UnderstandingAcademicWritingAcademicWritingCourseContentsDefinitionofacademicwriting1Languageregister:formalorcasual2Featuresofacademicwriting3Waystowriteacademically4Writingpractice5Whatisacademicwriting?DiscussionDescriptivewritingNarrativewritingExpositivewritingArgumentativewritingLab/bookreporttermpaperconferencepaperthesisanddissertationjournalpaperEssaywritingResearchwritingresearchwriting—writingdonetogenerateandtodisseminateknowledgethatisproducedbyresearchCET4&6writingPGEEwritingIELTSwritingTOFFELwritingLab/bookreporttermpaperconferencepaperthesisanddissertationjournalpaperEssaywritingResearchwritingCET4&6writingPGEEwritingIELTSwritingTOFFELwritingFormal,Consultative,orInformal???ConsultativetoneFormaltoneInformaltoneLetters/EmailstorelativesandfriendsLanguageRegisterReadandDecide1Huzzah!Wewon!Webeat‘em!Ha!BlueVam-pires.Theythinkthey’resogreat.Weshowed‘em.GoAardvarks!I’msogladforourteam,thegreatFightingAardvarks,andnowtogetherwecelebratethisvictory.TheFightingAardvarksclaimedvictoryovertheBlueVampiresinthefinalroundtonight.Bothteamscompetedwellandthefansareenthusiastic.Yuck!Ihatebroccoliwiththosenasty,stinkin’mush-rooms.Whydowegottahavethesethingsagain,man?!I’dprefernottohavethisparticularvegetableagain,ifit’spossible.Doesanyonereallyenjoythiscombinationofmushroomsandbroccoli?Veryfewpeopleenjoythisbroccoliandmushroomdish.Therefore,itwillnotbeservedagainwithinthiscalendaryear,ortheserverswillbekilled.CasualtoneConsultativetoneFormaltoneReadandDecide2It’spossiblethatourpartymighthavetobepostponedorcanceledbecauseofthebadweatherthat’sthreateningourlocation.Duetotheinclementweather,theAnnualTattooPartywillnottakeplacethisThursdayatFinsterPark.Theplanningcommitteewillrescheduletheeventandreleaseinformationassoonaspossible.www,wegottacanceltheparty’causeit’stotallyraininglikecrazy!IndianaJonesfilmsarereallyverypopularwithyouragegroup.Criticscan’tdecidewhysuchanoldcharacterissoappealing.HollywoodisperplexedatthereasonswhyIndianaJonesissofavoredbysuchyoungaudiences.Theanswerremainsamystery.Sweeeet!IlovethoseIndianaJonesmovies!They’reawesomewiththewhipandthebugsandstuff.Everyonelovesthoseflicks!CasualtoneConsultativetoneFormaltoneReadandComparePassageAIthasbeennotedwithconcernthatthestockofbooksinthelibraryhasbeendecliningalarmingly.Studentsareaskedtoremindthemselvesoftherulesfortheborrowingandreturnofbooks,andtobearinmindtheneedsofotherstudents.Penaltiesforoverduebookswillinthefuturebestrictlyenforced.PassageBThenumberofbooksinthelibraryhasbeengoingdown.Pleasemakesureyouknowtherulesforborrowing,anddon'tforgetthatthelibraryisforeveryone'sconvenience.Sofromnowon,we'regoingtoenforcetherulesstrictly.Youhavebeenwarned.AnnouncementfromtheLibrarianFormalorConsultative?Casual/InformaltoneFeaturesHuzzah!Wewon!Webeat‘em!Ha!BlueVam-pires.Theythinkthey’resogreat.Weshowed‘em.GoAardvarks!Yuck!Ihatebroccoliwiththosenasty,stinkin’mush-rooms.Whydowegottahavethesethingsagain,man?!Sweeeet!IlovethoseIndianaJonesmovies!They’reawesomewiththewhipandthebugsandstuff.Everyonelovesthoseflicks!www,wegottacanceltheparty’causeit’stotallyraininglikecrazy!DiscussionListthefeaturesofthetoneincompleteandsimplesentencesthe1stor2ndpersonemotionalwordssmallwordsexclamationmarksabbreviatedformsslang/colloquialwordsactivevoicecasualfillers,suchas“youknow”,“well”etc.ConsultativetoneFeaturesI’msogladforourteam,thegreatFightingAardvarks,andnowtogetherwecelebratethisvictory.I’dprefernottohavethisparticularvegetableagain,ifit’spossible.Doesanyonereallyenjoythiscombinationofmushroomsandbroccoli?IndianaJonesfilmsarereallyverypopularwithyouragegroup.Criticscan’tdecidewhysuchanoldcharacterissoappealing.It’spossiblethatourpartymighthavetobepostponedorcanceledbecauseofthebadweatherthat’sthreateningourlocation.DiscussionListthefeaturesofthetonecompleteandsomewhatcomplexsentencesthe1stor2ndpersonemotionalwordssomewhatbigwordsbothactiveandpassivevoicecontractedformsofverbsAcademic/FormaltoneFeaturesTheFightingAardvarksclaimedvictoryovertheBlueVampiresinthefinalroundtonight.Bothteamscompetedwellandthefansareenthusiastic.Veryfewpeopleenjoythisbroccoliandmushroomdish.Therefore,itwillnotbeservedagainwithinthiscalendaryear,ortheserverswillbekilled.HollywoodisperplexedatthereasonswhyIndianaJonesissofavoredbysuchyoungaudiences.Theanswerremainsamystery.Duetotheinclementweather,theAnnualTattooPartywillnottakeplacethisThursdayatFinsterPark.Theplanningcommitteewillrescheduletheeventandreleaseinformationassoonaspossible.DiscussionListthefeaturesofthetonecompleteandcomplexsentencesthe3rdpersonimpersonal/unemotionalwordsbigwordspassivevoicelogicalconnectivesPurposesofusing3tonestonespurposesCasualConsultativeAcademicDiscussionUsedfordailypersonalcommunication,usu.betweenfriendsandpeoplefamiliartoeachotherUsedforexpressingcommonopinions,attitudes,suggestionsandpersuasion,etc.Usedforacademicpurposes,suchaspublishingresearchresults,writingacademicpapers,etc.Featuresofacademicwriting?complexityformalityobjectivityexplicitnesshedgingresponsibilityprecisionaccuracyDiscussionNoun-basedphrasesNominalizationLexicaldensityLexicalcomplexitySubordinateclausesComplementclauses

