Unit7SectionAARoseIsaRoseI.BackgroundKnowledgeValentine’sDayValentinewasapriestinRomeatthetimeChristianitywasanewreligion.TheEmperoratthattime,ClaudiusII,orderedtheRomansoldiersnottomarryorbecomeengaged.Claudiusbelievedthatassoldierswouldwanttostayhomewiththeirfamiliesratherthanfighthiswars.ValentinedefiedtheEmperor’sdecreeandsecretlymarriedtheyoungcouples.Hewaseventuallyarrested,imprisoned,andputtodeath.

ValentinewasbeheadedonFebruary14th,theeveoftheRomanholidayLupercalia(牧神節).Afterhisdeath,Valentinewasnamedasaint.AsRomebecamemoreChristian,thepriestsmovedthespringholidayfromthe15thofFebruarytothe14th—Valentine’sDay.TheAndesMountains

TheAndesMountainsstretchover5,500milesfromthesoutherntipofArgentinaandChiletothenorthernpartofColumbiainsouthAmerica.Withmanypeaksandactivevolcanoesover20,000feet,includingthehighestpeakCerroAconcagua(elevation22,826,locatedontheChileandArgentinaborder),thismajesticregionissecondonlytotheHimalayasinsizeandaverageelevation.EcuadorEcuador,the“RepublicoftheEquator”,wasoneofthreecountriesthatemergedfromthecollapseofGranColombiain1830(theothersbeingColombiaandVenezuela).Between1904and1942,Ecuadorlostterritoriesinaseriesofconflictswithitsneighbors.AborderwarwithPeruthatflaredin1995wasresolvedin1999.ColombiaColombiawasoneofthethreecountriesthatemergedfromthecollapseofGranColombiain1830(theothersbeingEcuadorandVenezuela).A40-yearinsurgentcampaigntooverthrowtheColombianGovernmentescalatedduringthe1990s,undergirdedinpartbyfundsfromthedrugtrade.Althoughtheviolenceisdeadlyandlargeswathsofthecountrysideareunderguerrillainfluence,themovementlacksthemilitarystrengthorpopularsupportnecessarytooverthrowthegovernment.II.TextAnalysisMainideaofthetextRoseindustry,bothsellingandgrowinginU.S.,isfacedwithseverechallenges.Fortunately,someretailersandgrowershavefoundtheirwayout.RosesOnly,aretailer,madeitbyholdingpricesdown,andJohnsonFlowerssurvivedtheintensecompetitionthroughcooperationwithoverseasrivals.Structure:PartI(Para.1)Aslongastheroseremainsthemostpopularflowerasasymboloflove,anychangingconditionsinthenation’sroseindustrymeanmuchtorosegrowers,andtothosewhodistributerosesandthosewhosell.PartII(Paras.2-6)Whensellingrosesisnolongerabeautifulexperiencefortraditionalflowershops,oneroseretailer,RosesOnly,madeasuccesswithsomeadjustments.PartIII(Paras.7-12)SevereforeigncompetitionputsU.S.rosegrowersontheedgeofbankruptcy.JohnsonFlowers,adomesticrosegrower,however,findsawayout.PartIV(Paras.13-14)Whenpeopleintherosebusinessaretryingtoadapttochangingconditionsinthemarketplaceinordertosucceed,theylongforthegoodolddaysofsteadyprofitsforthem.III.LanguagePointsExpressions:1.不再時興，過時togooutofstyle(L.6)像衣著和發型這樣外在的東西可能會過時，但像誠實這樣的內在素質卻永遠不會過時。Suchexteriorsaswearingandhairstylemayfalloutoffashion,buttheinteriorslikehonestywillnevergooutofstyle.2.對某人來講不再是美差tobenolongerabeautifulexperienceforsb.(L.8)對一個學生來說，求知一旦不再是一種令人痛苦的差使，他／她就會將更大的精力投到學習上。Onceknowledgeseekingisnolongerapainfulexperienceforastudent,he/shewillfocusmoreofhis/herenergyonit.3.給忙碌的人們提供方便toofferconveniencetothebusy(L.9)在生活中，與人方便，自己方便。Hewhooffersconveniencetoothersinlifefindslifeconvenientforhimself.4.是一個很好的范例tobeagoodexampleof(L.11)人類活動會對大自然產生不利的影響，沙漠化現象就是一個令人傷心的例子。Desertificationisasadexampleofhowhumanactivitiesaffectthenatureadversely5應對挑戰toanswerthechallenge(L.12)為了應對未來的挑戰，許多年輕人利用業余時間重新走進大學給自己充電。Toanswerthechallengesofthefuture,manyoftheyouthgobacktocollegestorechargethemselveswithknowledgeattheirsparetime.6.在一定范圍內變化或擴展torangefrom…to…(L.12)一個國家的發展是多方面的，包括從政治體制和經濟到教育及人民生活水平的各個方面。Thedevelopmentofacountryisofmanydimensions,rangingfrompoliticalsystemandeconomytoeducationandthepeople’slivingstandards.7.花一大筆錢tospendafortune(L.23)花大價錢買了賽車后，他立即成為朋友們羨慕的對象。Havingspentahandsomefortuneonaracingcar,heimmediatelybecameanobjectofenvytoallhisfriends.8.看起來像；好像要tolooklike(L.24)他學過一點漢語，會幾句成語，但是他說起話來好像是個中國通一樣。HehaslearnedalittleChineseandknowssomeidioms,butthewayhespeaksChineselookslikehekneweverythingaboutChina.9.一朵、一朵地買玫瑰tobuyrosesinones(L.25)禍不單行，福無雙至。Misfortunesnevercomeinones;blessingsneverarriveinpairs.10.剩下來，留下來tobeleftover(L.30)今日事，今日畢。Today’sworkshouldneverbeleftovertilltomorrow.11.某人成功的秘訣sb’sformulaforsuccess(L.32)運氣是靠不住的，因為一個人成功的秘訣在于99%的努力加1%的運氣。Luckisnotreliable,becauseone’sformulaforsuccessliesin99%ofhardworkplusonly1%ofluck.12.降低價格toholdpricesdown(L.32)就一些人而言，艱難困苦不會使他們屈服，但是金錢與美色卻可以。Withsomepeople,hardshipsdonotholdthemdown,butmoneyandbeautydo.13.控制玫瑰銷售鏈上的每一個環節tocontroleverylinkintherosechain(L.32)生產線的任何一個環節出了問題，整個流程就得癱瘓。Anylinkintheproductionlinegoesoutoforder;thewholechainwillbreakdown.14.從······跌至······todeclinefrom…to…(L.39)由于英語考試的又一次失利，她學英語的熱情跌至零點。AsaresultofanotherfailureintheEnglishexams,herenthusiasmforEnglishlearningdeclinedtozero.15.占去；解釋toaccountfor(L.41)人類的感情很復雜又很微妙，沒有誰可以令人滿意地解釋它們。Humanfeelingsaresocomplexandsubtlethatnoonecanaccountfortheminasatisfactorymanner.16.走下坡路togodown(L.46)那個國家的旅游業因為越來越多的恐怖襲擊而急劇衰退。Thetouristindustryinthatcountrywentdownsharplybecauseofincreasingterroristattacks.17.創立這家公司tolaunchthecompany(L.48)推出這個新項目之前，該公司做了細致的市場調查。Beforelaunchingthenewproject,thecompanymadeathoroughinvestigationofthemarket.18.迫使某人退出該行業tochasesb.outofbusiness(L.54)任何一家公司，如果其經營惟利是圖、不顧道義的話，注定要從該行業中被擠出去。Anycompany,ifitisrunwithonlyprofitinmindregardlessofmorality,isboundtobechasedoutofbusiness19.擠垮了國內一些種植商tocrushsomedomesticgrowers(L.55)在精神重壓之下，有些人被壓垮，而有些人則鼓起勇氣獲得成功。Underheavymentalstress,somearecrusheddownwhilesomegaincouragetomakeasuccess.20.

