第十一章

數(shù)字化企業(yè)的倫理道德與社會(huì)問(wèn)題

ETHICALANDSOCIALISSUES

INTHEDIGITALFIRM潘旭偉博士、副教授浙江理工大學(xué)治理科學(xué)與工程系內(nèi)容提綱1理解信息系統(tǒng)的倫理道德問(wèn)題2信息系統(tǒng)問(wèn)題的主要內(nèi)容3處理信息系統(tǒng)問(wèn)題道德、倫理與法律道德關(guān)于對(duì)或錯(cuò)的信念的習(xí)慣，是歷史的習(xí)俗倫理指引信念、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、抱負(fù)的框架，并滲透到個(gè)人、組織或社會(huì)中法律引導(dǎo)行為的至高無(wú)上的正式規(guī)章

與其他技術(shù)(如蒸汽機(jī)、電、和無(wú)線電等)一樣，信息技術(shù)與信息系統(tǒng)也帶來(lái)倫理與社會(huì)問(wèn)題，他可以推動(dòng)社會(huì)進(jìn)步，但也可以用來(lái)犯罪或?qū)ι鐣?huì)產(chǎn)生危害。引起倫理道德問(wèn)題的主要技術(shù)傾向計(jì)算力氣Computingpowerdoublesevery18months:Dependenceoncomputersystems對(duì)系統(tǒng)依靠程度提高，對(duì)系統(tǒng)錯(cuò)誤變得越來(lái)越vulnerable.數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)本錢降低Rapidlydecliningdatastoragecosts:Easymaintenanceofindividualdatabasehasmadetheviolationofindividualprivacybothcheapandeffective.數(shù)據(jù)挖掘技術(shù)的進(jìn)步Advancesindataminingtechniques:Analysisofvastquantitiesofdata網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)進(jìn)步和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)NetworkingadvancesandtheInternet:Remotelyaccessingpersonaldata信息時(shí)代社會(huì)問(wèn)題的五個(gè)方面信息權(quán)利與義務(wù)Informationrightsandobligations:個(gè)人與組織有哪些有關(guān)自己的信息權(quán)利？如何疼惜這些權(quán)利？個(gè)人與組織對(duì)這些信息有什么義務(wù)？產(chǎn)權(quán)Propertyrights:傳統(tǒng)的學(xué)問(wèn)產(chǎn)權(quán)在數(shù)字化社會(huì)中如何疼惜，可不行以無(wú)視？責(zé)任與把握Accountabilityandcontrol:個(gè)人或集體的信息與產(chǎn)權(quán)受到損害時(shí)，誰(shuí)該負(fù)責(zé)？系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量Systemquality:數(shù)據(jù)和系統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么？生活質(zhì)量Qualityoflife:在信息和學(xué)問(wèn)社會(huì)，應(yīng)當(dāng)保持哪些價(jià)值觀？哪些文化和習(xí)慣？信息時(shí)代社會(huì)問(wèn)題的五個(gè)方面〔續(xù)〕內(nèi)容提綱1理解信息系統(tǒng)的倫理道德問(wèn)題2信息系統(tǒng)問(wèn)題的主要內(nèi)容3處理信息系統(tǒng)問(wèn)題信息權(quán)利與義務(wù)誰(shuí)來(lái)疼惜我的信息互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對(duì)隱私的挑戰(zhàn)Cookies存儲(chǔ)在硬盤(pán)上的小文件用來(lái)設(shè)別某個(gè)網(wǎng)站的訪問(wèn)者和跟蹤對(duì)網(wǎng)站的訪問(wèn)1.用戶打開(kāi)游覽器選擇一個(gè)網(wǎng)址2.用戶的計(jì)算機(jī)向web服務(wù)器提出申請(qǐng)3.3.web服務(wù)器向用戶計(jì)算機(jī)發(fā)送信息允許顯示網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容，同時(shí)發(fā)送一個(gè)cookie，（一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)文件，以密碼的形式記錄用戶何時(shí)訪問(wèn)網(wǎng)站、訪問(wèn)什么內(nèi)容）—4.用戶計(jì)算機(jī)接受cookie文件并將其存放在計(jì)算機(jī)硬盤(pán)上5.用戶沒(méi)次返回網(wǎng)站，服務(wù)器存取cookie幫助設(shè)別用戶WWWWWWWWW互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對(duì)隱私的挑戰(zhàn)〔續(xù)〕網(wǎng)絡(luò)蛀蟲(chóng)Webbugs在e-mail消息和web頁(yè)面里的小型圖形文件用來(lái)實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)視用戶的行為宣布放棄選擇權(quán)Opt-outmodel明確同意，允許收集個(gè)人信息顧客明確要求數(shù)據(jù)不要被收集宣布不放棄選擇權(quán)Opt-inmodel明確同意，制止組織收集任何個(gè)人信息個(gè)人不得不同意收集和使用信息信息權(quán)利與義務(wù)的挑戰(zhàn)倫理道德問(wèn)題在什么狀況下隱私允許被侵害通過(guò)不引人注目的監(jiān)視、通過(guò)市場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論或其他手段，哪些侵入是合法的？我們是不是確定要告知?jiǎng)e人我們正在偷聽(tīng)你？我們是不是確定要告知?jiǎng)e人我們正在利用歷史信用信息做就業(yè)審查用途信息權(quán)利與義務(wù)的挑戰(zhàn)〔續(xù)〕社會(huì)問(wèn)題關(guān)注“隱私期望”問(wèn)題。