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2013年中山大學外國語學院834語言學概論C考研真題及答案

I.Transcribethe

followingwordsintoIPAsymbols,withstressmarkingwherenecessary.(10

points)

Example:find—/faind/,beneath—/bi'ni:θ/

1empirical

2plagiarize

3compound

4finite

5clause

6phonemics

7threatened

8epiphenomenon

9beta

10generic

答：

1empirical—/em5pirikEl/

2plagiarize—/5pleidViEraiz/

3compound—/5kCmpaund/

4finite—/5fainait/

5clause—/klC:z/

6phonemics—/fEu5ni:miks/

7threatened—/5Wretnd/

8epiphenomenon—/7epifi5nCminEn/

9beta—/5bi:tE/

10generic—/dVi5nerik/

II.Fillinthe

followingblanks.(15points)

1______meansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolize

objects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthe

momentofcommunication.

2______areproduced“byaclosureinthevocaltract,orbya

narrowingwhichissomarkedthataircannotescapewithoutproducingaudible

friction”.

3Thesystematicstudyofmorphemeisabranchoflinguistics

called______,whichstudiestheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesby

whichwordsareformed.

4Cohesivenesscanberealizedbyemployingvariouscohesive

devices:conjunction,ellipsis,lexicalcollocation,lexicalrepetition,______

,substitution,etc.

5AmericanStructuralismisabranchof______linguisticsthat

emergedintheUnitedStatesatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury.

6Thetypeoflanguageconstructedbysecondorforeignlanguage

learnerswhoarestillintheprocessoflearningalanguageisoftenreferred

toas______.

7______foundthatQ-basedimplicaturescanbereadilycancelled

bymetalinguisticnegation,whichdoesnotaffectwhatissaid,butRbased

implicaturescannot.

8Theideathatthemeaningofasentencedependsonthemeanings

oftheconstituentwordsandthewaytheyarecombinedisusuallyknownasthe

principleof______.

9Duringthewhole20thcentury,agreatdealofeffortshasbeen

takentotreattheinquiryoflinguisticsasa______orautonomouspursuitof

anindependentscience.

10Incognitiveterms,______istheuseofelementsofsubject’s

situatednesstodesignatesomethinginthescene.

11Accordingto______(1996),thespeechpresentationcontinuum

mayhavethefollowingpossibilities:directspeech,indirectspeech,

narrator’srepresentationofspeechactsandnarrator’srepresentationof

speech.

12Withthehelpof______linguistics,recentlyresearchhasmoved

intotheareaofexample-basedmachinetranslation.Themethodusescorrect

translationasaprincipalsourceofinformationforthecreationofnewones.

13IntheIPAchart,thesoundsegmentsaregroupedintoconsonants

andvowels.Theconsonantsarethendividedintopulmonicand______

consonants.

14AccordingtoHalliday,aclauseisthesimultaneous______of

ideational,interpersonal,andtextualmeanings.

15Accordingtosystemic-functionalistsandAmerican

functionalists,languageisnotarbitraryatthe______level.

答：

1Displacement

2Consonants

3morphology

4reference

5synchronic

6interlanguage

7Horn

8compositionality

9monistic

10deixis

11Short

12computational

13non-pulmonic

14realization

15syntactic

III.Definethe

followingterms.(50points)

1recreationalfunction

答：recreationalfunction:Therecreationalfunctionoflanguagereferstotheuseoflanguage

forthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy’sbabblingorachanter’s

chanting.Totakeoneexample,thewell-knownmovieLiuSanJiefeatures

asceneof“duige”mostlyforthesheerjoyofplayingonlanguage.

2pharyngeal

答：pharyngeal:Pharyngealsoundsaremadewiththerootofthetongueanfthe

wallsofthepharynx.Arabicisalanguagewhichcontainspharyngeal

fricatives.

3loanshift

答：loanshift:Itisaprocessinwhichthemeaningofthewordsisborrowed,but

theformofthewordsisnative.E.g.bridgemeans橋牌。

4treediagram

答：treediagram:Inatheoryofsyntax,weoftenusestreediagrams(phrasemarkers)

torepresentsyntacticstructure.Forexample,“Theoldtreeswayedinthe

wind”canbeillustratedasthefollowing.

5senserelations

答：senserelations:Wordsareoftenindifferentsenserelationswitheachother.It

maybedefinedasthesemanticrelationsbetweenonewordandanother,ormore

generallybetweenonelinguisticunitandanother.Itisconcernedwiththe

intralinguisticrelations.Itincludesthreetypesofrelations.Synonymyis

thetechnicalnameforthesamenessrelation.Antonymyisthenamefor

oppositenessrelation.Therearethreemainsub-types:gradableantonymy,

complementaryantonymy,andconverseantonymy.Hyponymymeansthenotionof

meaninginclusiveness.