SequencesofprepositionalphrasesParticiplesPassiveverbsAttributiveadjectivesAdjectivalgroupsascomplementsP19Nominalization2.2.1Trytowritethenominalformsofthefollowingwords.verbnoundiscoverimpairallowrefuseproposeindicateremoveassumeintendemitdiscoveryimpairmentallowancerefusalproposalindicationremovalassumptionintentionemissionadjectivenounliablenegligentextensivelegalcarelessproficientanxiousignorantclearnecessaryliabilitynegligenceextensionlegalitycarelessnessproficiencyanxietyignoranceclaritynecessityP19-202.2.2Thefollowingsentencesdonotsoundacademic.Rewritethemwithnominalization.1.Weworkedforcharity.WeraisedmoneyfortheLeukemiaFoundation.ThecharityworkraisedmoneyfortheLeukemiaFoundation.2.Crimewasincreasingrapidlyandthepolicewerebecomingconcernedaboutit.Thepolicewerebecomingconcernedabouttherapidincreaseofcrime.Therapidincreaseincrimewascausingconcernamongthepolice.3.GermanyinvadedPolandin1939.ThisimmediatelycausedthebreakingouroftheSecondWorldWar.Germany’sinvasionofPolandin1939wastheimmediatecauseofoutbreakoftheSecondWorldWar.4.Weneedtoknowwhichpartsofthelibraryarebeingusedmostextensivelysothatwecanprojectwhatresourcesaremostneeded.Whichpartsofthelibraryareinmostextensiveuseneedstobeknownsothatwhatresourcesaremostinneedcanbeprojected.5.IknowEnglishwell.IworkedforthreeyearsinafactoryinShanghai.IthinkIamqualifiedforthejob.MyEnglishproficiencyandthree-yearworkexperienceinafactoryinShanghaiqualifymetobeanidealcandidateforthejob.StructuralcomplexityreadandrewriteReadandrewritethefollowingsentencesintoatextwithwell-organizedsentencesandstructuralcomplexityP5Aconjunctionconnectswords,phrases,orclauses.Itindicatestherelationshipbetweentheelements.Theseelementsareconnectedtogether.Weoftenfindthefollowingthing.Inonlyonesinglesentenceaconjunctioncontainsoneormoreideas.Theseideasmaybeequalorunequalinimportance.Ideasareequal,andwecallthemcoordinateideas.Forexample,Johnstudieselectronics.Helenstudiescomputing.Thesetwosentencescanbecomeacompoundsentence.Itshowstherelationshipbetweenthetwoideas.Wewanttomaintaintheequalityoftheideasinsuchaway.Wecalltheclausesinthenewsentencecoordinateclauses.Aconjunctionconnectswords,phrases,orclauses.Itindicatestherelationshipbetweentheelements.Theseelementsareconnectedtogether.Weoftenfindthefollowingthing.Inonlyonesinglesentenceaconjunctioncontainsoneormoreideas.Theseideasmaybeequalorunequalinimportance.Ideasareequal,andwecallthemcoordinateideas.Forexample,Johnstudieselectronics.Helenstudiescomputing.Thesetwosentencescanbecomeacompoundsentence.Itshowstherelationshipbetweenthetwoideas.Wewanttomaintaintheequalityoftheideasinsuchaway.Wecalltheclausesinthenewsentencecoordinateclauses.Aconjunctionconnectswords,phrases,orclausesandcanalsoindicatetherelationshipbetweentheelementsitconnects.Inonlyonesinglesentenceweoftenfindoneormoreideaswhichmaybeequalorunequalinimportance.Whentheideasareequal,theyarecalledcoordinateideas.Forexample,thetwosentences“Johnstudieselectronics.”and“Helenstudiescomputing.”canbejoinedintoacompoundsentencethatshowstherelationshipbetweenthetwoideas.Theequalityoftheideasismaintainedinsuchawaythatwecalltheclausesinthenewsentencecoordinateclauses.KeyforReferenceFeaturesofacademicwriting?complexityformalityobjectivityexplicitnesshedgingresponsibilityprecisionaccuracyDiscussionIngeneralweshouldavoid:a.colloquialwordsandexpressions;"stuff","alotof","thing","sortof",b.abbreviatedforms:

"can't","doesn't","shouldn't"c.twowordverbs:

"putoff","bringup"d.sub-headings,numberingandbullet-pointsinformalessays-butusetheminreports.e.askingquestionsHowtowriteinaformalway?LexicalLevelSyntacticLevel1.Usebigandlongwords2.Avoidusingphrasalverbs3.Don’tusecolloquialandslangexpressions4.Useimpersonallanguage5.Usenominalizations6.Don’tuseclippedwordsandcontractions1.Uselongandcomplexsentencesratherthanshortones2.Useparticipialphrases3.UseNominativeabsoluteconstructions4.UsepassivevoiceratherthanactivevoiceverifyexaminepenetratedemonstrateconcludeeliminatediscovernumerousinvestigateintendWhichcolumnofthewordswillyouuseinyouracademicresearchpaper?formalInformalverifyexaminepenetratedemonstrateconcludeeliminatediscovernumerousinvestigateintendshowalotofendgetthroughmakesurelookatcarefullylookintomeangetridoftrytofindoutmakesurelookatcarefullygetthroughshowendgetridoftrytofindoutalotoflookintomeanP4-5WordchoiceReadandrewrite1.Researcherslookedatthewaystrainbuildsuparoundageologicalfault.2.Lotsofjoblossisjustonethingresultingfromautomation.3.WhenyoureadHamlet,youshouldnoticeclearforeshadowingofeventstotranspire.4.Scientistsdiscoveredhowtofuseatoms.Thisledtothedevelopmentoftheatomicbomb.5.Whenthecaptainheardastormwascoming,hedecidedtoputoffthevoyage.

ReadandrewritethefollowingsentencesinanacademicvoiceResearchersexaminedthewaystrainintensifiesaroundageologicalfault.Widespreadunemploymentisoneconsequenceofautomation.

ClearforeshadowingofeventstotranspireshouldbeperceivedinHamlet.Thediscoveryofatomicfusioncontributedtothedevelopmentoftheatomicbomb.Havingbeenwarnedoftheimpendingstorm,thecaptaindecidedtopostponethevoyage.Featuresofacademicwriting?complexityformalityobjectivityexplicitnesshedgingresponsibilityprecisionaccuracyDiscussionThemainemphasisshouldbeontheinformationthatyouwanttogivetheargumentsyouwanttomakeObjectivity：Read,compareanddecideThequestionofwhatconstitutes"languageproficiency"andthenatureofitscross-lingualdimensionsisalsoatthecoreofmanyhotlydebatedissuesintheareasofbilingualeducationandsecondlanguagepedagogyandtesting.Researchershavesuggestedwaysofmakingsecondlanguageteachingandtestingmore"communicative"(e.g.,CanaleandSwain,1980;Oller,1979b)onthegroundsthatacommunicativeapproachbetterreflectsthenatureoflanguageproficiencythanonewhichemphasizestheacquisitionofdiscretelanguageskills.Wedon'treallyknowwhatlanguageproficiencyisbutmanypeoplehavetalkedaboutitforalongtime.Someresearchershavetriedtofindwaysforustomaketeachingandtestingmorecommunicativebecausethatishowlanguageworks.Ithinkthatlanguageissomethingweuseforcommunicating,notanobjectforustostudyandwerememberthatwhenweteachandtestit.Readandrewritethefollowingsentencesinanacademictone1.Ithinkthatdoctorsshouldberequiredtocompletethecommunicationskillscourses.2.Ichosethismethodbecauseitwaslesscomplex.3.Myreadinghasshownthatthereareseveralreasonswhyplantsaredispersedbyants.4.Ihavefoundmostpeopleagreethatantnestsarenutrient-enrichedsitesandthereforeitmaybeadvantageousforseedstogerminatefromwithinantnests.5.IhavealsofoundthattheresultsofthisstudyconcurredwithBerg’s(1975)hypothesisthatseedsareprotectedfromfirethroughtheirburialinantnests.

