主旨大意題『閱讀理解專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)』Esther文章大意題01段落大意題02標(biāo)題歸納題03類別文章大意題類別一MainideaofaPassage文章大意題之技巧點(diǎn)撥——主題句法策略1：根據(jù)語(yǔ)篇類型和文章結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)定位主題句語(yǔ)篇類型說(shuō)明文

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研究報(bào)告，新聞報(bào)道，闡述新理論、新科技、社會(huì)現(xiàn)象等主題句通常在首段記人

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主題句通常在末段主題句通常在首段或末段主題句通常在首段或根據(jù)小標(biāo)題來(lái)判斷主題句通常在首段或末段文章大意題之學(xué)以致用BSomeparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,

butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,

anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrenattheUniversityofChicago,

foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4

laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.

Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition

(認(rèn)知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income,

educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,

ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))andtranslateshapes,”

Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,

andabouthalfofthechildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.

Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,

andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.

However,

boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,

andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.27.

Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.

Amathematicalmethod.

B.

Ascientificstudy.C.

Awomanpsychologist

D.

Ateachingprogram發(fā)現(xiàn)過(guò)程方法結(jié)論發(fā)表文章大意題之學(xué)以致用DAccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeand

consumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontraryto

existingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlarge

portions（份）,it’sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwo

experiments.Inthefirst,95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabto

ostensibly（表面上）participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbed

herfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasesshe

woreaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipants

followedsuit,takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytook

significantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnack

bowls.In

theothercase,shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:the

participantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe’remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe

“I’llhavewhatshe’shaving”effect.However,we’lladjusttheinfluence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I’llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathin

personeatsalot,I’llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan’tI?12.Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?A.Foodsafety.B.Movieviewership.C.Consumerdemand. D.Eatingbehavior.發(fā)現(xiàn)同義替換=foodintake文章大意題之學(xué)以致用CAsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoopenguins(企鵝)longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(職業(yè))asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“IjustdecidedIwantedtogo,”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI’dfindthereandIwasn’tnervous,Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe’dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.“Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,”Ginnisays.“IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.”Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.點(diǎn)題評(píng)議31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Achildhooddream. B.Anunforgettableexperience.C.Sailingaroundtheworld. D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.段落大意題類別二MainideaofaParagraph段落大意題之技巧點(diǎn)撥策略1：把握段落結(jié)構(gòu)“總—分”式新聞報(bào)道、說(shuō)明文、議論文“分—總”式“分—總—分”式“無(wú)主題句”式記敘文，議論文,歸納總結(jié)類寫作細(xì)節(jié)描寫—?dú)w納主題—進(jìn)一步解釋記敘文巧定主題句：

句首；句中；句尾抓準(zhǔn)關(guān)鍵詞：無(wú)主題句策略2關(guān)注信號(hào)詞段落大意題之技巧點(diǎn)撥1.關(guān)注含有so，therefore,thus,inshort,aboveall,conclusion等詞的句子常表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論。2.關(guān)注轉(zhuǎn)折詞，如but,yet,however,although,inspiteof,bycontrast,onthecontrary等，明確作者的觀點(diǎn)歸納主旨大意。段落大意題之學(xué)以致用DHumanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon“m”and“a”totherareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommonthanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteledtonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld’slanguages.Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas“f”and“v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamiánBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned(對(duì)齊),makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure(結(jié)構(gòu)),makingiteasiertoproducesuchsounds.TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn’thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn’tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.“Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.發(fā)現(xiàn)過(guò)程方法1過(guò)程方法2專家評(píng)議34.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.段落大意題之學(xué)以致用DTheconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.

Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenitastepfurther—changingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse,evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.“We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,”

explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsglow(發(fā)光)inexperimentsusingsomecommonvegetables.Strano’steamfoundthattheycouldcreateafaintlightforthree-and-a-halfhours.Thelight,aboutone-thousandthoftheamountneededtoreadby,isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreventoturntreeintoself-poweredstreetlamps.Inthefuture,theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant’slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff

“switch”

wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource(電源)—

suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway

—

alotofenergyislostduringtransmission(傳輸).Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.提出新科技\與之前對(duì)比評(píng)議前景用途引出話題關(guān)于綠色植物益處的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.

B.Abigfallincrimerates.C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.

D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.段落大意題之學(xué)以致用13．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．Sydney'sstrikingarchitecture.B．TheculturaldiversityofSydney.C．ThekeytoSydney'sdevelopment.D．Sydney'stouristattractionsinthe1960s.段落大意題之學(xué)以致用DPopularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional(情感的)intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson’smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand“peopleskills.”Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis(重視)onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(視角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.35.Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?A.Itsappealtothepublic.B.Expectationsforfuturestudies.C.Itspracticalapplication.D.Scientistswithnewperspectives.提出現(xiàn)象對(duì)情商的誤解舉例詮釋情商的概念影響\結(jié)果預(yù)言、期望標(biāo)題歸納題類別三TitleGeneralization標(biāo)題歸納題之技巧點(diǎn)撥技法1利用四大技巧解題(1)關(guān)鍵詞法：反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語(yǔ)，多次重復(fù)的觀點(diǎn)就是體現(xiàn)主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。(2)主題句法：根據(jù)文章的主題句，確定中心詞，確定標(biāo)題。(3)穿珠連串法：分析文章細(xì)節(jié)，確定共同點(diǎn)，如同穿珠般串聯(lián)細(xì)節(jié)共同點(diǎn)，確定標(biāo)題。(4)逆向法：根據(jù)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，考慮其可能的內(nèi)容，對(duì)照原文，最相似者為最佳標(biāo)題。標(biāo)題歸納題之技巧點(diǎn)撥技法2關(guān)注好標(biāo)題的三大特點(diǎn)技法3關(guān)注錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的三大特點(diǎn)概括性：準(zhǔn)確而簡(jiǎn)短針對(duì)性：標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容相符醒目性：能引發(fā)讀者的閱讀欲望概括范圍窄，只包含某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)概括范圍太寬，超出文章內(nèi)容含有文章中未提到或找不大的信息BGoffin’scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect“key”wouldletoutthenut.Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical(對(duì)稱的)shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfitiscalledan“allocentricframeofreference”.Intheexperiment,Goffin’scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-errorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin’scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,similartotwo-year-oldbabies.Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues(線索),oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.標(biāo)題歸納題之學(xué)以致用發(fā)現(xiàn)同義替換=shape-recognition27.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckers B.Cockatoos:IndependentLearnersC.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-Readers D.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters科學(xué)研究類文章首段如下的句式是文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞，省略號(hào)部分多為文章主旨。researchershavefoundthat...accordingtoastudy...Astudyshowsthat....DTheconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.

Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenitastepfurther—changingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse,evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.“We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday,”

explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsglow(發(fā)光)inexperimentsusingsomecommonvegetables.Strano’steamfoundthattheycouldcreateafaintlightforthree-and-a-halfhours.Thelight,aboutone-thousandthoftheamountneededtoreadby,isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreventoturntreeintoself-poweredstreetlamps.Inthefuture,theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant’slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff

“switch”

wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource(電源)—

suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway

—

alotofenergyislostduringtransmission(傳輸).Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.標(biāo)題歸納題之學(xué)以致用提出新科技\與之前對(duì)比評(píng)議前景用途35.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Canwegrowmoreglowingplants? B.Howdowelivewithglowingplants?C.Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps?

D.Howareglowingplantsmadepollution-free?標(biāo)題歸納題之學(xué)以致用CYou’veheardthatplasticispollutingtheoceans—between4.8and12.7milliontonnesenteroceanecosystemseveryyear.Butdoesoneplasticstraworcupreallymakeadifference?ArtistBenjaminVonWongwantsyoutoknowthatitdoes.Hebuildsmassivesculpturesoutofplasticgarbage,forcingviewerstore-examinetheirrelationshiptosingle-useplasticproducts.Atthebeginningoftheyear,theartistbuiltapiececalled“Strawpocalypse,”apairof10-foot-tallplasticwaves,frozenmid-crash.Madeof168,000plasticstrawscollectedfromseveralvolunteerbeachcleanups,thesculpturemadeitsfirstappearanceattheEstellaPlaceshoppingcenterinHoChiMinhCity,Vietnam.Just9%ofglobalplasticwasteisrecycled.Plasticstrawsarebynomeansthebiggestsource（來(lái)源）ofplasticpollutionbutthey’verecentlycomeunderfirebecausemostpeopledon’tneedthemtodrinkwithand,becauseoftheirsmallsizeandweight,theycannotberecycled.Everystrawthat’spartofVonWong’sartworklikelycamefromadrinkthatsomeoneusedforonlyafewminutes.Oncethedrinkisgone,thestrawwilltakecenturiestodisappear.Inapiecefrom2018,VonWongwantedtoillustrate（說(shuō)明）

aspecificstatistic:Every60seconds,atruckload’sworthofplasticenterstheocean.Forthiswork,titled“TruckloadofPlastic,”VonWongandagroupofvolunteerscollectedmorethan10,000piecesofplastic,whichwerethentiedtogethertolooklikethey’dbeendumped（傾倒）

fromatruckallatonce.VonWonghopesthathisworkwillalsohelppressurebigcompaniestoreducetheirplasticfootprint.30.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.Artists’OpinionsonPlasticSafetyB.MediaInterestinContemporaryArtC.ResponsibilityDemandedofBigCompaniesD.OceanPlasticsTransformedintoSculptures點(diǎn)題人物事跡（Von的作品、塑料回收困局）結(jié)尾（Von的愿景）標(biāo)題歸納題之學(xué)以致用DIhaveaspecialplaceinmyheartforlibraries.IhaveforaslongasIcanremember.

Iwasalwaysanenthusiasticreader,sometimesreadinguptothreebooksadayasachild.Storieswerelikeairtomeandwhileotherkidsplayedballorwenttoparties,IlivedoutadventuresthroughthebooksIcheckedoutfromthelibrary.MyfirstjobwasworkingattheUkiahLibrarywhenIwas16yearsold.

ItwasadreamjobandIdideverythingfromshelvingbookstoreadingtothechildrenforstorytime.AsIgrewolderandbecameamother,thelibrarytookonanewplaceandanaddedmeaninginmylife.Ihadseveralchildrenandbookswereourmainsource

(來(lái)源)ofentertainment.Itwasabigdealforustoloadupandgotothelocallibrary,

wheremykidscouldpickoutbookstoreadorbookstheywantedmetoreadtothem.Ialwaysread,

usingdifferentvoices,

asthoughIwereactingoutthestorieswithmyvoiceandtheylovedit!

Itwasaspecialtimetobondwithmychildrenanditfilledthemwiththewondermentofbooks.Now,

IseemychildrentakingtheirchildrentothelibraryandIlovethattheexcitementofgoingtothelibrarylivesonfromgenerationtogeneration.Asanovelist,I’vefoundanewrelationshipwithlibraries.Iencouragereaderstogototheirlocallibrarywhentheycan’taffordtopurchaseabook.Iseelibrariesasasafehaven(避風(fēng)港)forreadersandwriters,abridgethathelpsputtogetherareaderwithabook.Libraries,intheirownway,helpfigh