現代設計與制造外文翻譯文獻現代設計與制造外文翻譯文獻(文檔含中英文對照即英文原文和中文翻譯)ModernDesignandManufacturing1.TheComputerandManufacturingThecomputerisbringingmanufacturingintotheInformationAge.Thisnewtool,longafamiliaroneinbusinessandmanagementoperations,ismovingintothefactory,anditsadventischangingmanufacturingascertainlyasthesteamenginechangedit100yearsago.Thebasicmetalworkingprocessesarenotlikelytochangefundamentally,buttheirorganizationandcontroldefinitelywillInonerespect,manufacturingcouldbesaidtobecomingfullcircle.Thefistmanufacturingwasacottageindustry:thedesignerwasalsothemanufacturer,conceivingandfabricatingproductsoneatatime.Eventually,theconceptoftheinterchangeabilityofpartswasdeveloped,productionwasseparatedintospecializedfunctions,andidenticalpartswereproducedthousandsatatime.Today,althoughthedesignerandmanufacturermaynotbecomeoneagain,thefunctionsarebeingdrawncloseinthemovementtowardanintegratedmanufacturingsystem.Itisperhapsironicthat,atatimewhenthemarketdemandsahighdegreeofproductdiversification,thenecessityforincreasingproductivityandreducingcoatsisdrivingmanufacturingtowardinegrationintoacoherentsystem,acontinuousprocessinwhichpartsdonotspentasmuchas95%ofproductiontimebeingmovedaroundorwaitingtobeworkedon.Thecomputeristhekeytoeachofthesetwinrequirements.Itistheonlytoolthatcanprovidethequickreflexes,theflexibilityandseed,tomeetadiversifiedmarket.Anditistheonlytoolthatenablesthedetailedanalysisandtheaccessibilityofaccuratedatanecessaryfortheintegrationofthemanufacturingsystem.Itmaywellbethat,inthefuture,thecomputermaybeessentialtoacompany’ssurvial.Manyoftoday’sbusinesseswillfadeawaytobereplacedbymore-productivecombinations.Suchmore-productivecombinationsaresuperquality,superproductivityplants.Thegoalistodesignandoperateaplantthatwouldproduce100%satisfactorypartswichgoodproductivity.Asophisticated,competitiveworldisrequiringthatmanufacturingbegintosettleformore,tobecomeitselfsophisticated.Tomeetcompetition,forexample,acompanywillhavetomeetthesomewhatconflictingdemandsforgreaterproductdiversification,higherquality,improvedproductivity,higherquality,improvedproductivityandprices.Thecompanythatseekstomeetthesedemandswillneedasophisticatedtool,onethatwillallowittorespondquicklytocustomerneedswhilegettingthemostoutofitsmanufacturingresources.Thecomputeristhattool.Becominga“superquality,superproductivity”plantrequirestheintegrationofanextremelycomplexsystem.Thiscanbeaccomplishedonlywhenallextremelycomplexsystem.Thiscanbeaccomplishedonlywhenallelementsofmanufacturing-design,fabricationandassembly,qualityassurance,management,materialshanding-arecomputerintegrated.Inproductdesign,forexample,interactivecomputer-aided-design(CAD)systemsallowthedrawingandanalysistaskstobeperformedinafractionofthetimeallowthedrawingandanalysistaskstobeperformedinafrationofthetimepreviouslyrequiredandgreateraccuracy.Andprogramsforprototypetestingtestingandevaluationfurtherspeedthedesignprocess.Inmanufacturingplanning,computer-aidedprocessplanningpermitstheselection,fromthousandsofpossiblesequencesandschedules,oftheoptimumprocess.Ontheshopfloor,distributedintlligenceintheformofmicroprocessorscontrols,runsautomatedloadingandunloadingequipment,andcollectsdataoncurrentshopconditions.Butsuchisolatedrevolutionsarenotenough.Whatisnendedisatotallyautomatedsystem,linkedbycommonsoftwarefromfrontdoortoback.Thebenefitsrangethoughoutthesystem.Essentially,computerintegrationprovideswidelyandinstantaneouslyavailable,accurateinformation,improvingcommunicationbetweendepartments,permittingtightercontrol,andgenerallyenhancingtheoverallqualityandefficiencyoftheentiresystem.Improvedcommunicationcanmean,forexample,designsthataremoreproducible.TheNCprogrammerandthetooldesignerhaveachangtoinfluencetheproductdesigner,andviceversa.Engineeringchanges,canbereduced,andthosethatarerequiredcanbehandledmoreefficiently.Notonlydosethecomputerpermitthemtobespecicifiedmorequickly,butitalsoalerssubsequentusersofthedatatothefactthatachangehasbeenmade.Theinstantaneousupdatingofproduction-controldatapermitsbetterplanningandmore-effectivescheduling.Expensiveequipment,therefore,isusedmoreproductively,andpartsmovemoreefficientlythroughproduction,reducingwork-in-processcoats.Productquality,too,canbeimproved.Notonlyaremore-accuratedesignsproduced,forexample,buttheuseofdesigndatabythequality-assurancedepartmenthelpseliminateerrorsduetomisunderstandings.Peopleareenabledtodotheirjobsbetter.Byeliminatingtediouscalculationsandpaperwork—nottomentiontimewastedsearchingforinformation—thecomputernotonlyallowsworkerstobemoreproductivebutalsofreesthemtodowhatonlyhumanbeingcando:thinkcreatively.Computerintegrationmayalsolurenewpeopleintomanufacturing.Peopleareattractedbecausetheywanttoworkinamodern,technologicallysophisticatedenviroment.Inmanufacturingengineering,CAD/CAMdecreasestool-design,NC-programming,andplanningtimeswhilespeedingtheresponserate,whichwilleventuallypermitin-housstafftoperformworkthatiscurrentlybeingcontractedout.2.CAD/CAMCAD/CAMisatermwhichmeanscomputer-aidedandcomputer-aidedmanufacturing.itisthetechnologyconcernedwiththeuseofdigitalcomputerstoperformcertainfunctionsindesignandproduction.Thistechnologyismovinginthedirectionofgreaterintegrationofdesignandmanufacturing,twoactivitieswhichhavetraditionallybeentreatedasdistinctandseparatefunctionsinaproductionfirm.Ultimately,CAD/CAMwillprovidethetechnologybaseforthecomputer-integratedfactoryofthefuture.Computer-aideddesign(CAD)canbedefinedastheuseofcomputerstytemstoassistinthecreation,modification,analysis,oroptimizationofadesign.Thecomputersystemsconsistofthehardwareandsoftwaretoperformthespecializeddesignfunctionsrequiredbytheparticularuserfirm.TheCADhardwaretypicallyincludedthecomputer,oneormoregraphicsdisplayterminals,keyboards,andotherperipheralequipment.TheCADsoftwareconsistsofthecomputerprogramstoimplementcomputergraphicstofacilitatetheengineeringfunctionsoftheusercompany.Examplesoftheseapplicationprogramsincludestress-strainanalysisofcomponents,dynamicresponseofmechanisms,heat-transfercalculations,andnumericalcontrolpartprogrammingThecollectionofapplicationprogramswillvaryfromoneuserfirmtothenextbecausetheirproductlines,manufacturingprocesses,andcustomermarketsaredifferentThesefactorsgiverisetodifferencesinCADsystemrequirements.Computer-aidedmanufacturing(CAM)canbedefinedastheuseofcomputersystemstoplan,manufacturingplantthrougheitherdirectorindirectcomputerinterfacewiththeplan’sproductionresources.Asindicatedbythedefinition,theapplicationsofcomputer-aidedmanufacturingfallintotwobroadcategories:1.Computermonitoringandcontrol.2.Manufacturingsupportapplications.Thedistinctionbetweenthetwocategoriesisfundamentaltoanunderstand-ingofcomputer-aidedmanufacturing.Inadditiontotheapplicationsinvolvingadirectcomputer-processinterfaceforthepurposeofprocessmonitoringandcontrol,computer-aidedmanufacturingalsoincludesindirectapplicationsinwhichthecomputerservesasupportroleinthemanufacturingoperationsoftheplant.Intheseapplications,thecomputerisnotlinkeddirectlytothemanufacturingprocess.Instead,thecomputerisused“off-line”toprovideplans,schedules,forecasts,instructions,andinformationbywhichthefirm’sproductionresourcescanbemanagedmoreeffectively.Theformoftherelationshipbetweenthecomputerandtheprocessisrepresentedsymbolicallyinthefiguregivenbelow.Dashedlinesareusedtoindicatethatthecommunicationandcontrollinkisanoff-lineconnection,withhumanbeingsoftenrequiredtoconsummatetheinerface.However,humanbeingsarepresentlyrequiredintheapplicationeithertoprovideinputtothecomputerprogramsortointerpretthecomputeroutputandimplementtherequiredaction.3.VoiceNCProgrammingVoiceprogrammingofNCmachines(abbreviatedVNC)involvesvocalcommunicationofthemachiningproceduretoavoice-inputNCtape-preparationofthemachingproceduretoavoice-inputNCtape-prepartionsystem.VNCallowstheprogrammertoavoidstepssuchasOneoftheprincipalcompaniesspecializinginvoice-inputsystemsisThresholdTechnology,Inc,ofDelran,Newjersey.“turn”,ToperformthepartprogrammingprocesswithVNC,theoperatorspeaksintoaheadbandmicrophonedesignedtoreducebackgroundacousticalnoise.Communicationoftheprogramminginstructionsisinshoplanguagewithsuchtermsas“turn”,“thead”,and“millline”,togetherwithnumberstoprovidedimensionalandcoordinatedata.Beforethevoice-inputsystemcanbeused,Itmustbe“trained”torecognizeandaccepttheindividualprogrammer’svoicepattern.Thisisaccomplishedbyrepeatingeachwordofthevocabularyaboutfivetimestoprovideareferencesetwhichcansubsequentlybecomparedtovoicecommandsgivenduringactualprogramming.Theentirevocabularyforthethresholdsystemcontainsabout100words.MostNCprogrammingjobscanbecompletedbyusingabout30ofthesevocabularywords.Intalkingtothesystem,theprogrammermustisolateeachwordbypausingbeforeandaftertheword.bypausingbeforeandaftertheword.Thepausemustbeonlyone-tenthofasecondorlonger.Thisallowsthespeechrecognitionsystemtoindentifyboundariesfortheboundariesfortheutteredcommandsothatitswavecharacteristicscanbecomparedwithwordsinthereferencesetforthatprogrammer.typicalwordinputratesunderthisrestrictionareclaimedtobeabout70perminute.Asthewordsarespoken,aCRTterminalinfrontofthenextcommand.Whenalloftheprogramminginstructionshavebeenenteredandverified,thesystempreparesthepunchedtapeforthejob.TheAdvantagesofVNClieprincipallyinthethesavingsinprogrammingtimeandresultingimprovementsinmanufacturingleadtime.Savingsinprogrammingtimeupto50%areclaimed.Improventsinaccuracyandlowercomputer-skillrequirementsfortheprogrammerarealsogivenasbenefitsofVNC.譯文：現代設計與制造一、計算機與制造業：計算機正在將制造業帶入信息時代。計算機長期以來在商業和管理方面得到了廣泛的應用，它正在作為一種新的工具進入到工廠中，而且它如同蒸汽機在100年前使制造業發生改變那樣，正在使制造業發生著變革。盡管基本的金屬切削過程不太可能發生根本的改變，但是他們的組織形式和控制方式將發生改變。從某一方面可以說，制造業正在完成一個循環。最初的制造業是家庭手工業：設計者本身也是制造者，產品的構思與加工由同一人完成。后來，形成了零件的互換性這個概念，生產被依照專業功能分割開來，可以成批的生產數以千計的相同的零件。今天，盡管設計者與制造者不可能再是同一個人，但在向集成制造系統前進的途中，這兩種功能已經越來越靠近了。可能具有諷刺意味的是，在市場需求高度多樣化的產品的時候，提高生產率和降低成本的必要性促使著制造業朝著集成為單調關聯系統方向變化。這是一個連續的過程，在其中零件不需要花費多達95%的生產時間用在運輸和等待加工上。計算機是滿足這兩項要求中任何一項的關鍵。它是能夠提供快速反應能力、柔性和滿足多樣化市場的唯一工具。而且，它是實現制造系統集成所需要的、能夠進行詳細分析和利用精確數據的唯一工具。在將來計算機可能會是一個企業生存的基本條件，許多現今的企業將會被生產能力更高的企業組合所取代。這些生產能力更高的企業組合是一些具有非常高的質量、非常高的生產率的工廠。目標是設計和運行一個能夠以高生產率的生產方式100%合格產品的工廠。一個采用先進的、競爭的世界正在促使制造業開始做更高的工作，使其本身采用先進的技術。為了適應競爭，一個公司會滿足一些在某種程度上相互矛盾的要求，諸如產品多樣化、提高質量、增加生產率、降低價格。在努力這些要求的過程中，公司需要一個采用先進技術的工具，一個能夠對顧客的需求作出快速反應，而且從制造資源中獲得最大收益的工具，計算機就是這個工具。成為一個具有“非常高的質量、非常高的生產率”的工廠，需要對一個非常復雜的系統進行集成。這只有通過采用計算機對機械制造的所有組成部分—設計、加工、裝配、質量保證、管理和材料裝卸及輸送進行集成才能完成。例如，在產品設計期間，交互式的計算機輔助設計系統使得完成繪圖和分析工作所需要的時間比原來減少了幾倍，而且精確程度得到了很大的提高。此外，樣機的實驗與評價程序進一步加快了設計過程。在制訂制造計劃時，計算機輔助編制工藝規程可以從數以千計的工序和加工過程中選擇最好的加工方案。在車間里，分布式智能以微處理器這種形式來控制機床、操縱自動裝卸料設備和收集關于當前車間狀態的信息。但是這些各自獨立的改革還遠遠不夠。我們所需要的是有一個共同的軟件從始端到終端進行控制的全部自動化的系統。整個系統都會從中受益。基本上，計算機集成可以提供廣泛的、及時的和精確的信息，可以改進各部門之間的交流與溝通，實施更嚴格的控制，而且通常能增強整個系統的全面質量和效率。例如，改進交流和溝通意味著會使設計具有更好的可制造性。數控編程人員和工藝裝備設計人員有機會向產品設計人員提出意見，反之亦然。因而可以減少技術反面的變更，而對于那些必要的變更，可以更有效地進行處理。計算機不僅能夠更快地對變更之處做出詳細說明，而且還能把變更之后的數據告訴隨后的使用者。利用及時更新的生產控制數據可以制訂更好的工藝規程和更有效率的生產進度。因而，可以使昂貴的設備更好的利用，提高零件在生產過程中運送效率，減少在制品的成本。產品質量也可以得到改進。例如，不僅可以提高設計精度，還可以使質量保證部門利用設計數據，避免由于誤解而產生錯誤。可以使人們更好的完成他們的工作。通過避免冗長的計算和書寫工作—這還不算查找資料所浪費的時間—計算機不僅使人們更有效的工作，而且還能把他們解放出來去做只有人類才能做工作：創造性思考。計算機集成制造還會吸引新的人才進入制造業。人才被吸引過來的原因是他們希望到一個現代化的、技術先進的環境中工作。在制造過程中，CAD/CAM減少了工藝裝備設計、數控編程和編制工藝規程所需要的時間。而且，在同時加快了響應速度