與海外對手競爭tofightoverseasrivals(L.56)正確的競爭觀是互相競爭共同提高，而不是要擠垮對方。Aproperoutlookoncompetitionistofightrivalstoimproveeachother,butnottocrusheachother.21.擴大我們的業務towidenourbusiness(L.57)在大學里，學生要同時完成兩項任務：一是要豐富專業知識，二是要擴大社會知識面。Incollege,studentsmustperformtwotasksatthesametime:oneistoenrichthemselveswithspecialty,andtheothertowidentheirknowledgeaboutsociety.22.時來運轉，交好運togetabreak(L.61)珍惜你的大學生活，因為它極有可能是你人生的轉機。Treasureyourcollegelife,foritismostlikelytobeabreakinyourlife.23.對某人有利；贊同某人的意見tobeonsb’sside(L.62)一帆風順時，不可沾沾自喜；同樣，事事不如意時，也不要自暴自棄。Don’thugyourselfforjoywhenthingsareonyourside;andsimilarly,don’tgiveyourselfupforlostwheneverythingisnotonyourside.24.靠別人的災難來做生意tooperateabusinessonsomeoneelse’sdisaster(L.62)把自己的幸福建立在別人的痛苦之上不僅不道德甚至還是一種罪惡。Itisnotonlyimmoralbutevenacrimetobuildone’shappinessonsomeoneelse’smisfortunes.25.

