Lesson2THECLASSIFICATIONOFINORGANICCOMPOUNDS無機化合物分類1最新版整理pptchemist化學家equation方程式become適合，與……相稱aqueous水的radical

基，根，原子團balance天平，平衡acidic

酸的，酸性的substance物質anhydride酐sour酸的，酸味的；變酸basicanhydride堿酐taste味道，氣味，味覺negative負的，陰的lemon檸檬acidradical酸根orange柑，桔；橙色share共享，分享citric檸檬的transfer轉移citricacid檸檬酸

coordinate配位citrus柑桔屬coordinatevalence配鍵lactic乳的hydroniumion水合氫離子lacticacid乳酸詞匯2最新版整理pptlitmus

石蕊soapy肥皂般的，滑膩的litmuspaper石蕊試紙slippery滑的dye染料neutralization

中和soak浸泡，浸漬evaporation蒸發enable使……能夠positive正的，陽的indicator

指示劑positiveion正離子methyl

甲基negativeion負離子methylorange甲基橙lattice格子，點陣phenolphthalein

酚酞crystallattice晶格react(with,on)反應electrovalent

電價的strongacid強酸orient定向，取向ionize

離子化，電離pattern模型，形式bitter苦味3最新版整理pptTheClassesofCompounds

1.Thousandsandtensofthousandsofcompoundsareknowntothechemisttoday.Itwouldbeimpossibletolearnpropertiesandbehaviorofevenafractionofthisnumberifithadtobedoneonthebasisofindividualcompounds.Fortunately,mostchemicalcompoundscanbegroupedtogetherinafewclasses.Then,ifwecanproperlyclassifyacompound,weareatonceawareofthegeneralpropertiesofthecompoundfromknowledgeofthepropertiesofthatclassorgroupofcompounds.Forexample,HClisclassedasanacid,andbybecomingfamiliarwiththebehaviorofacidsasadistinctclass,weareatonceawareofthegeneralpropertiesofthecompound.Agreatmanyofthecompoundswe

aretostudymaybeclassifiedasacids,bases,salts,metallicoxides,ornonmetallicoxides.Ofthesefiveclassesofcompounds,thefirstthree-acids,bases,andsalts-arebyfarthemostimportant.4最新版整理pptTheClassesofCompounds

Thousandsandtensofthousandsofcompoundsareknowntothechemisttoday.

化合物分類現今，化學家知道了成千上萬的化合物。

thousandsandtensofthousands成千上萬

beknownto被……所知chem(o)化學（的）

chemistry

化學

chemical化學的，化學藥品

chemosynthesis

化學合成5最新版整理pptItwouldbeimpossibletolearnpropertiesandbehaviorofevenafractionofthisnumberifithadtobedoneonthebasisofindividualcompounds.

如果根據個別化合物來了解這么多化合物的性質，即使其中的一小部分也是不可能的。afractionof

一小部分onthebasisof

根據……,在……基礎上6最新版整理pptFortunately,mostchemicalcompoundscanbegroupedtogetherinafewclasses.

幸運的是，大多數化合物能夠組合在一起分成幾類。7最新版整理pptThen,ifwecanproperlyclassifyacompound,weare

atonceawareofthegeneralpropertiesofthecompoundfromknowledgeofthepropertiesofthatclassorgroupofcompounds.

那么，如果我們能夠恰當地將一個化合物歸類，我們立刻就能從這類化合物的性質來了解這個化合物的一般性質。

beawareof

知道，意識到……8最新版整理ppt

Forexample,HClisclassedasanacid,andbybecomingfamiliarwiththebehaviorofacidsasadistinctclass,weareatonceawareofthegeneralpropertiesofthecompound.

become(be)familiarwith…熟悉，通曉例如，鹽酸歸類為酸，由于已熟悉作為不同類別的酸的性質，我們就會立即知道這一化合物的一般性質。9最新版整理ppt

