英語國家概況課程教學大綱教案英語國家概況課程教學大綱教案(2011.4學年第1學期)(一)課程教學目的和要求隨著我國對外交往的日益頻繁和涉外工作的需要，大學生不僅有必要學好英語語言能力，還應該對英語國家社會與文化基本情況進行大致了解，以便進一步搞好夸文化交流。該課程主要介紹了英國、美國、加拿大、澳大利亞和新西蘭等地的社會與文化基本狀況。(二)課程教學重點和難點1、重點:了解掌握5個說英語的國家人文、地理、氣候特征，政府政治與經濟制度，以及文化教育特點。2、難點:地貌特征產生的原因，各政府政治執政的相同模式和不同點。(三)教學方法講解和討論并用。(四)課時安排:總課時:36課時，每堂課一個專題。(五)考核方式:期末考試(六)參考教材王恩銘《英語國家概況》上海外語教育出版社2008謝福之《英語國家概況》外語教學與研究出版社20071教學日歷(語1-4’c)周星時授授課內容課外作業、參考書目書課教材頁序名、章節、起教學大綱的章節、題目、形號、題序號止頁碼內容,章節、起止頁碼次期數式22Mon.Wedn.Fri.2講P2-8PartOne:Geographicfeaturesof課UK3Mon.Wedn.Fri.2講P12-41PartTwo:Thepeopleandhistory課4Mon.Wedn.Fri.2講P42-61Partthree:Governmentandpolitics課5Mon.Wedn.Fri2講P81-99Partfour:Religionandeducation課6Mon.Wedn.Fri2講Partfive:Geographicfeaturesof課P114-123USA7Mon.Wedn.Fri.2講國慶休假、實習課8Mon.Wedn.Fri2講課9Mon.Wedn.Fri2講課10Mon.Wedn.Fri2講P124-155PartSix:HistoryandAmerican課P145-154identity11Mon.Wedn.Fri2講P156-175,PartSeven:Politicalsituationand課178-187socialservice12Mon.Wedn.Fri2講P188-205Parteight:Legalsystem,education課andReligioninAmericanlife13Mon.Wedn.Fri2講P226-238PartNine:TheLandandpeopleof課Canada14Mon.Wedn.Fri2講PartTen:Historyandculturelife課15Mon.Wedn.Fri2講P239,262,271PartEleven:Thelandandpeopleof課P284-305Australia16Mon.Wedn.Fri2講PartTwelve:Government,politics,課P317-338culturelife17Mon.Wedn.Fri2講Partthirteen:Thelandandthe課P340peopleofNewZealand18Mon.Wedn.Fri2講Partfourteen:Historyandpolitical課P349-360system19Mon.Wedn.Fri2講Review課LectureOneGeographyofUKQuestionfordiscussion:1)WheredoesBritainlie?2)Whatisitsfullname?33)WhatisthetotallandareaoftheUnitedKingdom?4)WhatisBritishIsles?5)Howlongdoesitscoastlinerun?1.Geographicfeaturesanditstotalarea.:BritainissituatedinWesternEuropeandisseparatedfromtheEuropeancontinentintheeastbytheNorthSea,theStraitofDoverandtheEnglishChannelinthesouth.Itisaninsular(保守的)country.Itscoastlineruns12,429km,Itisoneofthecountrieswithlongestcoastline.TothewestofitliestheAtlanticOcean,acrossandbeyonditisAmerica.TheStraitsofDoverbetweenFranceandEnglandisquitenarrowanditis33kmacross.In1985theBritishgovernmentandtheFrenchgovernmentdecidedtobuildachanneltunnelundertheStraitsofDoversothatEnglandandFrancecouldbejoinedtogetherbyroad.ThischanneltunnelwasopenedtotrafficinMay1994aftereightyearshardwork.TheBritainfacesScandinaviaPeninsular(Norway,SwedenandDenmark)tothenortheastandtotheNorthliesIcelandTothesouthacrosstheEnglishChannelliesFranceandBelgiumandtotheeastacrossNorthSealieGermanyandHolland.Thetotalareaisabout244,820squarekilometers.ItIsover1,000km.fromsouthtonorthanditisabout500km.fromwesttoeast.2.ThenamesofUKItsfullnameistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,usuallyshortened,abbreviatedtotheUnitedKingdomorU.K..ItmayalsocalledGreatBritain,BritainorinformallyEngland.England:130.000skm,60%ofwholeisland.BritishIsles:TwolargeislandsandseveralsmallonesBritain:TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.GreatBritain:England,Wales,ScotlandBritainisdividedintohighlandareaandlowlandarea.Ithaslargemountainranges:thePennies:BulkofPennines(奔寧山脈)ismoorland.TheCumbrianMountainRange,theGrampianMountains,theCambrianMountainRangeandsuchimportantriversasThamesRiver,theSevenRiver,MercyRiver,theHumber,theClydeRiverandtheForth.Scotlandhasanareaof78,760squarekilometersinnorthernpart.ItissituatedinthenorthofGreatBritainwithagoodnumberofmountainsandislands.Thereare800islandswhichcontainHebrides,ShetlandandOrkneyislands.EdinburghisthecapitalofScotland.Wales:WalesisinthewestofGreatBritain.Ithasanareaof20,761squarekilometersandittakeuplessthan9%ofthewholeisland.ThecapitalofWalesisCardiff.MostofWalesismountainous.Thehillsrisesteeplyfromtheseaandratherflatontop.6%ofWalesiscoveredwithforestandmuchofthecountryispasturelandforsheepandcattle.WalesontheWesternProminence.20.700skm,9%ofthewholeisland.WaleswasunitedtoEnglandin14thcenturyNorthernIrelandtakesupthenorthernfifthofIreland.Ithasanareaof14,147squarekilometers.Itismadeupofsixcountiesthatconsistoffertile,drumlin[`dr?mlin](鼓丘)countrysurroundingLoughNeagh.BelfastisthecapitalofNorthernIreland.Mountainsinthenorth4andsouth,separatedbythefertilebasinofLoughNeagh,mainlyagricultural,industrialcenter:twoports–BelfastandLondonderry.3.ClimateandWeather------Amaritimetypeofclimate:1)moderatedbytheAtlanticGulfStream,milderthanplacesinthesamelatitude.2)equable:wintersaremild,temperatureexceed4cinthewest,lowerintheeast.Julyabout18c.13cinthenorthernScotland.3)changeableday-t-dayconditions.4)Rainfallthroughouttheyear.Nomarkeddryseason.InBritaintheweatherisrainy,changeableandunpredictable.Infactithasafavorablemaritimeclimate.Itrarelyrisesabove32?insummerorfallsbelow–10?inwinter.Wintersaremild,nottoocoldandsummersarecool,nottoohot.―CanIcomparetheetothesummer‘sday?‖Rainfall:Britainhasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.TheaverageannualrainfallinBritainisover1,ooomm.Itisrainyandsochangeableandunpredictable.Onecanexperiencefourseasonsinthecourseofasingleday.Britainisfamousforitsfogs.Thesmoke-fogsofthebigtown,whichusedtodevelopinwintertimewhenevertherewasnotenoughwindtoblowthesmokeaway,werehorrible,unhealthyanddangeroustomovement4.RiversandlakesandnaturalresourcesTherearemanylakesandriversinEngland:butnotverylarge.1)thelongestriver:SevernRiver,355km2)ThamesRiver,338km,inOxford3)ClydeRiverinScotland4)lakesliesinNorthernScotland&theCambriaMountainsandNorthWalesEnglandisrichincoal,iron,tin,copper,oilandgasTherearenolargeland-basedoilfieldsexceptinNorthSea.(alsogas)5.Exercise:Tellifthefollowingaretrueorfalse1)TheislandofgreatBritainisgeographicallydividedintothreeparts:England,ScotlandandWales.(+)2)PeopleindifferentpartsofBritainliketousethenameEnglandtorefertotheircountry.(-)3)TodaymorethanhalfofpeopleinWalesstillspeaktheancientWelshlanguage.(-)4)Intermsofpopulationandarea,NorthernIrelandisthesecondlargestpartoftheUnitedKingdom.(-)5)ThelongestriverofBritainoriginatesinWales.(+)6)Becauseofpoliticaltroubles,NorthernIrelandhasbeenquitesignificantamongthefourconstituentpartsoftheUnitedKingdom.(+)7)ThoughtheclimateinBritainisgenerallymild,thetemperatureinNorthernScotlandoftenfallsbelow-10‘cinJanuary.(-)8)ThetwomainislandsoftheBritishIslesareGreatBritainandIreland.(+)59)CardiffisthecapitalcityofScotland.(-)10)Accordingtoa2005census,Britainnowhasapopulationof60million.(+)11)AmongthefourpartsofUnitedKingdom,Walesisthesmallest.(-)12)EnglishbelongtotheGermanicgroupofIndo-Europeanfamilyoflanguage.(+)13)AlmostaquarteroftheBritishpopulationlivesinnorthwesternEngland.(-)14)TheintroductionofChristianitytoBritainaddedthefirstelementofLatinandGreekwordstoEnglish.