6scaleschema

答：scaleschema:Itinvolvesanincreaseordecreaseofphysicalormetaphorical

amount,andconsistsofanyofthefollowing:aclosed-endoropen-ended

progressionofamount,apositionintheprogressionofamount,oneormore

normsofamount,acalibrationofamount.Herearesomeexamplesofscale

schemas:physicalamounts,propertiesinthenumbersystem.

7perlocutionaryact

答：perlocutionaryact:AccordingtoAustin,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeacts

simultaneouslywhenspeaking.Alocutionaryactistheutteringofwords,

phrases,andclauses,whichconveysmeaningbygivingoutmeaningfulsounds.

Therefore,whensomebodysays“Morning”,wecanaskaquestionlike“Whatdid

hedo?”,andtheanswercouldbe“Heofferedagreeting.”Anillocutionaryact

istheactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedin

sayingsomething.Therefore,forthesameexample,wecansay“Hemeantitasa

greeting”.Aperlocutionaryactistheeffectoftheutterance.Thus,bysaying

“Morning!”thespeakerhasmadeitclearthathewantstokeepfriendly

relationswiththehearer.

8emoticons

答：emoticons:Anemoticonisasequenceofordinarycharactersyoucanfindon

yourcomputerkeyboarf.Emoticonsareusedine-mail,chat,SMSandotherforms

ofcommunicationusingcomputers.Themostpopularemoticonsarethesmiling

faces.

9linguisticdeterminism

答：linguistic

determinism:Linguisticdeterminism,isoneofthetwopointsofSapir-Whorf

hypothesis,andhasdevelopedintothestrongversionofthishypothesis. 

Itcouldbesummarizedasfollows:(1)One’sthinking

iscompletelydeterminedbyhisnativelanguagebecauseonecannotbutperceive

theworldintermsofthecategoriesanddistinctionsencodedinthelanguage.

(2)Thecategoriesanddistinctionsencodedinonelanguagesystemareunique

tothatsystemandincommensurablewiththoseofothersystems.Therefore,the

followingstatementcouldrepresentthishypothesis“IfAristotlehadspoken

Chinese,hislogicwouldhavebeendifferent”.

10systemofsigns

答：systemofsigns:Saussureoccupiessuchanimportantplaceinthehistoryof

linguisticsthatheisoftendescribedas“fatherofmodernlinguistics”.

Saussurewasthefirsttonoticethecomplexitiesoflanguage.Hebelievedthat

languageisasystemofsigns,calledconventions.Heheldthatthesignisthe

unionofthesignifierandthesignified.Thoughwemayspeakofthesignifier

andthesignifiedasiftheywereseparatedentities,theyexistonlyas

componentsofthesign.Thesignisthecentralfactoflanguage,andtherefore

intryingtoseparatewhatisessentialfromwhatissecondaryorincidentalwe

muststartfromthenatureofthesignitself.

IV.Explainthe

followingstatementswithexamples.(30points)

1Languagesdifferintheirdegreesof

dependenceonthemorphologicalcomponents.

答：Thedistinctionoflanguageaccordingtomorphologicalcomponentsis

calledthetypologicalclassificationorthemorphologicalclassification.This

systemistoclassifylanguagesaccordingtothemorphologicalandsyntactic

structuresaswellastotherelationshipbetweenmorphemesinthesentence.

Therearemainlythreetypesoflanguages.

①Isolatinglanguages(rootlanguages):Itischaracterizedbythe

relationshipsbetweenwordsandothergrammaticalrelationsindicatedby

functionwordsandwordorderthanbyinternalinflections.E.g.Chinese.

Chineselacksofbothderivationalandinflectionalmorphemes.Verbsarenever

inflectedforperson,number,tense,moodorvoice.Nounsareneverinflected

fornumber,genderorcase.Prefixesorsuffixesarerarelyfound.Englishis

partiallyisolating,forithasthousandsofmorphemesthatstandbythemselves

asindependentwords,suchasin,for,the,a,word,book,study,white,he,

one,etc.Itexpressesfuturetensebymeansoftheauxiliarywordwill

andshallorbyotherperiphrasticmeansratherthanbytheinflection

ofitsverbs.

②Agglutinatinglanguages:Itisalanguagewhichcombinesintoa

singlevariouslinguisticelementsormorphemeswitheachhavingadistinctand

fixedgrammaticalmeaningandaseparateexistence.E.g.Turkish,Swahili,

Hungarian,Japanese,Korean,etc.