Agreatmanyofthecompoundswearetostudymaybeclassifiedasacids,bases,salts,metallicoxides,ornonmetallicoxides.Ofthesefiveclassesofcompounds,thefirstthree-acids,bases,andsalts-arebyfarthemostimportant.我們將要研究的眾多化合物可以分類為酸、堿、鹽、金屬氧化物或非金屬氧化物。這五類化合物中的前三類－－酸、堿和鹽－－是最重要的。

agreat（good）manyof

很多，大量10最新版整理ppt2.Whenanacid,base,orsaltisdissolvedinwatertheresultingsolutionisaconductoroftheelectriccurrentandistermedanelectrolyte.Ifnoconductionofcurrentoccurs,thecompoundisknownasanonelectrolyte.11最新版整理ppt

2.Whenanacid,base,orsaltisdissolvedinwatertheresultingsolutionisaconductoroftheelectriccurrentandistermedanelectrolyte.Ifnoconductionofcurrentoccurs,thecompoundisknownasanonelectrolyte.酸、堿或鹽溶于水中得到的溶液是電流的導體，它們被定義為電解質。如果沒有電流的傳導發生，這種化合物被稱為非電解質。conductor

導體electriccurrent

電流term

被稱作electrolyte/nonelectrolyte

電解質，非電解質12最新版整理ppt3.ClassificationofCommonCompoundsBylookingatthechemicalformulaswemayclassifymanycommoncompoundsinthefollowingway.1.Acids,intheconventionalsense,mayberecognizedbynotingthattheHiswrittenfirstintheformulaandthattherestofthecompoundisgenerallynonmetallic.Ex.,HCl,H2SO4,HClO.2.ConventionalbaseshaveOHradicalswrittenlastintheformula.Thefirstpartoftheformulaisusuallyametal.Ex.,NaOH,Ca(OH)2,Fe(OH)3.3.Asaltconsistsofametal,writtenfirst,combinedwithanon-metalorradicalwrittenlastinaformula.Ex.,NaCl,Fe2(SO4)3,Ca(ClO)2.4.Oxidesarecompoundscontainingoxygenandonlyoneotherelement.13最新版整理ppt

ClassificationofCommonCompoundsBylookingatthechemicalformulaswemayclassifymanycommoncompoundsinthefollowingway.

普通化合物分類我們可以根據化學式按著下面的方法分類許多普通化合物。Class

n,類別Classify

Vt.分類

Classificationn.分類14最新版整理ppt1.Acids,intheconventionalsense,mayberecognizedbynotingthattheHiswrittenfirstintheformulaandthattherestofthecompoundisgenerallynonmetallic.Ex.,HCl,H2SO4,HClO.

intheconventionalsense按傳統的觀念（常識）1.按傳統的觀念，可以通過在分子式中將H寫在第一位并且化合物中的其余部分通常是非金屬來辨認出酸，例如，HCl,H2SO4,HClO。

15最新版整理ppt2.ConventionalbaseshaveOHradicalswrittenlastintheformula.Thefirstpartoftheformulaisusuallyametal.Ex.,NaOH,Ca(OH)2,Fe(OH)3.

2.傳統堿的分子式中將OH基寫在最后面。分子式的第一部分通常是一種金屬。例如，NaOH,Ca(OH)2,Fe(OH)3。

16最新版整理ppt

3.Asaltconsistsofametal,writtenfirst,combinedwithanon-metalorradicalwrittenlastinaformula.Ex.,NaCl,Fe2(SO4)3,Ca(ClO)2.

3.鹽的分子式由寫在第一位的金屬和寫在最后一位的非金屬或原子團組成。例如，NaCl,Fe2(SO4)3,Ca(ClO)2。

17最新版整理ppt4.Oxidesarecompoundscontainingoxygenandonlyoneotherelement.4.氧化物是由氧和唯一一種其它元素組成的化合物。18最新版整理ppt

4.Iftheelementotherthanoxygenisanonmetal,theoxideclassedasanonmetaloxideoranacidicanhydride.Thelatternamecomesaboutbecausewateraddedtononmetaloxidesundercertainconditionsproducesacids.Likewise,ifwaterisremovedfromanacidcontainingoxygen,theacidanhydride(withoutwater)results.19最新版整理pptIftheelementotherthanoxygenisanonmetal,theoxideclassedasanonmetaloxideoranacidic

anhydride.

otherthan

除了，不同于anhydride

酐

anhydr(o)脫水，無水，酐

anhydration脫水，干化

anhydrous

無水的

anhydroglucose脫水葡萄糖如果除氧以外的元素是非金屬，這種氧化物被稱為非金屬氧化物或酸酐。20最新版整理pptThelatternamecomesaboutbecausewateraddedtononmetaloxidesundercertainconditionsproducesacids.