(+)15)TheevolutionofMiddleEnglishwasreinforcedbytheNormaninfluence.(+)LectureTwoThePeople(1)Questionfordiscussion:1)WhataretheCelticlanguages?Aretheystillalive?2)HowhasEnglishlanguageevolvedinhistory?IsitimportanttotheUK‘sclassstructure?3)WhataretheminorlanguagesspokenintheUK,Overview:Population:56,500,000English80%;Welsh5%;Scots10%;Irish4%.1.TheEnglish:Anglo-Saxoninorigin,Germanictribesconqueredinthe5th,6thAD.NormanFrench,UnderWilliamofNormandyin1066.Welsh,Scot,Irish:Celtsfromnorth-westernEurope,invadedBritainbetween700BCand200BC.1.1ThecharacteristicsofEnglishpeople:reserved,unemotional,courteous;shyofstrangers;suspiciousofchangeandslowtoacceptnewideals;solidanddependablewithahighsenseofhonesty,dutyandjustice;physicallyandmorallycourageous;consciousofhisplaceinthesocialorder,dislikinganyshowofemotionandlackofcontrol.2.TheWelshiscomposedoftwogroupsofpeople:1)sheepfarmersinthemountainousregionsofthecentreandnorth;2)industrialworkersinthesouth2.1CharacteristicsofWelshpeople:musical,emotional,cheerful,proudoftheirpast,andwelcomingtofriendsbutsuspiciousofforeigners.Theylivedhard-workinglivesoftheWelshTheculturalprideinWalesisverystrong,famousfortheirloveofmusicandpoetry.WelshisanancientCelticlanguage,moredifferentfromEnglishthanEnglishisfromFrenchorGerman.3.CharacteristicsoftheScots:inventive,hard-working,serious-mindedandcautiouswithmoneyA)Highlanderslivebyfarmingsheepandfishing,beingproud,independent,hardyB)Lowlandersliveinindustrializedurbanareas.2)Greatempirebuilders,fiercesoldiers.―Devilsinskirts‖or―ladiesfromhell‖arenicknamesofScottishsoldiersfortheirbravery.3)Distinctivenationaldress:kilt,pleatedskirts(百折裙)4.CharacteristicsofIrish:introspective(好反省的)dreamersandpoets,argumentativeand6aggressive.1)IRA:theIrishRepublicanArmyontheCatholicside.2)UlsterUnionists,(Loyalists)ontheProtestantside.5.Immigrants:1)escapepoliticalorreligiouspersecution2)seekabetterlife3)A)fromolddominionsofCanada,Australia,NewZealand,SouthAfricaB)EasternEuropeanrefugeesC)WestIndies,India&PakistanD)Chinese,Greek,TurkishCypriots,Italian,SpaniardsEmigrationfromBritaintoCanadaandAustralia,USA(doctors,scientists)----“braindrain‖6.TheOriginsofaNation6.1.earlysettlement(---55BC)A)thefirstimmigrants:IberiansfromSpain&Portugalabout5000yearsago.theirrelics:Stonehenge石林(stonemonuments)onSalisburyPlaininsouthwestofEngland.B)3waves:Celtsfromnorth-westEuropeafter700BC.,500BC,and100BC—tall,redhairandblueeyes.C)CelticconquerorsblendedwithIberian6.2.RomanBritain(55BC–410)1)JuliusCaesarcametoBritainin55BC.2)Romanoccupationlastedabout400years.6.3Impactsonitsculture1)broughtChristianitytoEngland2)builtroadsallacrossBritain3)townsgrewupalongtheRomanroads4)EnglishupperclassesbecamecompletelyRomanized,Romanlandownersandofficials.5)Socialsystems:laws,taxes6)Romanlanguage---Latin7)systemofwriting&numbering8)writtendescriptionoftheland,peoples9)engineeringskills,architecture7.Anglo-Saxontimes(446-871)ThreeGermanictribesinvadedEngland:Angles,SaxonsandJutes.ThenameEnglandisnamedafterAngles.7.1.DanishInvasionAttheturnof8thcentury,Danes,orVikings,invadedEnglandfromNorway&Denmark.8.NormansTheNormanConquestin1066.78.1Consequences:WilliamofNormandyandhisFrench-speakingfollowerssetupastrongcentralgovernmentwhichbroughtanewunifieddisciplineandcontroltoEngland.8.2.Frenchbecametheofficiallanguage.8.3.establishedafeudalsystem.8.4.ContactsbetweenEngland&Franceincreased.Exercises:1.Decidewhetherthefollowingaretrueorfalse:1)TheBritishhistorybefore55BCisbasicallyundocumented.