渴望某物，極想得到某物tolongforsth.(L.64)我渴望富裕的生活，我決心用我的雙手去創造它。I’mlongingforawell-offlife,andI’mdeterminedtomakeitwithmyownhands.Patternsforyoutouseasmodels:1.Typicalpatternsfortheexpositionofsb.’swayofdoingsth.原句:Thecompany’sformulaforsuccessistoholdpricesdownbycontrollingeverylinkintherosechain.(L.32)該公司成功的秘訣是通過其銷售鏈的每一個環節降低成本。型提煉句Sb.’sformula/recipe/prescriptionfor(doing)sth.issth.else/todosth.else.某人（做某事）的訣竅/秘訣是······應用：a.寬容、耐心和理解是她幸福婚姻的秘訣。Tolerance,patienceandunderstandingareherformulaforahappymarriage.應用：b.他生意場上成功的秘訣是：誠信為本，顧客至上。Hisrecipeforsuccessinbusinessistotakehonestyashiscardinalprincipleandputthecustomersfirst.2)Insteadofdoingsth.,sb.triestodosth.else某人不是要做某事，而是千方百計／設法做別的事情。原句:Now,insteadoffightingoverseasrivals,theJohnsonsaretryingtoworkwiththem.(L.55)現在，約翰遜家族不是要與海外對手競爭，而是千方百計要與他們合作。(try:resolve/choose/plan/manage/decide)應用：a.一個有良知的記者不是要掩蓋真相，而是千方百計使之大白于天下。Insteadofcoveringfactsup,ajournalistofconsciencetriestobringthemtolight.應用：b.一個好母親不是一味地遷就自己的孩子，而是設法讓孩子明白是非曲直。Insteadofgivingintoherchildblindly,agoodmothermanagestomakeherchildclearaboutrightandwrong.3)Asareplacementforsth./sb.lost,sb.(also)doessth.else.作為對失去的某物／某人的彌補,某人(也)做別的事。原句:Asareplacementforlostrosesales,theJohnsonsandothergrowersalsoarestartingtosellothertypesofflowers.(L.59)作為對失去的玫瑰銷售份額的彌補，約翰遜家族和其他種植商也在開始銷售其他花卉。應用：a.作為對自己的兒子在成長過程中缺乏父愛的彌補，他對自己的孫子傾注了全部的愛。Asareplacementforlackoffatherloveduringhisson’sgrowth,hedevotedallofhislovetohisgrandson.應用：b.作為對民航業在全球性恐怖襲擊中所受經濟損失的彌補，一些國家對該行業提供了更多的優惠政策。Asareplacementfortheeconomiclossofthecivilaviationcausedbytheworldwideterroristattacks,somecountriesprovidemorepreferentialpoliciesforit.2.Typicalpatternsforcomparisonsandcontrasts原句:Forrosegrowers,thosewhodistributeroses,andthosewhosell,thisyear’santicipated7%increaseinsaleswillbesweeterthana5-poundboxofchocolatecandy.(L.3)對玫瑰花種植商、分銷商及零售商來說，預計今年的銷售量將增加7％，這個數字比一盒5磅重的巧克力糖還要甜蜜。句型提煉1)Forthosewho…,sth.ismore…thansth.else.對那些······人來說，某事要比別的事更······應用：a.對那些從事管理工作的專業人士來說，與人共事的能力要比扎實的專業技術更重要。Forthoseprofessionalswhoareengagedinmanagement,theabilitytoworkwithpeopleismoreimportantthanthesoundprofessionalskill.應用：b.對那些追求家庭生活溫馨的人來說,配偶的內在素質要比外表更可靠、更可取。Forthosewhogoafterthewarmthoffamilylife,thespouse’sinteriorsaremorereliableandmoredesirablethanhis/herexteriors.2)Whilesb.watcheshisbusiness/career/studyetc.bloom/thrive/boom/prosperetc.,sb.elseisundergoingsth.unfortunate/distressingetc.在某人目睹其生意／事業／學業等興旺發達的同時，別人正在經歷不幸的事情。原句:Whilediscountroseretailerswatchtheirbusinessbloom,U.S.rosegrowersaregoingbankruptamidsevereforeigncompetition.(L.38)在折價玫瑰花零售店生意興隆的同時，美國的玫瑰種植商卻在殘酷的外來競爭中瀕臨破產。應用：a.在我們看著沿海地區日益繁榮的同時，貧困地區許多失學兒童卻亟需我們的關愛。Whilewewatchthecoastalareasthrivewitheachpassingday,manyofthechildrenunabletogotoschoolinthepoverty-strickenregionsareseriouslyinneedofourloveandcare.應用：b.月兒彎彎照九州，幾家歡樂幾家愁。