Part (30Part ReadingComprehension(Skimmingand (15Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C],and[D].Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.DietMightHaveSomeEffectonThere'slimitedevidencethatanyparticulardietorsupplementhelpskidswithattention-deficit/hyperactivitydisorder(ADHD),butatleastsomeresearchsuggeststhatomega-3fattyacidsmayhelpwhilefatty“Western-style”dietsdothesechildrennofavors.ResearchersfromChildren'sMemorialHospitalinChicagoreviewedpreviousstudiesondietsandsupplementsthathavebeentriedinchildrenwithADHD.Amongthedietstested:restrictingsugar,whichsomeparentsbelieveworsenshyperactivity;avoidingfoodcontainingadditivesandpreservatives,knownasthe“Feingolddiet”;an“eliminationdiet”thatavoidsfoodsmostoftenimplicatedinfoodallergies;andsupplementingwithomega-3fattyacids,suchasfishoilcapsules.Littleresearchsupportstheideathatsugarorartificialsweetenersaffectchildren'sbehavior,accordingtothereview.NoristheremuchevidencefromcontrolledtrialstosupporttheFeingolddiet,whichfirstbecamepopularinthe1970sandadvocatesavoidingfoodthatcontainsredandorangedyesandpreservatives(includingapples,grapesandlunchmeats).Yet,somestudieshavesuggestedsomekidswithADHDbenefitfromanelimination,alsoknownasahypoallergenicdiet.Butthattypicallymeansforgoingcow'smilk,cheese,wheatcereal,eggs,chocolate,nutsandcitrusfoods,whichcanbetoughonthechildandonthefamily,saidstudyauthorDr.J.GordonMillichap,aprofessoremeritusatNorthwesternUniversityMedicalSchoolandneurologistatChildren'sMemorialHospitalinChicago.Moreover,theresultsofstudiesonhypoallergenicdietshavebeenmixed.“Wefindthehypoallergenicdietmightbeeffective,butdifficultforfamiliestomanagethem,”Millichapsaid.OnestudybyAustralianresearcherssuggestedthatkidswhoateatypical“Western-style”dietthat'shighinfat,saltandrefinedsugarshadahigherriskofADHDthankidswhohadahealthierdietthatwasrichinfish,vegetables,fruitandwholegrainsandthatcontainedlotsoffiber,folateandomega-3fattyacids.Dr.RobertoLopez-Alberola,anassociateprofessorandchiefofpediatricneurologyatUniversityofMiamiSchoolofMedicine,saidhestronglyadvocateschildrenwithADHDfollowingsuchahealthierdietandavoidingdyes,preservativesandotheradditives.Thoughtheprecisebiologicalmechanismhasn'tyetbeenuncovered,Lopez-AlberolabelievestheincreaseinobesityratesandinADHDisnotunrelated,andunhealthymoderndietsmaybecontributingtotheproblem.“Iamafirmbelieverthatweultimatelyarewhatweeat,andunfortunatelyasaresultofourpoorWesterndiet,weseethisintheincreaseintherateofobesity,particularlyintheyoungpopulation,”Lopez-Alberolasaid.“Thefastfoods,theprocessedfood,thepreservative-richfoods...Inthesamewayweseeanimpactphysically,it'sgoingtohaveanimpactfromtheneuro-developmentalstandpoint.It'snotsurprisingweseeaparallelintheincreaseinobesityandinADHD.”Anotherstudy,conductedbyresearchersinEnglandinchildrenwhowereexcessivelyclumsy--someofwhomalsohadADHD--foundthatomega-3supplementsdidn'thelpwithmotorskills,butdidseemtohelpwithattention.OtherresearchhasfoundthatmanykidswithADHDhadunusuallylowlevelsofironintheblood.OneIsraelistudyfoundthattheparentsofkidsgivenironsupplementsreportedlessADHDsymptomsintheirkids,butteacherssawnosucheffect.ThereinliesmuchoftheproblemwithresearchthatlooksatdietaryinterventionsforADHD,saidDr.AndrewAdesman,chiefofdevelopmentalandbehavioralpediatricsatSteven&AlexandraCohenChildren'sMedicalCenterofNewYork.Theplaceboeffectcanbepowerful.Muchoftheresearchondietaryinterventionscomparesdietaryinterventionstonotreatment,whilethere'slittleresearchthatcomparesadiettostimulantmedicationssuchasRitalin(methylphenidate)orAdderall(dextroamphetamineandamphetamine),whichhavedecadesofresearchshowingthatthey'reeffectiveinkidswithADHD,Adesmansaid.