酸酐的名稱來源于在一定條件下將水加到非金屬氧化物中能夠生成酸。comeabout

產生，發生，出現21最新版整理ppt

Likewise,ifwaterisremovedfromanacidcontainingoxygen,theacidanhydride(withoutwater)results.

同樣，如果將水從含氧酸中除去，就會生成酸酐（沒水）。

acidcontainingoxygen含氧酸22最新版整理ppt5.Theotherclassofoxides,metallicoxidesorbasicanhydrides,consistofoxygencombinedwithametal.Whenwaterisaddedunderproperconditionstobasicanhydrides,basesresultandviceversa.23最新版整理pptTheotherclassofoxides,metallicoxidesorbasicanhydrides,consistofoxygencombinedwithametal.

basicanhydride

堿酐

另一類氧化物，金屬氧化物或堿酐，由氧和一種金屬組成。24最新版整理pptWhenwaterisaddedunderproperconditionstobasicanhydrides,basesresultandviceversa.

在合適的條件下將水加到堿酐中就會產生堿，反之亦然。

viceversa

反之亦然25最新版整理ppt6AcidsAllacidsintheconventionalsensecontainhydrogen,whichmaybereplacedbymetals.Thenegativeportionoftheacidmoleculeiscomposedofanonmetaloraradical(negativevalencegroup).Thesenegativevalencegroups(exceptoxideandhydroxide)areoftenreferredtoacidradicals.Allacidsarecovalentcompoundsinwhichtheatomsareheldtogetherbyasharingofelectrons.Whenanacidisdissolvedinwater,ionsareformedasaresultofthetransferofahydrogenion(proton)fromtheacidmoleculetothewatermolecule-----forexample,26最新版整理pptAcidsAllacidsintheconventionalsensecontainhydrogen,whichmaybereplacedbymetals.

酸按傳統意義，所有酸都含有氫，并且氫能夠被金屬取代。27最新版整理pptThenegativeportionoftheacidmoleculeiscomposedofanonmetaloraradical(negativevalencegroup).

酸分子中負電部分由一種非金屬或原子團(負價基團)組成。Radical

根、原子團28最新版整理pptThesenegativevalence

groups(exceptoxideandhydroxide)areoftenreferredtoacidradicals.

這些負價基團（除氧化物和氫氧化物外)通常被定義為酸根。

valence

化合價acidradicals

酸根29最新版整理ppt

Allacidsarecovalentcompoundsinwhichtheatomsareheldtogetherbyasharingofelectrons.所有酸都是共價化合物，在化合物中原子通過電子共享結合在一起。

covalent

compounds共價化合物30最新版整理pptWhenanacidisdissolvedinwater,ionsareformedasaresultofthetransferofahydrogenion(proton)fromtheacidmoleculetothewatermolecule-----forexample,當酸溶于水中，酸分子中的氫離子（質子）從酸中遷移到水分子中形成離子，例如：

31最新版整理ppt7.Thisisacaseofcoordinatevalence,inwhichanunusedpairofelectronsfromthewatermoleculecombineswithahydrogeniontofromahydroniumion.Thehydroniumionisahydratedhydrogenionorproton(H+·H2O)and,whiletheionization

ofacidsinaqueoussolutiondependsonitsformation,weshallordinarilyusethesimpleH+inwritingequations.Suchequationsaretherebysimplifiedandeasiertobalance.32最新版整理pptThisisacaseofcoordinatevalence,inwhichanunusedpairofelectronsfromthewatermoleculecombineswithahydrogeniontoformahydroniumion.