Withtheearthbathedintheraysofthemoon,somefamiliesareworryingabouttheirlifewhilesomewatchtheirsfilledwithhappiness.IV.WritingWhatCausesSomethingNew1.近幾年在社會上出現了······2.導致該現象的原因3.分析該現象的社會影響（原因分析類）Para.1:1)Believeitornot/Likeitornot,theseyearshavewitnessedaboomin…/apopularity(resurgence/worsening/crisis/decline/growth/revival/spread)of…inoursociety/ontheChinesecampus.2)Accordingto…,people,especiallycollegestudents,areshowingmoreandmoreinterestin…3)Togetabettersenseofit,itisnecessaryforustofindoutitscauses.Para.2:4)Acloseranalysis/study/observationofthephenomenoncanfindthatthreemainfactorsarewellworthourconcern/shouldcallformoreofourconcern.5)Inthefirstplace,itistheproductof…,forwhich…(原因I)6)Inthesecond,itisseen,among…,asanidealwayof…,since…(原因II)7)Andaboveall,itisaninevitableresultof…(原因III)8)While…,infact,…Para.3:9)Theeffectsofthischangeonoursocial/collegelifearepositive/negative/amixedone.10)Ontheonehand,...(分析I)11)Ontheother,...(分析II)12)Withmoreandmore…added/attachedtothetrend,Iamfullyconvinced/Iamdeeplyworried,itwillcertainly…/isboundto…inthetimetocome.WhatCausesaBoominCelebratingForeignFestivals1.近幾年大學校園出現了一股過洋節熱。2.闡明導致該現象的原因。3.分析該現象的社會影響。Para.1:1)Believeitornot,theseyearshavewitnessedaboomincelebratingforeignfestivalsontheChinesecampus.2)Accordingtoanofficialreport/survey,youngpeople,especiallycollegestudents,areshowingmoreandmoreinterestinsuchfestivalsasValentine’sDay,AprilFools’Day,ThanksgivingDayandChristmasDay.3)Togetabettersenseoftheboom,itisnecessaryforustofindoutitscauses.Para.2:4)Acloseranalysisofthephenomenoncanfindthatthreemainfactorsarewellworthourconcern.5)Inthefirstplace,itistheproductofstudents’seekingafterindividualityandnovelty,forwhichthecollegecampusoffersanidealclimate.(原因I)6)Inthesecond,itisseen,amongthestudents,asanidealwayoffreeingthemselvesfromstressforthetimebeing,sincemostcollegestudents,singlechildofeachfamily,aresubjectedtotheunprecedentedpressuresfromallsidesalthoughtheyenjoytheabundanceofmaterialwealth.(原因II)7)Andaboveall,itisaninevitableresultofmoreandmoreexchangesbetweenWesternandEasterncultures.(原因III)8)WhiletheChinesewatchtheirchildrenthirstforthejoyderivedfromforeignfestivals,infact,theAmericansarediscussingwhetherornottolisttheChineseSpringFestivalamongtheirofficialholidays.Para.3:9)Theeffectsofthischangeonourcollegelifearepositive.10)Ontheonehand,ithascreatedmorechancesforstudentstogainabetterinsightintoothercultures.(分析I)11)Ontheother,ithasenrichedthecollegelife,thusmakingthecampusamorepleasantplacetoliveon.(分析II)12)Withmoreandmorehealthandcoloraddedtothetrend,Ifirmlybelieve,itwillcertainlybringmorebenefitstoourcampuslifeinthetimetocome.SectionBTheChunnelI.ReadingSkillsIdentifyingtheWriter’sPurpose(I)Authorswriteforareason.Threecommonpurposesofwritingare:1)toinform,2)topersuadeor3)toentertain.

