine(P=0.026)andolderwithwineperiods(P=0.01,Figure4).ThesechangescorrespondtothechangesinGSHandMDAwithredwineconsumptionforbothyoungandoldergroups.Thetotalantioxidantstatusoftheredwineconsumedbyalltreatmentsubjectsinthisstudycontained1.53±0.027mmol/Lofantioxidantcapacity(Figure4).Therewasnosignificantdifferenceinbothage(yrs)andBMI(kg/m2)betweenredwineandabstinenceperiodsforbothyoungandolderpopulationgroups(Table2).Similarlytherewerenodifferencesinserumglucoseconcentrationsbetweenpreandpostsamplesforbothyoungandoldercontrolandtreatmentgroups(Table2).Plasmalipidprofilesforeachstudygroupwereexaminedthroughthedeterminationofplasmacholesterol,plasmatriglycerides,plasmaHDL-cholesterolandplasmaLDL-cholesterolvalues.Nostatisticalsignificancewasfoundforanyofthebloodlipidprofileswithineachstudygroup(Table2).References1.MortonLW,Abu-AmshaCaccettaR,PuddeyIB,CroftKD:Chemistryandbiologicaleffectsofdietaryphenoliccompounds:relevancetocardiovasculardisease.ClinExpPharmacolPhysiol2000,27(3):152-9.2.Rice-EvansCA,MillerNJ,BolwellPG,BramleyPM,PridhamJB:Therelativeantioxidantactivitiesofplant-derivedpolyphenolicflavonoids.FreeRadicRes1995,22(4):375-83.3.GermanJB,WalzemRL:Thehealthbenefitsofwine.AnnuRevNutr2000,20:561-93.4.RenaudS,deLorgerilM:Wine,alcohol,platelets,andtheFrenchparadoxforcoronaryheartdisease.Lancet1992339(8808):1523-6.5.GronbaekM:Factorsinfluencingtherelationbetweenalcoholandmortality–withfocusonwine.JInternMed2001,250(4):291-308.6.RificiVA,StephanEM,SchneiderSH,KhachadurianAK:Redwineinhibitsthecell-mediatedoxidationofLDLandHDL.JAmCollNutr1999,18(2):137-43.7.GreenrodW,FenechM:Theprincipalphenolicandalcoholiccomponentsofwineprotecthumanlymphocytesagainsthydrogenperoxide-andionizingradiation-inducedDNAdamageinvitro.Mutagenesis2003,18(2):119-26.8.SzetoYT,BenzieIF:EffectsofdietaryantioxidantsonhumanDNAexvivo.FreeRadicRes2002,36(1):113-8.9.TosukhowongP,SangwatanarojS,JatupornS,PrapunwattanaP,SaengsiriA,RattanapruksS,SrimahachotaS,UdayachalermW,TangkijvanichP:ThecorrelationbetweenmarkersofoxidativestressandriskfactorsofcoronaryarterydiseaseinThaipatients.ClinHemorheolMicrocirc2003,29(3–4):321-9.10.JefferiesH,CosterJ,KhalilA,BotJ,McCauleyRD,HallJC:Glutathione.ANZJSurg2003,73(7):517-22.11.DjuricZ,PotterDW,TaffeBG,StrasburgGM:Comparisonofiron-catalyzedDNAandlipidoxidation.JBiochemMolToxicol2001,15(2):114-9.12.LasherasC,HuertaJM,GonzalezS,BranaAF,PattersonAM,FernandezS:Independentandinteractiveassociationofbloodantioxidantsandoxidativedamageinelderlypeople.FreeRadicRes2002,36(8):875-82.13.WestIC:Radicalsandoxidativestressindiabetes.DiabetMed2000,17(3):171-80.14.HalliwellB,GutteridgeJ,editors:Freeradicalsinbiologyandmedicine.Oxford:ClarendonPress;1989.15.SomersT,VéretteE:Phenoliccompositionofnaturalwinetypes.InModernMethodsofPlantAnalysis:WineAnalysisEditedbyLinskensH,JacksonJ.Berlin:Springer-Verlag;1988:219-57.16.SomersT,EvansM:Spectralevaluationofyoungredwines:anthocyaninequilibria,totalphenolics,freeandmolecularSO2chemicalage.JSciFoodAgric1977,28:279-87.譯文:飲用紅葡萄酒能增加抗氧化狀態并減少氧化應激在年輕和老年人體內的循環摘要背景:紅葡萄酒中含有豐富的抗氧化劑天然來源,這可以保護免受氧化應激,一個與年齡有關的疾病決定因素身體。目前的研究要確定適度飲用紅葡萄酒對體內抗氧化狀態及氧化應激的循環。方法:20名青年(18-30歲)和20個老年人(≥50歲)志愿者招募。每個年齡組隨機分為治療科目,在兩星期內消耗的紅葡萄酒為400毫升/天;或控制科目,即放棄飲用紅葡萄酒兩周,之后他們相互交換,進入另一組進行實驗。收集血液樣本前、后的紅葡萄酒的消耗量并用于分析全血谷胱甘肽(GSH),血漿丙二醛(MDA)和血清總抗氧化狀態。結果:本研究顯示,在年輕人和老年人科目中,紅酒飲用的結果引起的血漿總抗氧化狀態(P<0.03)顯著增加,血漿丙二醛性(P<0.001)和GSH性(P<0.004)顯著降低。結果表明:400毫升/天紅葡萄酒消耗量兩個星期,大大增強了抗氧化狀態,降低氧化應激反應的循環。結論:這可能是通過此數據來暗示紅葡萄酒提供一般氧化保護,并在循環中的脂質系統增加抗氧化狀態。背景致力于界定在健康的營養作用的抗氧化劑,已經引起了研究者的興趣,它們可以以防止氧化應激反應損傷身體。廣泛的研究已經證明,抗氧化劑的這種能清除活性氧自由基(ROS)及其前體,以及參與上調在細胞損傷修復酶的保護性能。紅葡萄酒中含有大量豐富抗氧化劑來源,即酚酸類和多酚類物質,它提供其氧化還原電位保護。流行病學研究表明,盡管一些人飲食內的高飽和脂肪酸攝入量較高,根據'法國悖論',來自心血管疾病死亡率會降低是歸因于高消耗量的紅葡萄酒,無關其酒精含量。研究還表明,溫和的飲用葡萄酒,在冠心病的高危亞群還可能會遇到更大的潛在有利的影響。適度消費紅葡萄酒也被證明可以阻礙或延緩血漿清除高密度脂蛋白(HDL),一種對于心血管疾病(CVD)發展不利的危險因素。在這樣做時,高密度和中度的脂蛋白粒子之間的紅酒攝入正相關關系變得很明顯。此外,低密度脂蛋白(LDL)在紅、白葡萄酒的發酵過程中,在氧化50%左右時,濃度0.7毫克/乙醇/毫升,呈現0.04%的跌幅,最多為1.0毫克/毫升的濃度。這些結果表明,紅葡萄酒能以低得多的濃度,比白葡萄酒更高效的抑制細胞介導的??低密度脂蛋白的氧化。為了進一步調查人們的紅葡萄酒飲用量和氧化損傷之間的關系,Greenrod和Fenech研究了在體外和體外研究設計系列。他們說明了飲用了300ml的紅葡萄酒一小時后,表現出了強烈的過氧化氫誘導的遺傳損傷(>70%)減少的現象。