例如：當(dāng)人們?cè)谑褂胑-mail、公告牌等時(shí)，社會(huì)是否應(yīng)當(dāng)鼓舞人們有“隱私期望”政治問(wèn)題例如：FBI能否有權(quán)制止企業(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)加密，以便他們可以隨時(shí)竊聽(tīng)別人的？不管設(shè)備是誰(shuí)的，e-mail隱私是否應(yīng)當(dāng)受到法律疼惜？產(chǎn)權(quán)學(xué)問(wèn)產(chǎn)權(quán)Intellectualproperty:被法律疼惜的無(wú)形制造商業(yè)隱秘Tradesecret:用于商業(yè)目的而非想社會(huì)公開(kāi)的腦力勞動(dòng)或產(chǎn)品版權(quán)Copyright:法定授權(quán)Statutorygrantprotectingintellectualpropertyfromgettingcopiedforminimumof28years專利Patents:法律文件Legaldocumentgrantingtheowneranexclusivemonopolyontheideasbehindaninventionfor20years產(chǎn)權(quán)〔續(xù)〕學(xué)問(wèn)產(chǎn)權(quán)的挑戰(zhàn)倫理道德問(wèn)題Ethicalissues:Productionofintellectualproperty.e.g.copyingsoftwareforownuse社會(huì)問(wèn)題Socialissues:Currentintellectualpropertylawsbreakingdown.ThevastmajorityofAmericansviolatesomeminorlaws,.e.g.copyingsoftware.政治問(wèn)題Politicalissues:Creationofnewpropertyprotectionmeasures.SoftwarepublisherAssociation(SPA).vs.Thegreatersocialbenefitresultsfromthefreedistributionofsoftware.責(zé)任與把握爭(zhēng)論Discussions:1.ifapersonisinjuriedbyamachinecontrolled,inpart,bysoftware,whoshouldbeheldaccountableandthereforeheldliable?2.shouldapublicbulletinboardoranelectronicservicesuchasAmericaOnlinepermittransmissionofpornographicoroffensivematerial?Orshouldtheybeheldharmlessagainstanyliabilityforwhatuserstransmit.3.ifyououtsourceyourinformationprocessing,canyouholdtheexternalvendorliableforinjuriesdonetoyourcustomers?信息技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)變了社會(huì)習(xí)俗(cont.)4.OnMarch12,1993,ablizzardhittheEastCoastoftheUnitedStates,knockingoutanElectronicDataSystemsInc.(EDS)computercenterinClifton.Thecenteroperated5200ATMmachines.EDSwasatsubstantialriskoffraud.Whoisliableforanyeconomicharmcausedtoindividualsduringthisperiod?5.InApril1990,acomputersystematShellPipelineCorp.failedtodetectahumanoperatorerror.Asaresult,93,000barrelsofcrudeoilwereshippedtothewrongtrader.Theerrorcost$2millionbecausethetradersoldoilthatshouldnothavebeendeliveredtohim.Whomwouldyouhaveheldliable-ShellPipeline/thetrader/thehumanoperator?4.3信息系統(tǒng)的道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)4.3.3責(zé)任、義務(wù)與把握責(zé)任與把握的挑戰(zhàn)倫理問(wèn)題Ethicalissues:Whoismorallyresponsibleforconsequencesofuse?總的來(lái)說(shuō)，讓軟件生產(chǎn)商去擔(dān)當(dāng)責(zé)任是困難的。社會(huì)問(wèn)題Socialissues:Whatshouldsocietyexpectandallow?個(gè)人和組織是否要求開(kāi)發(fā)備份設(shè)備；網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)是否可以公告不正確的、誤導(dǎo)性信息；信息效勞公司是否可以self-regulation,self-censoring?政治問(wèn)題Politicalissues:Towhatextentshouldgovernmentintervene,protect?效勞供給商和用戶之間的沖突，誰(shuí)應(yīng)當(dāng)負(fù)責(zé)。系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量：數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量與系統(tǒng)錯(cuò)誤1.系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量到什么程度是可以承受的，在技術(shù)上也是可行的？2.到什么程度系統(tǒng)經(jīng)理可以確定停頓測(cè)試軟件？3.有些系統(tǒng)錯(cuò)誤需要付出很大的代價(jià)才能找到和修改，從經(jīng)濟(jì)上和時(shí)間上一不行能。4.影響信息系統(tǒng)的性能的三方面緣由：軟件漏洞與錯(cuò)誤、硬件或設(shè)備故障、輸入與數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量差。