這是配位鍵的一個例子，在配位鍵中水分子中未被使用的電子對同氫離子結合形成水合氫離子。coordinatevalence

配位鍵

combinewith

與……結合hydroniumion

水合氫離子33最新版整理pptThehydroniumionisahydratedhydrogenionorproton(H+·H2O)and,whiletheionization

ofacidsinaqueoussolutiondependsonitsformation,weshallordinarilyusethesimpleH+inwritingequations.Suchequationsaretherebysimplifiedandeasiertobalance.水合氫離子是一種含水的氫離子或質子(H+·H2O)，并且酸通過形成水合氫離子在水溶液中電離，在書寫方程式時，我們通常寫成簡單的H+。因此，方程式被簡化了，并且更容易配平。hydroniumion=hydratedhydrogenion水合氫離子Hydrate

與水化合；Hydrated

與水化合的，含水的Ionization

離子化、電離Equations

方程式Thereby

因此34最新版整理ppt

8.Thechiefcharacteristicofanacidisitsabilitytofurnishhydrogenions(protons);therefore,anacidisusuallydefinedasasubstancewhichmayfurnishprotons.35最新版整理pptThechiefcharacteristicofanacidisitsabilitytofurnishhydrogenions(protons);therefore,anacidisusuallydefinedasasubstancewhichmayfurnishprotons.

furnish提供，供給

bedefinedas

定義為

酸的主要性質是能夠提供氫離子（質子），因此，酸通常被定義為能夠提供質子的物質。36最新版整理ppt9.PropertiesofAcids.Ingeneral,aqueoussolutionsofacidsarecharacterizedbythefollowingproperties:1.Theyhaveasourtaste.Lemons,oranges,andothercitrusfruitsowetheirsourtastetothepresenceofcitricacid;thetasteofsourmilkisduetothepresenceoflacticacid.2.Theyturnbluelitmuspaperred.Litmusisadyewhichhasaredcolorinacidsolutionandabluecolorinbasicsolution;paperwhichhasbeensoakedinlitmusisreferredtoaslitmuspaper.Substancesofthistype,whichenableustodeterminewhetheragivensolutionisacidorbasic,arecalledindicators.Methylorangeandphenolphthaleinareotherindicatorsfrequentlyusedbychemists.3.Theyreactwithcertainmetalstoproducehydrogen.Reactionsofthistypewerestudiedinconnectionwiththepreparationofhydrogen.4.Theyreactwithbasestoproducesaltsandwater.37最新版整理pptPropertiesofAcids.Ingeneral,aqueoussolutionsofacidsarecharacterizedbythefollowing

properties:酸的性質。通常，酸的水溶液具有下面的性質：

aqueous

水的

properties

性質38最新版整理ppt1.Theyhaveasourtaste.Lemons,oranges,andothercitrusfruitsowetheirsourtastetothepresenceofcitricacid;thetasteofsourmilkisduetothepresenceoflacticacid.

1.它們有酸味。檸檬、橙子和其它柑桔屬水果由于含有檸檬酸而有酸味；酸牛奶的酸味是由于乳酸的存在。

39最新版整理ppt2.Theyturnbluelitmuspaperred.Litmusisadyewhichhasaredcolorinacidsolutionandabluecolorinbasicsolution;paperwhichhasbeensoakedinlitmusisreferredtoaslitmuspaper.2.它們使藍色石蕊試紙變紅。石蕊是一種在酸溶液中顯紅色，在堿溶液中顯藍色的染料；已經被浸漬在石蕊中的紙稱為石蕊試紙。40最新版整理pptSubstancesofthistype,whichenable

us

todeterminewhetheragivensolutionisacidorbasic,arecalledindicators.Methylorange

and

phenolphthaleinareotherindicatorsfrequentlyusedbychemists.

enable…to

使……能夠Indicators

指示劑Methylorange

甲基橙

phenolphthalein

酚肽能夠用來確定某一特定溶液是酸性或堿性的這類物質稱為指示劑。甲基橙和酚酞是經常被化學家使用的另一些指示劑。

41最新版整理ppt3.Theyreactwithcertainmetalstoproducehydrogen.Reactionsofthistypewerestudiedinconnectionwiththepreparationofhydrogen.4.Theyreactwithbasestoproducesaltsandwater.3.它們和某些金屬反應產生氫氣。這類反應在氫氣制備方面被研究。4.它們和堿反應生成鹽和水。inconnectionwith