這些發現也支持了Szeto和Benzie的類似的研究,表明DNA損傷在經過咖啡酸的處理,即在紅酒中發現一種多酚,顯著減少了過氧化氫的傷害。研究人員特別感興趣的是生物分子氧化損傷的的范圍。GSH作為一種抗氧化劑,它的作用是讓腐質物中的自由基循環。GSH是谷胱甘肽過氧化酶的氧化酶,可以催化降解過氧化氫。越來越多的證據表明,谷胱甘肽在中的抗氧循環化應激保護作用中是一個一個不可或缺的角色,是因為它以方便回收氧化α-維生素E和維生素C的能力。它們是兩種重要的抗氧化劑,廣泛應用為在抗氧化劑水平的循環的生物標志物。在血漿脂肪酸種的磷脂酸殘基和低密度脂蛋白,是非常容易被自由基氧化損傷的,氧化脂肪酸和脂質過氧化造成的副產品而產生的中間體,如CD和MDA的衍生物。MDA似乎是通過細胞膜的脂質里的多不飽和脂肪酸氧化而產生最具毒性、最易使其它物種突變的醛之一。這也是一個受歡迎的測試,用于定量分析自由基損傷對細胞血脂的影響。

大量的證據表明自由基的多少,在涉及到細胞過程的動脈粥樣硬化和CVD時,可直接或間接地發揮重要作用。因此本研究的目的是先了解兩周內適度消費紅葡萄酒(400毫升/天),對流動脂質在抗氧化水平和總抗氧化能力循環中的影響;其次評估年輕人和老年人的人口在紅葡萄酒中的生物學效價的差異。方法招募志愿者

本研究議定書經過人類研究維多利亞大學倫理委員會的批準。根據對一份一般健康問卷的答復,篩選出四十名志愿者,然后發出書面知情同意書。將那些服用任何抗凝血劑或抗發炎的藥物或有心血管或肝臟疾病病史的排除。選取兩個年齡組,20名志愿者是18-30歲之間(青年組),另一組的志愿者比前一組志愿者年齡大了50歲(老年組)。志愿者們開始被隨機分配到紅葡萄酒或對照組在各自的年齡組(圖1)。

因素設計在此之前喝紅葡萄酒或控制階段的志愿者被要求一個星期內放棄飲用任何酒精,葡萄或葡萄產品。一周后的項目是通過靜脈穿刺收集3管10ml的血液,進行基準測量來確定丙二醛、谷胱甘肽、總抗氧化能力和體重指數(kg/m2),在他們開始了飲用紅葡萄酒或控制階段之后。在經過連續的兩周內不飲用酒類、葡萄或葡萄產品,之后進入每天飲用400ml的紅葡萄酒(赤霞珠)的時期。所謂安慰劑,不使用諸如無酒精葡萄酒是因為它不同的相匹配的風味和口感。相反,采用交叉設計完成后,即無論是紅葡萄酒還是控制階段志愿者分別在進入另一組前都要經過兩個星期的洗脫期。控制期的志愿者要求在兩個星期內不飲用任何酒精來源的食品、葡萄和葡萄產品。在治療或控制階段之后再次收集三管10ml的空腹血樣。還鼓勵志愿者們在整個學習階段保持平時的飲食和鍛煉習慣,監測他們在研究之前和研究期間的飲食和活動記錄。就像前面所描述的那樣,沒有具體指明要求避免食物中含有大量的酚類化合物,其他的任何酒精、葡萄或葡萄產品。葡萄酒的飲用在本研究使用的紅酒是一赤霞珠干紅,用一個木桶來提供,以防止葡萄酒的氧化。選中這種酒是因為它適合大多數人的胃口,包括這些研究中的志愿者。志愿者們可以在一天當中的任何時候飲用紅葡萄酒,然而,會有人建議他們在經常飲用的時候做,例如晚飯的時候。重要的是,在志愿者們的補充期間被要求不要食用酒精,葡萄或任何其他來源的葡萄產品。葡萄酒的組成總花青素濃度、程度電離花青素、總酚類化合物、紅葡萄酒的顏色(密度和色調)和提供兩個指數用分光光度法測定單體的聚合形式(化學年齡指數1和2)。用朗肯和波科克方法測定紅酒中游離和混合狀態的二氧化硫。葡萄酒中的酒精含量是葡萄酒生產商提供的。在這項研究中所用的酒成分可以在表1中看到。在這個研究中用到的所有成分,除了紅葡萄酒的顏色-色調和游離的二氧化硫,都略高于Greenrod等在相似研究里使用的紅酒。分析谷胱甘肽由于谷胱甘肽在循環體系中是一個重要的抗氧化劑,它的側定是使用市售的比色試劑盒(西北生命科學),依據Teitze方法、按其生產說明來測定的。通過靜脈穿刺采血用EDTA涂層管在4°C條件下儲存,然后全血樣本經脫蛋白后,等份混合,加入5%的冷偏酸在1500r每分鐘離心5分鐘,再取出上清液并儲存在-20°C條件下,有待進一步分析。然后所有樣品檢測到在一個批次里減少谷胱甘肽。這涉及混合50μL的定標液或50ulDTNB法試劑的樣品和50μl谷胱甘肽還原酶的微孔板井試劑。當這種反應在環境溫度混合培養3分鐘后,加入50微升的NADPH試劑板孔,在3分鐘內每隔15秒在吸光度值在405nm時讀取和收集數據。之后以作為對每個校準器和樣品的吸光度值和時間繪圖。標準曲線繪制當時構建了每個表準作為谷胱甘肽功能A405/min濃度和校準曲線方程,用來計算所有樣品中GSH的含量。分析丙二醛血漿丙二醛作為脂質過氧化的標記,按以下的生產指令使用市售的比色試劑盒(西北生命科學)。血液通過靜脈穿刺法采集置于EDTA的涂層管,儲存于4°C條件下,2小時內在室溫下以3000r每分鐘離心10分鐘,進行血漿分離。