“Forbetterorworse,medicationsarethesinglemosteffectivetreatmentavailableforADHD,”Adesmansaid.“Wedon'thavedatatosuggestdietaryinterventionsareanymoreeffectivethanmedications,andthereislittle,ifany,datatosuggestdietaryinterventionsareaseffectiveasmedications.”ADHDaffectsanestimated5percentto8percentofschool-agedchildren.Symptoms,whichoftenpersistintoadulthood,includeinattention,hyperactivityandimpulsivitybeyondwhat'snormallyseen,givenachild'sageanddevelopment.Understandably,manyparentsarereluctanttomedicatetheiryoungchildren,andsothere'slotsofinterestinalternativetreatments,expertssaid.“Wedofindparentsarebecomingmoreinterestedinthepossibilityofusingdietsratherthan,orasacomplementto,medication,”Millichapsaid.WhilethefirstlineoftreatmentforADHDismedicationandbehavioraltherapy,whichusespositivereinforcementtohelpkidslearntocontrolimpulsivity,parentswhowanttotrydietaryinterventionsshouldbesupportedintheirefforts,Millichapsaid.“DietscanbeusedinthetreatmentofADHD,butit'susuallynotafirstchoicewithmostparents,”hesaid.“Butsomeparentspreferitanddon'tlikemedicationsatall.That'soneofthereasonsforconsideringthediets.Anotheristhatiftherearesideeffectsoradverseeffectsfromthemedications,thenonemightturntodietarytreatments.”AddedAdesman:“Familiesarewelcometoexploreandpursuealternativeapproaches,buttheyneedtorecognizethatoftentimesthereislimitedresearchtosupportorjustifytheiruseandthebenefitswilllikelybelesssubstantialthanconventionalWhatmayhelpkidswithADHDaccordingtosomeAparticular [C]Omega-3fattyAparticular [D]Fatty“Western-style”WhichdietfirstbecamepopularintheDietrestricting [C]EliminationFeingold [D]Dietsupplementingwithomega-3fattyAccordingtoonestudybyAustralianresearchers,toavoidhighriskofADHD,childrenshouldnothaveadiet ishighinfat,saltandrefined [C]containslotsoffiber,folateandomega-3fattyisrichinfish,vegetables,fruitandwhole [D]containslotsofwheatcereal,eggs,fruitandWhatwasfoundinthestudyconductedbyresearchersinFewerADHDsymptomsin [C]Omega-3supplementsunhelpfulwithFewerADHDsymptomsin [D]Omega-3supplementsunhelpfulwithmotorWhyisthereanintenseinterestinalternativetreatmentsforkidswithADHDaffects5%to8%ofschool-aged [C]Symptomsincludeinattention,hyperactivityandSymptomsoftenpersistinto [D]ManyparentsarereluctanttomedicatetheiryoungWhydosomeparentsconsidertheTheyseedietsassupplementaryto [C]ThereismoreresearchtojustifytheuseofTheuseofdietarytreatmentismore [D]There’resideoradverseeffectsfromWhatisAddedAdesman’ssuggestionconcerningconventionalFamiliesneedtorecognizeits [C]FamiliesmustsupportotherFamiliescanseekdifferentapproachesfrom [D]FamiliescanjustifyitsPart Listening (35Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D],anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.[A]Shehasnoideawhentheywill [C]Shedoesn’tthinkthereisawayShewon’tbereadyby8 [D]Sheasksthemantostay[A]Seathimselfforthe [C]StandtofindifthelectureisContinuehis [D]Pushthechairforthe[A]Anelectriciancameandfixedthe [C]ShehadMikefixtheShehadthelampfixedinarepair [D]Thelamphasnotbeen[A]Studyandprepareforthe [C]ForgettheexamnextKeeponwatching [D]Commentonthe[A]Shehasnotchosenapicturefor [C]SheforgottobringherShewasunabletohaveherpicture [D]Shewenttoaphotographyclass[A]Hewouldratherringherupnext [C]HewantshertotakeapictureofthenextHewilltryallmeanstoattendthe [D]Hewantstoknowwhattoprepareforthe[A]Talkingonthe [C]DininginaHangingaroundina [D]Depositingmoneyata[A]Shewantssomethingtodrink [C]SheneverdrinksShedoesn’tlikehis [D]SheagreeswithhisQuestions19to22arebasedontheconversationyouhavejust[A]Heissickandwillmissher [C]HehassomethingtogivetoherHehastocanceltheappointmentwith [D]Hehasn’tfinishedhisterm[A]Findoutabouta [C]HandintheSeekatermpaper [D]Gotothe[A]Sitforafinal [C]BorrowseveralPainta [D]Presentanoral[A]Gotothelibrarytomeet [C]MeethertomorrowFindherinheroffice [D]TalktoherthisQuestions23to25arebasedontheconversationyouhavejust[A]Shehadn’tgotwellpreparedforthe [C]SheblushedandgotnervouseasilyinSomethinghadgonewrongwithher [D]Shecouldn’tforgetaboutthe[A]She’dgetreadytoleave [C]ShecouldfindsomeoneShecouldseewho’sgoing [D]She’dforgetabout[A]Theyblushbeforegoingtohigh [C]TheyblushlessoftenthanTheyhaven’tlearnedhowtoblush [D]Theydon’tknowwhentoSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthePassageQuestions26to28arebasedonthepassageyouhavejust[A]Whatarethecausesfor [C]WhyarewecrazyaboutWhatdoesromanticlove [D]Whydowereactto[A]Wecommunicatetoeachother [C]WetellourselvesaboutthewayweWeareinfluencedbywhatweactually [D]Wearecarelessaboutourown[A]Itishardertoachievethanromantic [C]ItleadstomorestableLovefadeswhenstablerelationship [D]LoveisbasedonopenPassageQuestions29to32arebasedonthepassageyouhavejust[A]Byobservinghowsaltwasburnedin [C]Byobservingthestarsinthe[B]Bythrowingthesaltintothe [D]Bylisteningtothesoundwind[A]Thevillagershadnosaltwiththemat [C]HebelieveditabsurdtousesalttoforetellThevillagersfelttheyneededmore [D]Hethoughthewasmuchsmarterthantheold[A]SaltwillproducesoundinfireafteraSaltwon’tproducesoundinfireinverydrySaltwon’tproducesoundinfireinverywetSaltwillproducesoundinfirebeforea[A]Oldpeopledeserverespectfromthe [C]TheyouthshouldbreakoutofoldSomeoldbeliefshavesomethingin [D]PeopleshouldlearntoacceptQuestions33to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejust[A]Remainsilentaboutthisordinary [C]PutupwiththecruelattackalltheLearnnottobeguidedbytheirown [D]Tellchildrennottodosoandexplain[A]Childrendon’tunderstandits [C]ChildrenwillturnawayfromitChildrenconsideritshockingand [D]Childrenshouldbestoppedfromusing[A] [C] [D]SectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthemainpointsinyourownwords.Finally,whenthepassageisreadforthethirdtime,youshouldcheckwhatyouhavewritten.PartⅣReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth) (25minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions47to56arebasedonthefollowingRoutinelyputtingin47hoursattheofficecanputastrainonyoursociallife.ButcantoomuchovertimecauseScientistsputthequestiontothetestinastudyofmorethan2,000white-collarworkers.Previousresearchhintedatalinkbetweenlonghoursanddepressed48,andtheresearchers,attheFinnishInstituteofOccupationalHealthinHelsinki,wantedto49theissueindepth.Foraboutfiveyears,they50dataonBritishcivilservants.Alloftheworkers,whoseaverageageatthestartwas47,hadnomentalhealthproblemsattheoutset.Andtheresearchers51theirresultstoruleoutotherrisk52,likesocioeconomicstatus,socialsupport,genderandsubstanceuse.Ultimately,themenandwomenwhoroutinelyworked11hoursadayormorehadmorethandoublethe53ofdevelopingdepressioncomparedwiththosewhousuallyworkedeighthoursorless.ThestudywaspublishedlastmonthinthejournalPLoSWhiletheresultsarenot54,anotherrecentstudy,inTheJournalofOccupationalandEnvironmentalMedicine,hadsimilarfindings.Lookingat10,000workers,theresearchersfoundhigher55ofanxietyanddepressioninthosewhoputinthemostAnumberoffactorsmightexplaintheincreaseinrisk.Peoplewhoworklongerhoursoftensleepless,exerciselessandexperiencemorestress.Agrindingworkschedulecanbe56,cuttingintotimewithfriendsandfamily.Anditmayraisetheriskofotherhealthproblems,somestudiesshow,includingheartdisease.SectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions57to61arebasedonthefollowingAsidefromwatervapour,thefourprincipalgreenhousegasesarecarbondioxide(CO2),methane(CH4),nitrousoxide(N2O)andthehalocarbonsorCFCs(gasescontainingfluorine,chlorineandbromine).Thesegases–describedinmoredetailhere–canremainintheatmospherefordifferentamountsoftime,frommonthstomillennia,andaffecttheclimateonverydifferentThelifetimeintheairofCO2,themostsignificantman-madegreenhousegas,isprobablythemostdifficulttodetermine,becausethereareseveralprocessesthatremovecarbondioxidefromtheatmosphere.Between65%and80%ofCO2releasedintotheairdissolvesintotheoceanoveraperiodof20–200years.Therestisremovedbyslowerprocessesthattakeuptoseveralhundredsofthousandsofyears,includingchemicalweatheringandrockformation.Thismeansthatonceintheatmosphere,carbondioxidecancontinuetoaffectclimateforthousandsofyears.Methane,bycontrast,ismostlyremovedfromtheatmospherebychemicalreaction,persistingforabout12years.Thusalthoughmethaneisapotentgreenhousegas,itseffectisrelativelyshort-lived.Nitrousoxideisdestroyedinthestratosphereandremovedfromtheatmospheremoreslowlythanmethane,persistingforaround114years.Compoundscontainingchlorineandfluorine(CFCs,HCFCs,HFCs,PFCs)includeahugenumberofdifferentchemicalspecies,eachofwhichcanlastintheatmosphereforaspecificlengthoftime–fromlessthanayeartomanythousandsofyears.TheIPCChaspublishedacomprehensivelistoftheatmosphericlifetimeofthevariousCFCsandothergreenhousegases.Watervapourisaveryeffectiveabsorberofheatenergyintheair,butitdoesnotaccumulateintheatmosphereinthesamewayastheothergreenhousegases.Thisisdowntoithavingaveryshortatmosphericlifetime,oftheorderofhourstodays,becauseitisrapidlyremovedasrainandsnow.Theamountofwatervapourthattheatmospherecanholdincreasesastheatmospheregetswarmer,sothegreenhousepropertiesofwatervapourareusuallyconsideredtoactaspartofafeedbackloop,ratherthanadirectcauseofclimatechange.Whatdoes“potent”in“apotentgreenhousegas”(Line2,Para.3) [B]Most [C] [D]MostWhyisthelifetimeofCO2intheairprobablythemostdifficulttoIttakes20to200yearsfor65%to80%ofittodissolveintotheTheremovaloftherestofittakesseveralhundredsofthousandsofCarbondioxidekeepsaffectingclimateforthousandsofToremoveCO2takestwoprocessesoneofwhichisWhatdowelearnaboutthesaidgreenhousegasesinthisMethanecandissolveintotheairandform [C]StratospherecanbreakdownCarbondioxidecanform [D]HalocarbonsabsorbheatenergyintheWhichcanbeinferredfromthisCarbondioxidecanhaveimpactontheclimateforthousandsofMethanewithashortlifetimedoesnotattractmuchattentionfromWatervapourandmethaneeachgathertogetherintheairindifferentTheamountofwatervapourtheaircanholdvariesasweatherWhatisthepurposeofthisToarguefortheshort-livedeffectof [D]TocallpublicattentiontothegreenhouseeffectofwaterPassageQuestions62to66arebasedonthefollowingIfyou’renotshyaboutlettingGoogleknowaboutallthewebsitesyouvisitandhowyouusethem,thecompanymayhaveapropositionforyou.Googleisoffering$5AmazongiftcardsforparticipatinginapanelcalledGoogleScreenwise.ParticipantsinstallanextensioninGoogle’sChromebrowser,whichtrackstheirwebsurfingactivity,andearnonegiftcardforeverythreemonthsintheprogram—upto$25total.