與……有關，在…..方面42最新版整理ppt10.CommonstrongacidsareH2SO4,HNO3,HCl,HBr,andHI.Mostotheracidsaregenerallyonlypartiallyionizedandconsequentlyonlymoderatelystrongorweak.43最新版整理pptCommonstrongacidsareH2SO4,HNO3,HCl,HBr,andHI.Mostotheracidsaregenerallyonlypartiallyionizedandconsequentlyonlymoderatelystrongorweak.普通的強酸有H2SO4、HNO3、HCl、HBr和HI。大多數其它酸通常只部分電離，因此它們只是中強酸或弱酸。44最新版整理ppt11.BasesAllmetallichydroxidesareclassedasconventionalbases.OfthecommonbasesonlyNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2andBa(OH)2are

appreciablysolubleinwater.Ifthesecompoundsaredissolvedinwater,theOH-iscommontoalloftheirsolutions.45最新版整理pptBasesAllmetallichydroxidesareclassedasconventionalbases.OfthecommonbasesonlyNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2andBa(OH)2are

appreciablysolubleinwater.Ifthesecompoundsaredissolvedinwater,theOH-iscommontoalloftheirsolutions.

appreciably略微，有一點所有的金屬氫氧化物被歸類為傳統的堿。在普通的堿中，只有NaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2和Ba(OH)2略微可溶于水。如果這些化合物溶于水中，均產生OH-。46最新版整理pptAnaqueoussolutionofNH3isalsoclassedasabase,sinceOH-ionsarepresentinthesolution.

NH3的水溶液也歸類為堿，這是因為在水溶液中存在OH-。

47最新版整理ppt

12.Ineachofthesecompoundswefindacombinationofametal(orNH4)withthehydroxidegroup.Justasthecharacteristicpartofanacidishydrogenion,sothecharacteristicpartofabaseinwatersolutionisthehydroxideion,OH-.Latertheconceptofabasewillbeextendedtoincludesubstanceswhichdonotfurnishhydroxideionsinsolution.48最新版整理pptIneachofthesecompoundswefindacombinationofametal(orNH4)withthehydroxidegroup.

我們發現這些化合物中的每一個都由一種金屬（或NH4）和氫氧根組成。49最新版整理ppt

Justasthecharacteristicpartofanacidishydrogenion,

sothecharacteristicpartofabaseinwatersolutionisthehydroxideion,OH-.正如酸的特征部分是氫離子，堿在水溶液中的特征部分是氫氧根離子，OH-。

Justas…,so…正如……那樣……50最新版整理pptLatertheconceptofabasewillbeextendedtoincludesubstanceswhichfurnishhydroxideionsinsolution.后來，堿的概念被擴展到包括在溶液中沒有提供氫氧根離子的物質。51最新版整理ppt

13.PropertiesofBases.Ingeneral,watersolutionsofmetallichydroxides(bases)exhibitthefollowingproperties.1.Bittertaste.2.Soapyorslipperyfeeling.3.Turnredlitmuspaperblue.4.Reactwithacidstoformsaltsandwater.5.Mostmetallichydroxidesareinsolubleinwater.Ofthecommonones,onlyNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2,Ba(OH)2,andNH3aresoluble.ThecommonstrongbasesareNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2,andBa(OH)2.52最新版整理pptPropertiesofBases.Ingeneral,watersolutionsofmetallichydroxides(bases)exhibitthefollowingproperties.

堿的性質。通常，金屬氫氧化物（堿）具有下面的性質。

53最新版整理ppt1.Bittertaste.2.Soapyorslipperyfeeling.3.Turnredlitmuspaperblue.4.Reactwithacidstoformsaltsandwater.

1.苦味。2.滑膩感。3.使紅色石蕊試紙變藍。4.同酸反應生成鹽和水。

54最新版整理ppt5.Mostmetallichydroxidesareinsolubleinwater.Ofthecommonones,onlyNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2,Ba(OH)2,andNH3aresoluble.ThecommonstrongbasesareNaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)2,andBa(OH)2.5.大多數金屬氫氧化物難溶于水。普通的氫氧化物中，只有NaOH,KOH,Ca(OH)