然后將血漿樣品儲存在-20°C,等待進一步分析。然后測定的所有樣品的MDA為一批。這包括250μL的定標液或樣品和10μL的二叔丁基對甲酚試劑,250μL的磷酸試劑和250μL及二硫代巴比妥酸劑的混合。混合反應,在10000r每分鐘離心3分鐘,然后保持溫度在60℃條件60分鐘。之后在532nm時用分光光度計讀取校準品和樣品的吸光度。為校準吸光度值,用來構建一個校準曲線和方程,然后用校準曲線來計算所有樣本中MDA濃度。總抗氧化狀態分析血清總抗氧化水平(TAS)為定量評價體內抗氧化狀態,使用市售的套件(英國朗道),按照米勒的測定總抗氧化能力方法制造說明的基礎上測定出來的。通過靜脈穿刺采血應用血清分離管分裝,儲存于4°C和在2小時內分離血清。然后將血清樣本儲存在-20°C有待進一步分析。檢測所有樣品的血清總抗氧化水平作為一個批次。這包括20μL的混合定標液(1.79mmol/L的6-羥基-2,5,7,8-四甲基二氫吡喃-2-羧酸)或1毫升的樣品顯色液(6.1μmol/L的肌紅蛋白,610μmol/L的ABTS),在37℃反應3分鐘。然后用分光光度計在600nm處讀取其初始吸光度值。加入200μL的基板(250μmol/L的過氧化氫)至定標液和樣品后,在37℃下反應3分鐘。最后讀取在600nm處得吸光度值。該樣品的吸光度值變化相對于標準液的吸光度而改變,然后計算所有樣本的血清總抗氧化水平。在本研究中使用的紅葡萄酒(赤霞珠)的總抗氧化水平也使用相同的測量法測定。分析血清葡萄糖和血脂血糖測定采用商業的葡萄糖氧化酶試劑和標準(熱電公司)。這包括3μL的定標液或樣品和450μL葡萄糖氧化酶試劑混合,于37℃下反應5分鐘。用分光光度計在500nm時讀取定標液和樣品的吸光度值。樣品的吸光度值與標準液的吸光度值變化是相聯系的,然后計算所有樣本中葡萄糖的水平。血漿甘油三酯的測定是使用市售的比色試劑盒(熱電公司)。這包括6μL定標液或樣品和600μL的甘油三酯試劑混合,在37℃時反應3分鐘。然后用分光光度計在500nm時讀取校準品和樣品吸光度值。樣品的吸光度值和定標液的吸光度值相對應,然后計算出在所有樣本甘油三酯的水平。總膽固醇的測定是使用市售比色試劑盒(熱電公司)。這包括6μL定標液或樣品和600μL的膽固醇試劑混合,在37℃的條件下反應3分鐘。用分光光度計在500nm時讀取校準品和樣品吸光度值。然后根據樣品和定標液的吸光度值的相對關系,計算所有樣本的膽固醇水平。高密度脂蛋白膽固醇的測定是使用商用比色法試劑盒(熱電公司)。這包括4μL定標液或樣品和300μL高密度脂蛋白膽固醇試劑1混合,在37℃反應5分鐘。將100μL的高密度脂蛋白膽固醇試劑2添加到定標液和樣品中后,在37°C時反應3分鐘。用分光光度計在600nm時讀取校準品和樣品吸光度。依據樣品和標準液吸光度值的相對關系,然后再計算出所有樣本的甘油三酯水平。在總膽固醇中,低密度脂蛋白膽固醇是心血管疾病的危險因素,它是減去對心血管疾病具有負面影響的高密度脂蛋白膽固醇值而計算得到的。統計分析采用SPSS統計軟件包(版本12.0,SPSS公司)進行統計分析。所有數據進行正態分布,并表示為平均值±平均標準(掃描電鏡)的誤差。年輕人和老年人的個人數據采用三因素方差分析,以確定葡萄酒消費的影響在年輕和年老組,年輕人和老年人之間的任何團體及每個樣本的差異。由于以上的交叉研究設計之間的任何差異分析,本研究的主要重點是確定紅葡萄酒消耗的影響。在所有情況下,P值<0.05有統計學意義。結論測定全血谷胱甘肽,因為它是循環系統的一個重要的抗氧化劑。前后紅葡萄酒的消耗量GSH水平,老年志愿者比青年志愿者更高(P<0.001,圖2)。盡管年輕人和老年人志愿者之間的這種差異,在青年群體和老年群體的紅酒消耗量具有兩個同樣的效果,在飲用紅葡萄酒后導致GSH水平顯著下降,青年飲酒后(P=0.004)和老年人飲酒期間(P<0.001,圖2)。而在沒有飲用紅葡萄酒的青年和老年群體中的GSH水平則無顯著變化。血漿丙二醛作為生物脂質過氧化作用的標志來測定。老年志愿者相對于青年志愿者在飲用紅葡萄酒前后其MDA水平減少了(P<0.05,圖3)。盡管年輕人和老年人志愿者之間的這種差異,在青年群體和老年群體的紅酒消耗量具有兩個同樣的效果,在飲用紅葡萄酒后導致MDA水平顯著降低,青年飲酒后(P<0.001),老年飲酒期(P<0.001,圖3)。在沒有飲用紅葡萄酒的青年和老年群體中的MDA水平則無顯著變化。每個研究小組以樣本計算出血清總抗氧化水平。在飲用紅葡萄酒前,老年志愿者相對于青年志愿者的總抗氧化水平降低(P<0.001,圖4)。盡管年輕人和老年人志愿者之間的這種差異,在青年群體和老年群體的紅酒消耗量具有兩個

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