(+)2)ThenameofBritaincamefromaCeltictribe---theBritons.(+)th3)TheAnglo-SaxonscametoBritaininthemid5century.(+)th4)TheVikingsbegantoattacktheEnglishcoastinthe8century.(+).2.Choosethebestanswer:1)The____attackonRomanendedtheRomanoccupationinBritainin410.A.NormanB.DanishC.CelticD.Germanic(d)th2)Bythelate7century,_____ChristianitybecamethedominantreligioninEngland.A.CelticB.Anglo-SaxonC.GermanicD.Roman(d)PartIPoliticsFeudalEnglandRecordedhistoryinBritainbeganintheyear55BC,whenJuliusCaesarandhisRomantroopsththinvadedtheisland.Betweenthe8and5centuriesBC,theCeltsinhabitedtheislandandbecamethedominantresidents.ThenameBritaincamefromtheBritons,aCeltictribe.In43AD,BritainthsubsequentlybecameaRomanprovinceanditremainssountilthebeginningofthe5century.ManyofthenativeCelticweredriventothemountainousregionofScotlandandWales,whichremainunconqueredbytheRomans.TheRoanswereexcellentbuildersandtheyconstructedtownsandcitieswhichprosperedfarlongerthananyprevioussettlementsontheisland.In410,GermanicbarbariansattackedRoman,forcingallRomantroopstoleaveBritain,whichendedtheRomanoccupationoftheisland.ThesewarriorsincludedtheAngles,theSaxonsandHutes.Fromthattimeon,English,thelanguageoftheAngles,replacedtheoldCelticlanguageasthedominantlanguageoftheland.AstheAnglo-SaxonwerenotRomanChristian,St.AugustinewassenttoBritaintoconverttheAngloSaxonpeoplein587with40missionaries.TheyconvertedmanyAnglo-SaxonstoRomanChristians.AugustinefoundedachurchandamonasteryinCanterburythandbecamethefirstArchbishopofCanterburyin601.Bythelate7centuryRomanChristianitythbecamethedominantreligioninBritain.Inthe8centurytheVikingsfromtheScandinaviancountriesofNorthernEuropetoattacktheEnglishcoast.ThesevenAnglo-Saxons=kingdominEnglandgraduallyunitedunderAlfredtheGreat.In1042,EdwardtheConfessor,,asapiousChristian,builtWestminsterAbbey,whichexiststoday.OnSeptember28,1066,Williamcrossedthechannelwithaformidablearmy.HisarmydefeatedtheEnglisharmyKingHarold(brotherinlawofEdward)atthebattleofHastings.andbegantheNormanConquestofEngland,whichmarkedtheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland.Bytheyear1154,HenryII,William‘sgreatgrandson,ascendedthethroneandthusbegantheruleoftheHouseofAnjou(alsoknownas(theHouseofPlantagenet).HenryIIisbestrememberedforhisreformofthecourtsandthelaws,Heimprovedthecourtsofjustice,8introducedthejurysystemandinstitutionalizedcommonlaw.AfterRichardI,sonofHenryII,waskilledinFrance,hisbrotherJohnascendedthethronein1199.HewasdefeatedinawarinFranceandlostNormandyin1204.DissatisfiedwithJohn‘sleadership,thelordsforcedhimtosigntheMagnaCarta(大憲法),whichisregardedasthefoundationoftheBritishconstitutionalismanditprovidesthebasicprinciplesfortheprotectionofindividualrights.P15TheHundredYearsWar(1337-1453)wasaseriesofwarsbetweenEnglandandFranceovertrade,territory,securityandthethrone.ThiswarhadsignificantimpactontheEnglishsociety.ItpromotedtheEnglishconceptofnationalismandpromotedthedevelopmentofthetextileindustry.TheWaroftheRoseswasaseriesofCivilWarbetweentwogreatnoblefamilies:theHouseofYork,whosebadgewasawhiterose,andtheHouseofLancaster,whosebadgewasaredrose.Bothhousesbattledforpower,wealthandultimatelythethrone.intheend,theHouseofLancasterwonandtheirleaderHenryTudorbecameKingHenryVIIandstartedtheruleoftheHouseofTudor,anefficientcentralizedgovernment.1.UnderWilliam’srule,theNormanschangedEnglandtoafeudalstateunderanabsolutekingship.2.KingArthur:in6th,thecentralfigureofmanylegendsabouthimandhisKnightsofroundTable.3.theMagnaCarta–GreatCharter,adocumentsignedin1215byKingJohn,torecognizetherightsofbarons.4.HundredYears’War:betweenEngland&Francefrom1337to1453inFrance.FrenchdroveEnglishpartlythroughtheinspirationofJoanofArc(aFrenchsaint&nationalheroine),partlythroughtheeffectiveuseofguns.5.WarsoftheRoses:struggleforthethroneofEngland(1455-1485)between.ThehousesofLancaster,whosebadgewasaredrose,andYork,awhiterose.Impacts:thewarweakenedbothnobilityandthemonarch.6.TheBlackDeath:adeadlybubonicplague(淋巴腺鼠疫),struckEuropeinmiddleof14th,reachedEnglandin1348.?ofthepopulationdied.7.ReligiousRevolution1)theCatholicChurch:A)headedbythePope;B)membersacceptthegospelofChristandtheteachingsoftheBible.C)AnyrevoltagainstthetraditionalChristianfaithwas“heresy”.D)intheMiddleAges,Popewaspowerful2)ProtestantChurch:A)whosefaithandpracticeoriginatedwiththeprinciplesoftheReformation.B)Pope’spoliticalpowerandreligiousauthoritydeclinedin16th,ProtestantchurchessprangupinNorthernEurope,andintheElizabethanage,becamegraduallythedominantfaith.3)HenryVIII’sdivorcequestion,marriedhisbrother’swidow,aSpanishprincess,whogaveadaughter,Mary,notason.4)BloodyMary:adevoutCatholic,burntsomanyprotestants;succeededbyElizabethI.5)Elizabethanage:literaryachievement,Shakespeare,anageofadventureonthesea.TherewasaninevitableconflictbetweentheRomanCatholicChurchandtheKingof9Englandwhohadestablishedabsolutemonarchy.Atthattime,theonlypersonwhocouldgrantadivorcewasthePope.SoHenryVIIstartedtheReformationmovementbydeclaringabreakwithRome.Hecarriedoutawholesalesuppressionofthemonasteriesanddeclaredhimselftobethe―onlysupremeheadofthechurch(inhisActofSupremacyin1534).TheReformationwasinessenceapoliticalmovementinareligiousguise.PartIITheEnglishCivilWar1.abitterpowerstruggle(1642-1648)betweenthemonarchyandParliament.2.thevictoryoftheParliamentledtotheexecutionofCharlesIin1649,andthetemporaryoverthrowofthemonarchy.3.arepublicfoundedbyOliverCromwellformorethantenyears.4.KingCharlesI:divinerightstogovern,Ruledwithoutparliament,leviedtaxeswithoutparliament’sapproval.5.Cromwell:Roundheadleader,defeatedtheKingCharlesI.TheGloriousRevolution1.in1688,CatholickingJamesIIfledtoFrance.2.thethronewasofferedtohisProtestantdaughterandherhusbandDutchkingWilliam.3.theBillofRightswaspassedbyParliamenttorestrictthepoweroftheMonarchy.4.beginningoftheConstitutionalMonarchyinBritain.5.SincetheneveryEnglishmonarchrulesbypermissionofParliament.6.thetheoriesofdivineorhereditaryrighttothethronewereended.7.BloodlessRevolution7.Background:7.1.The18thcenturysawascendancyofthemiddleclassinthelifeofthenation,withthedevelopmentofcommerce&industry.7.2.GloriousRevolutionestablishedtheauthorityofmiddleclassoverthecrown.7.3.TheunionofScotlandandEnglandintothenationofGreatBritain---theActofUnionof1707.7.4.TheSevenYears’War(1756-63)inNorthAmerica(FrenchandIndiaWar)---whichleftBritainpredominantinNorthAmericaandinIndia,Britainbecametheworld’sleadingcolonialpower.7.5.Inthe2ndhalfofthe18thcentury,thegreateconomicandsocialchangesweretakingplaceinBritain---agriculturalandhome-basedtradesandindustriesgraduallygavewaytofactory-basedindustrieswithcomplexmachinery.7.6.Englandwasagreattradenation,withmuchprivatecapitalreadyforinvestment.NotonlywastradefreetomovethroughouttheBritishIsles,butalsotherewasfreedomofmovementbetweenthesocialclasses.Middleclassvaluesencouragedself-relianceandenterprisinginitiative.7.8.Politicalleaderswereinterestedincommerce.Thegrowingpopulationprovidedamarket.Farmers‘improvedmethodsofcultivationfreedmuchlabor,whichbecameavailableforemploymentinthetownfactories,andalsoincreasedfoodsuppliesfortowns.7.918thcenturywasatimeofpeaceandstability.Foreignplunder,thenewlyacquiredwealth10after7years’war.IndustrialRevolutionfirstbeganinthetextileindustry,whichwasacceleratedbyimportantmechanicalinventions----flyingshuttle,spinningjenny,especiallythesteam-enginebyJamesWattin1769.Results1.Factoriescameintobeingbecausetheybroughtaboutmoreprofitstotheowners.2.Newcitiessprangup,populationwasconcentratedintownsandcities.3.Thepowerofinfluenceofindustrialcapitalistsgrewgreater.4.Itgavebirthanewsocial-economicclass–proletariatwhowereexploitedcruelly.5.ItbroughtmanyeconomicadvantagestoBritainandmadeBritainrichandpowerful.ChartistMovementTheChartistMovement(1836-48):theindustrialandcommercialclasses,withthesupportoftheworkingclasses,demandedtoreformtheoldvotingsystem.Exercise:Tellwhetherthefollowingaretrueorfalse:1)TheMagnaCartswasdesignedtoprotecttherightsofboththeprivilegedclassandthetownpeople.(-)2)TheHundredYears‘WarwasaseriesofwarsfoughtbetweenEnglandandNormansfortradeandterritory.(-)3)WestminsterAbbeywasbuiltatthetimeofEdwardtheConfessor.(+)4)TheNormanConquestmarkedtheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland.(+)5)TheendoftheWarsofRosesledtotheruleoftheHouseofTudor(+)6)ThedirectcausefortheReligiousReformationwasKingHenryVIII‘seffortstodivorcehiswife.(+)LectureThreeGovernmentSystemP31AnationofConstitutionalMonarchy1.TheMonarchrespectstheConstitution.2.Inlaw,themonarchisheadoftheexecutive,anintegralpartofthelegislature;headofthejudiciary;commander-in-chiefof3.IntheGloriousRevolution,WilliamandMarybecamethejointrulersofBritain,andtheConstitutionalMonarchybegan.4.TheBillofRightswhichwaspassedin1689restrictedthepowerofthemonarchy.TheBritishConstitution1.1.Itisunwritten1.2.ItscomponentsincludeActsofParliament,thePrerogativeoftheCrown,ConventionsoftheConstitution,CommonLawandParliamentaryPrivilege.1.3.Itismoreflexiblethanthewrittenonesinothercountries.2.ConventionsoftheConstitution2.1.TheyformanimportantpartoftheConstitutionjustaswrittenlawsdo.2.2.Theyareruleswhicharenotwrittendownbutwhicheveryoneagreesmustbefollowedin11practice.2.3.Theyincludethefollowing:1)thepowersoftheCrownareexercisedmainlybyMinisters;2)theQueenmustactontheadviceofMinisters;3)Ministersareresponsibletoparliamentfortheiractions;4)thesovereigntyofParliament3.CommonLaw3.1.ItisoneofthemaincomponentsoftheBritishConstitution.3.2.ItreferstotheBillswhichhavebeenpassedbycourts.3.3.ItmarkedasharpdeclineinpowersoftheMonarch.4.TheBillofRights4.1.ItwastheBillpassedbytheParliamentin1689aftertheGloriousRevolution.4.2.Itlaiddownanumberofthingsthatfuturemonarchscouldnotdo.4.3.ItmarkedasharpdeclineinpowersoftheMonarch.4.4.ItmarkedthebeginningoftheBritishConstitutionalMonarchy5.GeneralElection5.1.GeneralElectionisheldatleasteveryfiveyears.5.2.Thecountryisdividedinto635constituencies,eachofwhichreturnsoneMemberofParliament.5.3.TheonewhohasthemostvotesinaconstituencybecomesaMemberofParliament.5.4.TheleaderofthepartywiththelargestnumberofmembersreturnedtotheHouseofCommonsbecomesPrimeMinister.6.PartysysteminParliament6.1.TheleaderofthepartywiththelargestnumberofmembersreturnedtotheHouseofCommonsbecomesPrimeMinisterandisinvitedbytheQueentoformagovernment;6.2.ThepartywiththenextlargestnumbersofsupportersintheCommonsbecomestheofficialOppositiontoGovernment.6.3.ThePrimeMinistersandotherministerssitonthe7.PoliticalParties7.1.TheUKhasatwo-partysystem.7.2.TheConservativeismajorright-wingparty.Itsupportsfreeenterpriseandisgenerallyopposedtonationalizationandtoextendingthesocialservices.Soconservativesarethosewhohavesomethingtoconserveandtheyusuallyhatethegreatchangesinsociety.Itbelievesactivelyinthepursuitofgreatersocialandeconomicequality.TheLaborPartyisapartyofmoderatesocialisminfavorofNationalizationofkeyindustries.Ithasalwaysbeenanti-Communist,supportedbysomemiddleclassandintellectuals.Itisalsoamainpartyforworkingclasspeople.Itdrawsmostofitssupportfromhighlyurbanandindustrializedpeople.127.3.TheLiberalPartyisthethirdlargestpoliticalpartysince1922.7.4.TheSocialDemocraticPartywasformedin1981byasmallnumberofright-wingLaborpartypoliticians.8.BritishParliament8.1.Itincludes3elements:1)theCrown;2)theHouseofLords;3)theHouseofCommons8.2.Itisthesupremelaw-makingauthorityinBritain.8.3.TherealcenterofparliamentarypowerisintheHouseofCommons.8.4.Otherfunctions:1)tocontrolandcriticizetheexecutivegovernment;2)tocontroltheraisingandthespendingofmoney.9.TheHouseofLords9.1.Itsmembersarepeers,mostofwhomarehereditary.9.2.ItspowershavebeenseverelyreducedbytheParliamentActsof1911and1949.9.3.ItmustpassallfinanciallegislationsenttoitfromtheHouseofCommons,andcandelayotherBillsforonlyoneyear.9.4.Ithasaspecialjudicialfunction.9.5.TheLordChancellor=Speaker10.TheHouseofCommons1).Itconsistsof635electedMembersofParliament.2.)MPshaveanumberofprivileges,eg.ThefreedomofspeechinParliament.3).itisbyfarthemostpowerfulandimportantelementinParliament,thereforeplaysthekeyroleintheactivitiesofParliamentasawhole.4.)TheSpeakerpresidesoverthemeetingintheHouseofCommons.Exercise:1.Answerthefollowingquestions:1)Whichofthefollowingisjustrulesandpractices,butdon‘texistlegally?A.StatutoryLawB.CommonLawC.Conventions2)TheconstitutioncanbealteredoramendedbyMonarchy,soitissubjectstodifferentbodies,likepoliticians,judgesandscholars.right?*3)Whoistheheadoftheexecutivebranch____?A.legislature,B.executiveC.judiciary4)ParliamentconsistsofthekingorQueen,thehouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommons.Isitright?5)ProminentbishopsofthechurchofEnglandareincludedintheHouseofLords?(yes)6)What‘sthelegislativefunctionoftheHouseofLords?toexaminetherevisebills.7).Howoftenisageneralelectionofthegovernmentheld?58).WhichofthetwoHouses