Readingeffectivelymeansrecognizingtheauthor’spurpose—whichmaynotalwaysbeaseasyasitsounds,especiallywhenyou’rereadinginaforeignlanguage.Writerssometimesdisguisetheiraims:Atextthatappearstobefactualinformationmayreallybefullofemotionalappealsmeanttopersuadeyouofthewriter’spointofview;oranapparentlyseriouspieceofpersuasionmayinfactbeahumoroustextintendedmainlytoamuseyou.Therearealsotimeswhenthequestionofwhetherawriterisseriousmaydependlargelyoneachreader’sindividualphilosophy.However,therearesomecluesthateffectivereaderscanwatchfortohelpthemidentifywhatkindofwritingthey’redealingwith:

1.Informationalwritingfeaturesfactsandevidence,notopinionsorvaluejudgments.Itoftencontainsdates,statisticsorotherfigures,and/orquotesfromexpertsorwitnesses.Dependingonthesubject,thelanguagemayincludetechnicaljargon,butthevocabularyandsentencestructureareoftenquitesimple.2.Persuasivewritingfeaturesemotionalappeals:opinionsandarguments(whichmaybepresentedasiftheywerefacts,sobecareful!);rhetoricalquestions;evaluatinglanguage(good/bad,right/wrong,horrifying/wonderful,etc.)and/orjudgmentallanguage(must,should,hadbetter,etc.).

3.Textswrittenmainlytoentertaincan,ofcourse,beveryvaried—buttheyoftenuseratherinformallanguage,simplesentencestructure,dialogs,punsand/orfiguresofspeech.

Let’shavealookatananalysisofPassageAandthenidentifythewriter’saim.

First,thetitleofthearticleis“ARoseIsaRose”.Atthefirstglance,youmightguessthearticleisgoingtobesomethingaboutloveoraboutsomeromanticstoriesasyourememberthefamoussaying,“Myloveislikearedredrose”.Besides,arosehasalwaysbeenasymboloflove,passion,oraffection.However,whenyoucometothefirstparagraphandhavegonethroughit,youknowyourguessisrejectedasittalksaboutValentine’sDay,thegrowing,salesanddistributionsofroses.Youmayalsonoticethatthelanguageintheparagraphissimpleindictionandstructure.