“Whatwelearnfromyou,andotherslikeyou,willhelpusimproveGoogleproductsandservicesandmakeabetteronlineexperienceforeveryone,”thecompanysaysontheprogram’slandingpage.Rightnow,Googleistakinge-mailaddressesandwillnotifypeoplewhenregistrationopens.AsSearchEngineLandreports,Googlehasn’tmadeabigannouncementontheprogram,andhasyettocommentonthematter.Thecompanyisusingathird-partymanagementpartner,calledKnowledgeNetworks,torunthepromotion.Amazonisnotasponsor.Itsoundsalittlecreepytome,seeingasthefineprintdoesn’tspecifywhatwillbecomeofparticipants’browsingdata,andwhetherit’llbepersonallyidentifiable.Butwithmoneyontheline,Idon’tthinkGooglewillhaveanytroublefindingpeopletosignup.Likemanyotherwebandmediacompanies,wedopanelresearchtohelpbetterserveourusersbylearningmoreaboutpeople’smediause,onthewebandelsewhere.Thispanelisonesuchsmallprojectthatstartednearthebeginningoftheyear.Ofcourse,thisiscompletelyoptionaltojoin.Peoplecanchoosetoparticipateifit’sofinterest(orifthegiftappeals)andeveryonewhodoesparticipatehascompletetransparencyandcontroloverwhatInternetuseisbeingincludedinthepanel.Peoplecanstayonthepanelaslongasthey’dlike,orleaveatanytime.”HowdocustomersparticipateinapanelcalledGoogleTheyinstallanextensioninGoogle’sChrome [C]Theysende-mailaddressestoGoogleTheybuy$5Amazongiftcardsfor [D]TheyearnonegiftcardforeverythreeAccordingtoSearchEngineLand’sreport, haslaunchedasmallscale [C]isusingthreemanagementhasgotsponsoredby [D]isviolatingthewebsurfers’The“fineprint”(Line1,Para.5)refers whatwasreportedby [C]Google’sgiftGoogle’scommentsonthe [D]what’ssaidontheprogram’slandingPeoplemaychoosenottoparticipate thepanelisof [C]theystartroughlywhentheyearthepanelis [D]theyarenotforcedtostaylongontheWhatdowelearnabouttheauthor’sattitudetowardsGoogle’sTheauthorissuspiciousof [C]TheauthorisstronglyagainstTheauthorisinfavorof [D]TheauthorisindifferenttoPart (15Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.Foreachblanktherearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D]ontherightsideofthepaper.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Haveyoueverwonderedwhywehavesomanywordswithmultiplemeanings?Considerthe“mean,”whichcan67hurtfulbehavior(asin“meangirls”),signifyamathematicalmiddle68intent—asin“Whatdoesthiswordmean?”Thisverbalmysteryhasprobablynotkeptyouupatnight.Butlinguistshavedevotedsignificantbraincells69outwhytherearesomanywordsthatmeanmorethanonething.Whydevelopalanguage,whosemain70shouldbetopromoteclearcommunication,whichconfusionis71?Whynotjustdesignateonemeaningforeachwordandbedone?Infact,multiplemeaningsseemsocontrarytothebuildingofan72language73someexpertshaveevenarguedthatperhapslanguage’struepurposewasn’ttocommunicateatall,aswe’vealways74.Itturns75there’samethodtothelanguagemadness;thewaywetalkisefficientafterall.Yes,manyofourwordshavemultiplemeanings,butforthemostpart,wearen’t76bythem.That’sbecausethe

[A] [C][B] [D][A] [C][B] [D][A] [C][B] [D][A] [C][B] [D][A] [C][B] [D][A] [C][B] [D][A] [C][B] [D][A] [C][B] [D][A] [C][B] [D][A]confronted[C]otherimportantelementoflanguageis77 Technology(MIT)writeinthejournalCognition78morethanonemeaningtoawordisawayshortcutcommunicationandmakeit79tedious(枯燥的).Afteranalyzingwordswithmultiplemeaningsinthreelanguages-English,GermanandDutch-thescientistsfoundthattheyallsharedsomeimportant80.Theywereallshortandtheyallhadsimplesound81thatweresimpletopronounceandeasily82tolisteners.Themoreofthesewordsincludedinalanguage,the83,andmoreefficiently,peoplecouldunderstandoneanother—84theywerealsogoodatparsing(從語法上分析outwhichofthewords’differentwereappropriate.Andforthat,saysStevenPiantadosi,aresearchernowattheUniversityofRochester,speakersusecontext85,suchaswheretheyare,theirenvironmentandthesubject86

[B] [D][A] [C][B] [D][A] [C][B] [D][A] [C][B] [D][A]personalities[C][B] [D][A] [C][B] [D][A] [C][B] [D][A] [C][B] [D][A] [C]assoon[B] [D]aslong[A] [C][B] [D][A] [C][B] [D]Part (5Directions:CompletethesentencesbytranslatingintoEnglishtheChinesegiveni