③Inflectionallanguage:Aninflectionallanguageisalanguagein

whichawordundergoesachangeinmorphologicalformwhenitsgrammatical

functioninthesentenceid\schanged.Inflectionalmorphemesareaddedonlyto

stems,buttheseaddedinflectionalmorphemesfusewiththestemsandhaveno

independence.E.g.Latin,German,Greek,Russion.

2Chomsky’sTransformational-GenerativeGrammarhasbeenchallenged

byanumberofotherapproachestolanguage.

答：①Chomsky’sTGgrammarhasthe

followingfeatures.First,Chomskydefineslanguageasasetofrulesor

principles.Secondly,Chomskybelievesthattheaimoflinguisticsisto

produceagenerativegrammarwhichcapturesthetacitknowledgeofthenative

speakerofhislanguage.Thisconcernsthequestionoflearningtheoryandthe

questionoflinguisticuniversals.Thirdly,Chomskyandhisfollowersare

interestedinanydatathatcanrevealthenativespeaker’stacitknowledge.

Theyseldomusewhatnativespeakerssay;theyrelyontheirownintuition.

Fourthly,Chomsky’smethodologyishypothesis-deductive,whichoperatesattwo

levels:(1)thelinguistformulatesahypothesisaboutlanguagestructure—a

generallinguistictheory;thisistestedbygrammarsforparticularlanguages,

and(2)eachsuchgrammarisahypothesisonthegenerallinguistictheory.

Finally,Chomskyfollowsrationalisminphilosophyandmentalisminpsychology.

②StructuralgrammarandTGgrammarhavedifferentviewsonthenature

oflanguage.First,Bloomfielddefinedlanguageasasetofutterancesanda

setof“lexicalandgrammaticalhabits”.Secondly,forstructuralgrammar,the

aimoflinguisticsistodescribeoneorasetoflanguages;suchadescription

isoftenevaluatedintermsoftheusetowhichitisgoingtobeput.Thirdly,

thefocusofthestudyisdifferent.Structuralgrammaremphasizedonwhat

Chomskyhascalledlanguageperformance,whichtoChomsky,isdegeneratedand

remotefromthe“real”.Fourthly,thestructrualists’methodologyis

essentiallyinductive,whereasChomsky’sishypothesis-deductive.Finally,the

twogrammarsviewlanguagelearningdifferently.Thestructuralistsfollow

empiricisminphilosophyandbehaviourisminpsychology.Chomskyfollows

rationalisminphilosophyandmentalisminpsychology.

③Systemic-FunctionalGrammar.Halliday’sSystemic-Functional(SF)

Grammarisasociallyorientedfunctionallinguisticapproach.Itactuallyhas

twocomponents:SystemicGrammarandFunctionalGrammar.SystemicGrammaraims

toexplaintheinternalrelationsinlanguageasasystemnetwork,ormeaning

potential.Andthisnetworkconsistsofsubsystemsfromwhichlanguageusers

makechoices.FunctionalGrammaraimstorevealthatlanguageisameansof

socialinteraction,basedontheassumptionthatlanguagesystemandtheforms

thatmakeitupareinescapablydeterminedbytheusersorfunctionswhichthey

serve.Systemic-FunctionalGrammarisbasedontwofacts:

(1)Language

usersareactuallymakingchoicesinasystemofsystemsandtryingtorealize

differentsemanticfunctionsinsocialinteraction;

(2)Languageis

inseparablefromsocialactivitiesofman.Thus,ittakesactualusesof

languageastheobjectofstudy,inoppositiontoChomsky’sTGGrammarwhich

takestheidealspeaker’slinguisticcompetenceastheobjectofstudy.

④GenerativeSemantics

Generative

Semanticsisanimportantlinguistictheorythatgrewinthelate1960sand

early1970s,asareactiontoChomsky’ssyntactic-basedTGGrammar.Theleading

figuresofthisapproachareJohnR.Ross,GeorgeLakoff,JamesD.McCawley,

andPaulPostal.GenerativeSemanticsconsidersthatallsentencesare

generatedfromasemanticstructure.Linguistsworkinginthistheoryholdthat

thereisnoprincipleddistinctionbetweensyntacticprocessesandsemantic

processes.Andthisnotionwasaccompaniedbyanumberofsubsidiary

hypotheses.

Generative

Semanticshadcollapsedwellbeforetheendofthe1970s.Bytheendofthe

1970s,virtuallynobodyacceptedthegenerative-semanticattempttohandleall

pragmaticphenomenagrammatically.AlthoughGenerativeSemanticsisnolonger

regardedasaviablemodelofgrammar,thereareinnumerablewaysinwhichit

hasleftitsmarkonitssuccessors.Forexample,itwasGenerative

Semanticiststhatstartedanintensiveinvestigationofsyntacticphenomenawhich

defiedformalizationbymeansoftransformationalrules.

