PAGE鄉村旅游發展外文翻譯參考文獻鄉村旅游發展外文翻譯參考文獻(文檔含中英文對照即英文原文和中文翻譯)外文：FactorsforsuccessinruraltourismtourismdevelopmentSincethe1970s,economicrestructuringandfarmcrisishavereducedruralcommunities'economicdevelopmentoptions,makingolderdevelopmentstrategieslessviableandforcingmanytolookfornontraditionalwaystosustainthemselves.Oneofthemostpopularnontraditionalruraldevelopmentstrategieshasbeentourismanditsassociatedentrepreneurshipruraldevelopmentstrategieshasbeentourismanditsassociatedentrepreneurshipopportunitiesbecauseoftourism'sabilitytobringindollarsandtogeneratejobsandsupportretailgrowth.Thepurposeofthisstudywastoidentifyandexaminethosefactorsthathavehelpedruralcommunitiessuccessfullydeveloptourismanditsentrepreneurshipopportunities.SeveralfocusgroupswereconductedwithlocalbusinesspersonsandleadersinsixruralIllinoiscommunities.Theresultsclearlydemonstratetheimportanceofthecommunityapproachtotourismdevelopmentandthatruraltourismdevelopmentandentrepreneurshipcannotworkwithouttheparticipationandcollaborationofbusinesspersonsdirectlyandindirectlyinvolvedintourism.Sincethe1970s,economicrestructuringandthefarmcrisishaveseverelyreducedruralcommunities’economicopportunities.Economicrestructuringhascausedalossofruralmanufacturingplantsandmanyjobs.The1980sfarmcrisisintheMidwestalsoledtoadeclineinthenumbersoffarmersandrestructuredfarmownership,forcingsomefarmfamiliestoaugmenttheirincomeswithoff-farmjobs,todepartfarming,ortodeclarebankruptcy.Thefarmcrisisandthelossofmanufacturingjobshadsubstantialrippleeffectsinruralcommunities.Asruraljoblessnessratesroseaboveurbanlevels,realincomegrowthstagnatedinruralareas(SearsandReid1992).Manystoresandagribusinessesdisappearedfromsmallruraltowns.Notsurprisingly,a1992statewidesurveyinIllinoisfoundthat39%ofruralresidentsperceivedtheireconomicprospectsasworsening(Walzer1993).Thesechangeslimitedruralcommunities’economicdevelopmentoptions,makingolderdevelopmentstrategiessuchasmanufacturinglessviableandforcingmanytolookfornontraditionalwaystosustainthemselves.Oneofthemostpopularnontraditionalruraldevelopmentstrategieshasbeentourismanditsassociatedentrepreneurshipopportunities(EdgellandHarbaugh1993;Luloffetal.1994).Ruralareashaveaspecialappealtotouristsbecauseofthemystiqueassociatedwithruralareasandtheirdistinctcultural,historic,ethnic,andgeographiccharacteristics(EdgellandHarbaugh1993).Ruraltourismalsoislesscostlyandeasiertoestablishthanotherruraleconomicdevelopmentstrategiessuchasmanufacturing.Ruraltourismcanbedevelopmentstrategiessuchasmanufacturing.Ruraltourismcanbedevelopedlocallywithparticipationfromlocalgovernmentandsmallbusinesses,anditsdevelopmentisnotnecessarilydependentonoutsidefirmsorcompanies.Althoughtourismcanbeexpensivetodevelopincertaincases(e.g.,largeresortareas)orcaninvolvelargefirmsandchains,ruraltourismcanbedevelopedwithrelativelylittleinvestmentcredit,training,andcapital.Hence,ruraltourismcanbelesscostlytodevelopascomparedtoothereconomicdevelopmentstrategies;additionally,ruraltourismneednotinvolvedependencyonoutsidefirmsandtheirdecisionsonwhethertheywanttobeinanarea.Ruraltourismprovidesabaseforthesesmallbusinessesthatmightnototherwisebeinruralcommunitiesbecauseoftheirsmallpopulations.Tourismparticularlyhelpstwotypesofsmallbusinessesinruralareas—thosedirectlyinvolvedintourism(e.g.,attractionsandhotels/motels)andthoseindirectlyinvolvedintourism(e.g.,gasstationsandgrocerystores).Additionally,ruraltourismworkswellwithexistingruralenterprisessuchasfarms(e.g.,U-Pickfarms)andcangenerateimportantsecondaryincomeforfarmhouseholds(Oppermann1996).Nonetheless,ruraltourismremainsoneofthefewviableeconomicoptionsforruralcommunities.Likeothereconomicdevelopmentstrategies,ruraltourismrequiresseveralcomponentstobesuccessful.Tourismdevelopmentinvolves(1)attractions:thenaturalandmanmadefeaturesbothwithinandadjacenttoacommunity;(2)promotion:themarketingofacommunityanditstourismattractionstopotentialtourists;(3)tourisminfrastructure:accessfacilities(roads,airports,trains,andbuses),waterandpowerservices,parking,signs,andrecreationfacilities;(4)services:lodging,restaurants,andthevariousretailbusinessesneededtotakecareoftourists’needs;(5)hospitality:howtouristsaretreatedbybothcommunityresidentsandemployeesintourismbusinessesandattractions(Gunn1988).Leftoutofthislistaretourismentrepreneursandtheirroleinfosteringthesecomponents.Whiletheabovecomponentsandacommunity’sassetsareclearlyimportanttotourismdevelopment,onlythewidespreadparticipationandcontributionofruraltourismentrepreneurscanensureabroad-basedfoundationforsuccessfultourismdevelopment.Aresearchliteraturehasemergedonhowtobestfacilitatethedevelopmentoftourism.Oneview,drawingheavilyontheeconomicliterature,arguesthattourismanditsassociatedentrepreneurshipopportunitiesarebestdevelopedbyhelpingandcreatingindividualsbusinessesandthenlettingthemcompeteinthemarketplaceforareviewanddescriptionofthisview).Thisview,however,hasbeencritiquedbecause(1)itviewstourismandtourism-relatedbusinessesasisolatedfromthelargercommunityanditsissues;(2)itdoesnotrecognizetheinterdependenceofthevarioussectorsandactorsinvolvedintourism;and(3)mostsmalltourismbusiness,especiallythoseinruralareas,donothavetheindividualresourcestopromoteeitherthemselvesorthecommunityasatouristproduct(Gunn1988;Murphy1985;PalmerandBejou1995).Opposingthisviewisthecommunityapproachtotourismdevelopmentandentrepreneurship(Murphy1985).Asitsnameimplies,theapproacharguesthattourismisacommunityproductandthat,alongwithentrepreneurialskillsandthepresenceoftouristbusinesses,itisalsonecessarytohavethecommunityandlocalcapabilities(e.g.,localleadershipandformalandinformalnetworks)directlyinvolvedintourismdevelopmentandpromotioneffort(Murphy1985).Whilethecommunityapproachmaybeaneffectivewaytodevelopandpromotetourism,creatingthenecessaryintercommunitycooperationandcollaborationisacomplexanddifficultprocess.Businessesareaskedtoshareresourceswhilesimultaneouslycompeting.Localgovernmentsmayseecollaboratingtodeveloptourismasrisky,ortheymaybeworriedaboutlosingcontroloverlocaldecisionmaking(HuangandStewart1996;JamalandGetz1995).Becauseoftheseproblems,researchoncollaborationandthosefactorsthatallowforcommunitydevelopmentoftourismisneeded.Thepurposeofthepresentstudyistoidentifyandexaminethosefactorsthathelpruralcommunitiessuccessfullydeveloptourismanditsentrepreneurshipopportunities.Thepresentstudymakesanadditionalcontributiontotheresearchliteraturebyincludingruraltourismentrepreneurs,anoverlookedgroupinruraltourismresearch(Stokowski1990).譯文：鄉村旅游發展成功因素作者：蘇珊娜威爾遜，丹尼爾·朱莉和約翰國籍：美國出處：SAGE出版社20世紀70年代以來，經濟體制的改革和農業危機使得農村社區經濟發展的選擇減少，同時促使老年人發展戰略可行性降低，迫使人們去尋找非傳統的方式來維持生計。鄉村旅游及其相關產業發展策略因其為社會帶來的資金收入、增加就業機會及支持零售增長的功能而成為時下最流行的非傳統農業發展策略之一。本研究的目的是確定和審查這些因素，幫助農村社區成功走上發展旅游業的創業道路。幾個重點群體在伊利諾斯六個農村社區與當地商人和領導人進行了實驗。結果清楚地表明重要的社區不是直接就是間接地參與到了鄉村旅游的開發中。20世紀70年代以來，經濟體制的改革和農業危機的發生已嚴重阻礙了農村經濟的發展，經濟結構的調整導致了鄉村農業生產力和就業崗位的減少。20世紀80年代在中西部發生的農業危機也導致了農民和重組制農場的減少，迫使一些農戶為增加收入而參與非農工作，或離開農場，或宣布破產。農場的危機和制造工作的丟失對農村社區產生了重大的影響。隨著農村失業率高于城市水平，實際的收入增長停滯在農村地區（希爾和瑞德1992）。許多商店和農業從農村小城鎮消失，毫不奇怪，1992年伊利諾斯州的調查表明，39%的農村居民認為他們的經濟前景將惡化（沃爾澤1993）。這些變化限制了農村社區的經濟發展方案，使舊式的發展戰略例如制造業的可行性降低，并迫使許多人尋找非傳統的方式來維持生活。其中最流行的非傳統的農村發展戰略當屬旅游及其相關的創業機會（艾基爾和哈博1993；魯洛夫等人。1994）。農村地區因其神秘獨特的文化，歷史，民族和地理特征而對游客產生了特殊的吸引力，（艾基爾和哈博1993）。鄉村旅游比起其他的農村經濟發展戰略例如制造業相對來說開發成本較低且建立較容易。鄉村旅游的發展可以帶動制造等的發展。鄉村旅游可以與其所在地的地方政府和小型企業共同發展，但它的發展并不一定依賴于外部企業或公司。雖然旅游在某些中心地區的發展需要較大的成本投入或者涉及大公司和連鎖企業，但是鄉村旅游卻可以在較少的信貸投資，人員培訓和少量資本情況下得到發展。因此，鄉村旅游相比較其他的經濟發展策略可以在較少投入花費情況下得以發展。此外，鄉村旅游不需要涉及依賴外部公司以及他們是否在同一區域的決定。鄉村旅游為一些因人口少而可能無法留在農村社區的小公司提供了保障。旅游特別有助于兩種類型的小型企業，在農村地區直接參與（例如，旅游景點和酒店、汽車旅館）和間接參與旅游的企業（例如，加油站和雜貨店）。此外，鄉村旅游與現有的鄉鎮企業如農場（例如，采場）發展較好并且可以為家庭農場產生第二收入（奧普曼1996）。盡管有這些好處，其可行性作為一個經濟發展戰略，鄉村旅游，在一些農村地區業有缺點（luloff等人。1994·1989）。如農