Second,whenyouhavereadthewholearticle,younoticethatthenumbersinitarestatistics(mainlyprices)anddates.Besides,thequotesarefromadirector,arosecustomerandarosegrower.Alltheseindicatetheyarefactsinsteadofopinions.

Third,asthetextisfeaturedbystatistics,dates,quotes,andsimplelanguage,wecansaythewriteraimstobeinformational.Directions:WhenyoureadPassageB,scanitforcluesthathelpyouidentifythewriter’saim.Usethequestionsbelowtoguideyourscanning,thendecide:Isthetextinformational,persuasiveormeantmainlytoentertain?

Ordoestheauthorhavemorethanoneaim?1.WhatistheChunnel?TheChunnelstandsforthe31-mileChannelTunnel,awordmadeofCh(annel)and(T)unnel.2.Whatnumbersdoyouseeinthetext?Aretheydates,statisticsorsomethingelse?Thenumbersarestatisticsanddates.3.Whatquotesdoyouseeinthetext?Aretheyfromexperts,witnesses,orwhomelse?TherearequotesfromonemanfromLondon,fromaprofessorofEnglishhistory,fromanewspaper,andfromonepessimisticvisitor.Thefirstparagraphissimpleindiction,butaratherlongsentence,whichischaracteristicofjournalism.Notechnicaltermsareinvolvedinbothparagraphs.Thelastparagraph,simpleinstructure,givesthereadertheimpressionofuncertainty.Theoverwhelmingwordintheparagraphis“pessimistic”.Tosumup,asthetextisfeaturedbystatistics,dates,quotes,andajournaliststyle,thewriteraimstobeinformational.II.TextAnalysisMainidea:ThispassagemainlyintroducesthegreatChunnel,whichconnectstheGreatBritainwiththeEuropeancontinent,andwillstrengthenthecommunicationbetweenBritainandFrance.However,agreatnumberofdifferencesbetweenthemcausepeopletochallengethesignificanceofitsconstruction.Inaddition,aseriesofproblemswillbetakenintoaccount,suchastheimpactonairlinesandthesecurityoftheChunnel.Structure:Paras.1-3thechunnelwillbeputintouseinthenearfuture.Paras.4someproblemscausethedelayedconstructionoftheChunnel.Paras.5-7thepeopleinbothBritainandFrancequestiontheworthoftheChunnel.Paras.8-10thedifferenttrainsystemswillslowdownthespeedoftrains.Paras.11-14thankstotheChunnel,passengerswillsavetime,whiletheairlineswillloseprofit.Paras.15-18thesecurityproblemsoftheChunnelshouldbetakenintocarefulaccount.III.LanguagePointsPhrase1excludedsb.from:preventsb.fromenteringsomeplace,takingpartinsth.,etc.拒絕進入，拒絕接納eg:1.Womenareoftenexcludedfrompositionsofauthority.2.Theyexcludedpeopleunder18fromjoiningtheclub.2forshort:servingasashortformofsth.簡稱，縮寫，簡略之eg:1.HeiscalledAlfred,orAlfforshort.2.TheNationalBroadcastingCompanyiscalledNBCforshort.3behindschedule:laterthantheplannedtime落后于預定計劃eg:1.Owingtotherecentbadweather,theworkisseveralweeksbehindschedule.2.Theplaneistwohoursbehindschedule.歸納記憶：schedule構成的短語accordingtoschedule按照原定進度aheadofschedule提前onschedule按時間表,準時tightschedule排得緊緊的時間表toschedule[美]按照預定時間busschedule公共汽車時刻表classschedule功課表,課表trainschedule列車明細表4accusesb./sth.of:blamesb./sth.bysayingthattheyhavedonesth.morallywrongoragainstthelaw譴責，控告eg:1.Thepoliceaccusedhimofmurder.2.Hewasaccusedofstealingacar.accuse/charge

這兩個詞都含有指控或控告之意，但在用法上和搭配上是有區別的。accuse指當面譴責，但未必訴諸有關當局，語氣比charge強，為正式用語，其表達式為accusesb.ofsth.。charge可指因小過錯而受的責備，如違犯規則，但常指嚴重的罪過如犯法，并向當局正式控告，既可作一般用語，也可作法律用語，語氣比accuse弱些，其表達式為chargesb.withsth.。5incase:becauseofthepossibilityofsth.happening免得，以防eg:1.IncasehearrivesbeforeIgetback,pleaseaskhimtowait.2.Youhadbettertakeyourumbrella,incaseitrains.6up-to-date:a.modernorhavingthemostrecentinformation現代化的，最新的eg:1.It’sanoldhousebutithasalloftheup-to-dateconveniencesyouwouldwant.2.Greattroubleistakentokeepourtextbooksup-to-date.7ifnotfor:ifitweren’t/hadn’tbeenfor;wereitnotfor/haditnotbeenfor要不是eg:1.Ifnotformybrother’shelp,Iwouldnothavefinished.2.TheEarthwouldbeafrozenballifnotfortheradiantheatofthesun.8havesth.incommon:shareinterests,characteristics,etc.有共同之處eg:他最新的兩部小說有很多相似之處。Hislatesttwonovelshavemanythingsincommon.9dieout:becomelessandlesscommonandeventuallydisappear消亡；逐漸滅絕eg:1.Thatstyleofmusicdiedouttenyearsago.2.It’stimethisselfishhabitdiedout.10introducesb.tosth.:leadsb.toknowsth.使某人了解某物eg:1.Iwasfirstintroducedtouniversitypoliticsonamostunfortunateoccasion.2.Ishallalwaysbegratefultomyformerteacherforintroducingmetothestudyoflanguage.11gobackto:returnto(anearlierpointinspaceortime)回溯，追溯eg:1.CanIgobacktowhatyousaidatthebeginningofthemeeting?2.WemustgobacktotheMiddleAgestodiscovertheoriginsofEnglishplays.12byfar:(usedtoemphasizethatsth.isthebestorhasmoreofaparticularqualitythananythingelse)······得多；最······；顯然1.Sheisbyfarthebest.2.Shanghai’spopulationisgreaterbyfarthanthatofanyotherChinesecity.asfaras…beconcerned至于……as(so)farasonecan盡力asfarasitgoes就其本身而言farandwide四面八方，到處farfromit遠非如此sofar迄今為止sofarsogood到目前為止一切順利13amatteroftime:sth.iscertaintohappenatsometimeinthefuture（某事肯定發生）只是時間問題而已她肯定會搬到另一個城市去的，只是遲早的問題而已。Itisamatteroftimebeforeshemovestoanothercity.WordStudy1bore:v.1.makeahole(insth.)usingatool鉆孔，挖洞，鑿井2.talkoractinawaythatmakes(sb.)loseinterestandbecometired使厭煩eg:1.AtunnelhasbeenboredundertheChanneltolinkEnglandandFrance.2.Heboredusallbytalkingforhoursabouthisnewcar.2respective:a.oforfororbelongingtoeachasanindividual各自的，各個的；分別的eg:1.Afterthepartyweallwentofftoourrespectiverooms.2.Theyeachsucceededintheirrespectivefields.3conquer:v.1.takecontrolof(foreignlandoragroupofpeople)byforce征服，攻克eg:據歷史書記載,諾曼底人于一零六六年占領了英格蘭。Accordingtothetextbookofhistory,theNormansconqueredEnglandin1066.conquer:v.2.overcome;gaincontrolover克服；制伏eg:現代醫學征服了許多疾病。Modernmedicalsciencehasconqueredmanydiseases.conquer:v.3.succeedingainingthefavor,praise,love,attention,etc.of征服，贏得eg:著名小提琴演奏家邁克·史密斯在音樂會上演奏了美妙的音樂，征服了所有的聽眾。MikeSmith,afamousviolinist,presentedbeautifulmusicattheconcertandconqueredalltheaudience.4punctual:a.arriving,doingsth.orhappeningatthecorrecttime;notlate準時的，守時的eg:她總是很守時，可是她的朋友總是遲到。Sheisalwayspunctual,butherfriendisalwayslate.pray:v.speaktoagodtoexpresslove,thanks,ortoaskforsth.祈禱，祈求，懇求eg:1.Sometimespeoplepraysilentlybythinkingthewordsbutnotactuallysayingthem.2.TheschoolpicnicisonSaturday,sowe’reprayingforafineday.5pessimistic:a.expectingtheworsttohappen悲觀的，悲觀主義的eg:1.Thedoctorsarepessimisticaboutherchancesofrecovery.2.Thismightaccountforhispessimisticviews.6shrug:v.raiseshouldersandthenlowertheminordertoexpressalackofknowledge,interestorcare聳肩eg:1.“Ifeelsorryforhomelesspeople,butwhatcanIdotohelpthem?”saidChris,shrugging.2.Heshruggedhisshouldersasiftosaythattherewasnothinghecoulddoaboutit.7reckon:v.1.thinkorconsider認為，估計2.calculate(time,price,age,etc.)approximately;guess測算，猜想eg:1.Idon’treckonmuchoftheirchancesofwinning.2.Hereckonedthatwewereonlyafewmilesfromourschool.PassageA玫瑰依然紅