(本題答案僅供參考，考生可酌情選擇其中兩點或者其他觀點進行作答)

3Languagelearningcantakeplacewhenthelearnerhasenough

accesstoinputinthetargetlanguage.

答：Languagelearningcantakeplacewhenthelearnerhasenoughaccess

toinputinthetargetlanguage,whethertheinputiswrittenorspokenform.

Inrespectofwhatkindsofinputshouldbeprovidedforlanguagelearners,

viewsdivergegreatly.Wewillexaminesomeoftheviewsinthefollowing

section.

①Authenticinput.Proponentsof

meaning-orientedlanguageinstructiontendtoinsistonauthenticinput.That

istosay,theinputshouldrelatetothereallife,anditusuallyneglects

thegrammar.Theycontendthatidealmaterialsatalllevelsshouldprovidefrequent

exposuretoauthenticinputwhichisrichandvaried,thatis,theinputshould

varyinstyle,mode,mediumandpurposeandshouldberichinfeatureswhich

arecharacteristicsofauthenticdiscourseinthetargetlanguage.

②Comprehensibleinput.Some

expertsstronglybelievethatanyinputmustbecomprehensibleifitistohave

anyeffectonlearning.AccordingtoKrashen’sInputHypothesis(1985),

learnersacquirelanguageasaresultofcomprehendinginputaddressedtothem.

Krashenputforwardtheconceptof“i+1”principle:thelanguagethatlearners

areexposedtoshouldbejustfarenoughbeyondtheircurrentcompetencethat

theycanunderstandmostofitbutstillbechallengedtomakeprogress.Input

shouldbeneithertoodifficultnortooeasyforthelearners.

③Optimalinput.Manyresearchershaveconductedstudiesonkindsof

optimalinput,thefollowingaretwoofwhich:

Pre-modified

inputismaterialthatisfinelytunedinadvancetothelearners’current

level.

Interactivelymodified

inputismaterial(usuallydiscourse)thatismodifiedwhentheteacherandthe

learnersinteract.Interactivelymodifiedinputisprovedtodoabetterjob.

Problemsinviewofinput:oneisthelack

oflinguisticsanalysisofdifferenttypesofinput;anotheriswhatarethe

exactlinguisticdifferencesbetweenthesetypesofinput.

V.Answerthefollowing

questionswithexampleswherenecessary.(45points)

1WhatisPowerPointandwhyisitso

importantinlanguageteaching?

答：PowerPointisanapplicationwhichenablesonetocreateslideshows

onhis/hercomputerscreen.Theusercreatesindividualslides,whichcan

containtext,graphics,sound,animationandvideo.Whentheuserhascreated

alltheslides,he/shecaneitherpresenttheslideshowpersonally,orsetup

theslidessothattheyrunthemselves.Therefore,PowerPointisapresentation

authoringsoftwarecreatinggraphicalpresentationswithorwithoutaudio.

Beingwidelyusedbygovernmentofficials,businesspeople,educators,and

trainers,itisamongthemostprevalentformsofpersuasiontechnology.

Withregardto

PowerPoint,wehavetomakesurewhatwearetalkingabout:PowerPointasa

tool(software),PowerPoint’sdeckofslidesasatext,andPowerPoint

presentationasagenre.PowerPointtoolisasoftwareusedtowriteoutlines

orcreatethepresentationvisualsontheslides.Itcanhelptheuserto

communicate,butitdoesnotrepresentmeaningitself.ItisviathePowerPoint

tooltheteacherscouldmaketheirteachingeasierandmoreefficient.

PowerPointtexthasbeenbroadlyunderstoodastheproductcreatedvisually,

graphically,acoustically,orvideo-visually.Thatistosay,eachPowerPoint

presentation,forexample,areport,aspeech,oralesson,isatext.Itmay

bepresentedbyonlyoneslide,oradeckofslides.However,alltheseslides

developuponacommontheme.TheteacherscouldusethePowerPointtextto

preparewhatevertheywanttoshowtothestudents.Sinceitisorganized

aroundthesamethemeortopic,itwillhelpthestudentstounderstandvery

clearly.PowerPointgenrereferstoarecurringtypeofactivities,justlike

wetalkaboutaletter,anote,astory,adialogue,anovel,adialogue,a

speech,aplay.ThroughthePowerPoint,theteachercouldmakehis/herteaching

moreinterestingandactivatetheinterestsofthestudents.

2Whataspectsoflanguagecanonefocus

ifonewantstoanalyzeanovelorastory?

答：Thelanguagefeaturesweshouldexaminetoelucidatethestyleofa

textoracor