Doctorsshouldberequiredtocompletethecommunicationskillscourses.Thismethodwaschosenbecauseofitssimplicity.Accordingtotheliteraturereviewed,thereareseveralreasonswhyplantsaredispersedbyants.Thereisaconsensusthatantnestsarenutrient-enrichedsitesandthereforeitmay….TheresultsofthisstudyconcurredwithBerg’s(1975)hypothesisthatseedsareprotected….P17Wewerereallypleasedthatstairusewentupalotintheweekafterthesign,fromabaselineof69%to77%,andthenupagainto89%aftertheE-mail.Unfortunately,4weeksaftertheE-mailwassentout,stairusehadgonedownto67%andwewereverydisappointedaboutthat,wehadexpectedthesesimpleactionstoleadtomorestairusebutwedidn’tthinkthepositiveeffectwould’vevanishedafteramonth.Soit’sreallydifficulttomakeanyrecommendationsbasedonourevidence.ReadandrewritethefollowingtextinanacademicvoiceResultsshowedthatstairusewentupdramaticallyinaweekafterthesign,fromabaselineof69%to77%,andthenupagainto89%aftertheE-mail.Unfortunately,4weeksaftertheE-mailwassentout,stairusedeclinedto67%.Thesesimpleactionsweresupposedtoleadtomorestairuse,butthepositiveeffectvanishedafteramonth.Soitisreallydifficulttomakeanyrecommendationsbasedontheevidence.P18Featuresofacademicwriting?complexityformalityobjectivityexplicitnesshedgingresponsibilityprecisionaccuracyDiscussionexplicitinitssignpostingoftheorganisationoftheideasinthetextbytheuseofdifferentsignallingwordsexplicitinitsacknowledgmentofthesourcesoftheideasinthetextFeaturesofacademicwriting?complexityformalityobjectivityexplicitnesshedgingresponsibilityprecisionaccuracyDiscussionAnimportantfeatureofacademicwritingistheconceptofcautiouslanguage,oftencalled"hedging"or"vaguelanguageItisnecessarytomakedecisionsaboutyourstanceonaparticularsubject,orthestrengthoftheclaimsyouaremaking.1Introductoryverbse.g.seem,tend,looklike,appeartobe,think,believe,doubt,besure,indicate,suggest2Certainlexicalverbse.g.believe,assume,suggest3Certainmodalverbse.g.will,must,would,may,might,could4Adverbsoffrequencye.g.often,sometimes,usually5Modaladverbse.g.certainly,definitely,clearly,probably,possibly,perhaps,conceivably,6Modaladjectivese.g.certain,definite,clear,probable,possible7Modalnounse.g.assumption,possibility,probability8Thatclausese.g.Itcouldbethecasethat.

e.g.Itmightbesuggestedthat.

e.g.Thereiseveryhopethat.9To-clause+adjectivee.g.Itmaybepossibletoobtain.

e.g.Itisimportanttodevelop.

e.g.Itisusefultostudy.LanguageusedinhedgingFeaturesofacademicwriting?complexityformalityobjectivityexplicitnesshedgingresponsibilityprecisionaccuracyDiscussionResponsiblefordemonstratinganunderstandingofthesourcetextResponsibleforanyclaimsyoumakedoneby

paraphrasingandsummarising

aswellascitingthesourcesFeaturesofacademicwriting?complexityformalityobjectivityexplicitnesshedgingresponsibilityprecisionaccuracyDiscussionFactsandfiguresaregivenpreciselyThevolatileoilyliquidbeta-chloro-beta-ethylsulphidewasfirstsynthesizedin

1854,andin

1887

itwasreportedtoproduceblistersifittouchedtheskin.ItwascalledmustardgasandwasusedatYpresin

19I7,whenitcausedmany

thousands

ofcasualties.Featuresofacademicwriting?complexityformalityobjectivityexplicitnesshedgingresponsibilityprecisionaccuracyDiscussionBeaccurateinyouruseofvocabularyandgrammarDonotconfuseChecklistforacademicwritingstyleBasedonwhathavebeendiscussedabove,makealistofconventionsthatcanbeappliedtoacademicwriting.UsetheacademictoneWritewithstructuralcomplexityAvoidthecasualtoneDon’tusecontractions(don’t,can’t,isn’t,aren’t,won’t,etc.)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________AvoidthefirstorsecondpersonAvoidoralexpressionsTurnverbsandshortsentencesintonominalphrasesBeimpersonalwiththepassivevoiceWritesentenceswiththeend-weightprincipleLinksentenceswithlogicalconnectivesChooseappropriatestylesWhichofthefollowingsentencesyouwouldliketouseforyouracademicwriting?1.Hecouldn’tfinishhisworkwithinthegiventime.2.Thefirstsetofresultswerecompiledandpresentedbytheothergroupofstudents.3.Iwouldliketofocusonthefollowingareasofresearch.4.Theyarguedthatthismethodologywasunreliable.5.Inaddition,thedatawasusedtofocusonthefollowinghypothesis.6.IenjoyedmyEnglishclasswithyouandhasagoodexperiencethissemester.7.Atabout12p.m.onAugust21,1984,shetoldus,thatIcameoutof