系統(tǒng)質(zhì)量的挑戰(zhàn)倫理方面Ethicalissues:Atwhatpointtoreleasethesoftware/servicesforconsumption?到什么程度公布軟件社會(huì)方面Socialissues:Shouldpeoplebeencouragedtobelievesystemsareinfallible?社會(huì)是否應(yīng)當(dāng)讓人們認(rèn)為軟件應(yīng)當(dāng)是不會(huì)出錯(cuò)的？或者讓人們疑心軟件及其輸出數(shù)據(jù)總存在問(wèn)題？政治方面PoliticalIssues:Lawsofresponsibilityandaccountability政府是否應(yīng)當(dāng)制訂法規(guī)，強(qiáng)行保證系統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量(軟件、硬件、數(shù)據(jù))？行業(yè)是否應(yīng)當(dāng)制訂行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)？立法機(jī)構(gòu)是否應(yīng)當(dāng)punishpoorsystemquality?權(quán)力中心與外部力氣之間的平衡Balancingpowercenterversusperiphery:Keypolicydecisionscentralizedasinthepast.員工被授予了更多的權(quán)力，組織扁平化了，但主要的決策照舊與過(guò)去一樣由個(gè)別人準(zhǔn)備。并沒(méi)有消逝象小說(shuō)中描述的那種情形：Ahuge,centralizedmainframecomputerwouldcentralizepoweratcorporateheadquartersandinthenation’scapital.變化的瞬間性Rapidityofchange:Reducedresponsetimetocompetition:Reducednormalsocialbuffers.信息社會(huì)提高了社會(huì)的效率。“Time-basedcompetition”hasuglyside.Westandtheriskofdevelopinga“just-in-timesociety”with“just-in-timejobs”and“just-in-time”workplaces,families,andvocations.生活質(zhì)量：公正、時(shí)機(jī)與范圍保持家庭、工作與消遣之間的界限Maintainingboundaries:Family,work,andleisure:“Doanythinganywhere”environmentblurringboundariesbetweenworkandfamilytime.Traditionalboundariesthatseparateworkfromfamilyandjustplainleisurewillbeweakened.The“workumbrella”nowextendsfarbeyondtheeight-hourday.依靠性和脆弱性Dependenceandvulnerability:Noregulatoryorstandard-settingforces沒(méi)有政府或公共事業(yè)治理部門來(lái)治理信息系統(tǒng)。Ourbusiness,governments,schools,andprivateassociationssuchaschurchesareincrediblydependentoninformationsystemsandthereforehighlyvulnerableifthesesystemsshouldfail.生活質(zhì)量：公正、時(shí)機(jī)與范圍〔續(xù)〕計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪Computercrime:Commissionofillegalactsthroughtheuseofacomputeroragainstacomputersystem通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)或計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)展非法活動(dòng)。“l(fā)ogicbomb”計(jì)算機(jī)濫用Computerabuse:Commissionofactsinvolvingacomputerthatmaynotbeillegalbutareconsideredunethical。通過(guò)計(jì)算機(jī)做雖然并不非法但擔(dān)憂康的活動(dòng)。hacker生活質(zhì)量：公正、時(shí)機(jī)與范圍〔續(xù)〕就業(yè)問(wèn)題Employment:Trickle-downtechnologyandreengineeringjobloss:redesigningbusinessprocessescouldpotentiallyCausemillionsofmiddle-levelmanagersandclericalworkerstolosetheirjobs.公正與時(shí)機(jī)Equityandaccess:加大了種族與社會(huì)的裂痕Increasingracialandsocialclasscleavages:Societyofcomputerliterateandskilled,versuscomputerilliterateandunskilled.Tomakedigitalinformationservice(includingtheInternet)availabletovirtuallyeveryonetonarrowthe“digitaldivide”生活質(zhì)量：公正、時(shí)機(jī)與范圍〔續(xù)〕安康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)HealthRisks:RSI,CVS,andTechnostress重復(fù)性勞動(dòng)損害Repetitivestressinjury(RSI)職業(yè)病Occupationaldisease肌肉組織強(qiáng)迫進(jìn)展重復(fù)勞動(dòng)Musclegroupsareforcedthroughrepetitiveactionswithhigh-impactloadsorthousandsofrepetitionswithlowimpactloads生活質(zhì)量：公正、時(shí)機(jī)與范圍〔續(xù)〕腕？綜合癥Carpaltunnelsyndrome(CTS)TypeofRSIPressureonthemediannervethroughthewr