沒有什么比情人節的一束長莖玫瑰更能表達愛情。今年的情人節——全國玫瑰行業一年中銷量最大的一天，將售出100多萬支玫瑰。對于玫瑰花種植商、分銷商及零售商來說，預計今年的銷售量將增加7%，這個數字比一盒5磅重的巧克力糖還要甜蜜。"紅玫瑰意味著‘我愛你’，"一家市場研究所的執行主任杰拉爾德·黑格說。"紅玫瑰將永遠是最流行的花，因為愛情永不過時。"

是的，玫瑰就是玫瑰，依然紅艷。可是出售玫瑰卻不再只是傳統花店的美差。如今，超市為忙碌的人們提供了買花的方便，而折價玫瑰花店也幫墜入情網的戀人節省了鈔票。

"惟一玫瑰"是90年代從傳統花店轉變為折價玫瑰花零售店以應對挑戰的一個成功范例。除非是當天的玫瑰，否則玫瑰的價格在短莖每打6美元和最長莖每打19美元之間。該公司總部設在紐約，分店在紐約有三家，加拿大有一家，西班牙有五家，今年還計劃在另外三座美國城市增設分店。

在地處第40街附近第六大道上的這家分店中，新穎的白色家具和四壁鑲嵌的鏡子看上去頗為豪華。顧客們有的身著工裝，有的身著昂貴的西服和外套，他們在店內的柜臺間走動，一架一架地瀏覽50多種顏色的玫瑰。有些顧客說，上乘的玫瑰使他們看上去像是花了大價錢。"我付了20美元，但（買的玫瑰）看上去好像我付了六七十美元似的，"有一位顧客說。

研究表明，眼下越來越多的人都是一朵、兩朵、三朵地買玫瑰。據一家名為"花卉指數"的研究花卉業的私人公司指出，事實上，一半以上的玫瑰都不是成打出售的。但是"惟一玫瑰"花店的價格卻鼓勵人們多買。即使是在情人節，當一打玫瑰價格外加送花費可上漲至150美元的時候，"惟一玫瑰"花店里最貴的玫瑰也只賣35美元一打。"惟一玫瑰"紐約分店的總經理說，"如果我們能用35美元，而不是65美元，就使別人的一天充滿光彩，那他們就可以省下足夠的錢去買糖果和吃晚餐了。"

該公司成功的秘訣是通過其銷售鏈的每一個環節降低成本。它在厄瓜多爾首都附近、位于安第斯山脈的陽光地帶有自己的玫瑰種植園。新鮮的玫瑰經過灑水保濕后，每周三次空運到公司各個分店。紐約的花店每周售出45,000支玫瑰，同時也兼售其他物品，如氣球和毛絨動物等。"惟一玫瑰"可以通過速遞郵件連夜把花送到全國各地。

在折價玫瑰花零售店生意興隆的同時，美國的玫瑰種植商卻在殘酷的