名詞性從句和狀語從句名詞性從句在簡單句中，各種句子成分是由單詞、詞組、介詞短語、非限定動詞短語等構成的，如果一個句子由一個主句和一個(含一個以上)的從句構成，則成為復合句。在復合句中，從屬句的種類取決于其在整個句子中所起的作用。根據這一點，從句可分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句。由于主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句相當于名詞在句子中通常所起的作用，故被統稱為名詞性從句。由wh-疑問詞引出的名詞性從句不可用疑問句語序。名詞性從句常用下列關聯詞引導：從屬聯詞：that,whether,if連接代詞：who,whom,whose,which,what,.whose,whichever,whatever連接副詞：when,where,how,why注：在what引導的名詞性從句中，一般情況下what=allthatThatwaswhat/allthathehadwhenhedied.Iwon’ttellyouwhat/allthatthepresidentsaidatthemeeting.一、 主語從句主語從句在句子中起主語作用，一般位于主句謂語之前：Whatyouneednowisexperience.Whenthemeetingwillbeheldremainsaquestion.Whethersolarenergycanbeusedonalargescaleisathingwehavegreatinterestin.注：從句做主語時，為了使句子更加平衡，通常用it作形式主語，而將真正的主語從句放在句末。Itiswellknownthattheseacoversaboutthree-fOurthsoftheearth’ssurface.Isitcertainthathewillwinthegame?Itwasn’twithoutdifficultythatheaccomplishedhisgoal.if引導的主語從句不能位于句首。Whetheritcoststoomuchreliesonhowbadlyyouneedit.Whethershecomesisstillnotknown.二、 賓語從句賓語從句就是用從句形式作賓語，一般位于主句中的及物動詞、介詞及某些形容詞之后，有時用it作形式賓語，從句位置后移，連詞that有時可省略。Theytoldme(that)mathisverydifficult.Heisconfident(that)hewilltakehisuniversitydegreeinthecomingyear.SheaskedifIcouldtellherwhyPaullefttheuniversitywithoutadiploma.Wefounditreasonablethatwestoptohavearest.Iconsideritnecessarythattheymaketheexperimentonemoretime.在think,believesuppose,expect等動詞后的賓語從句若為否定意義時，可將其轉換為對主句的否定，而在從句部分用肯定式，構成否定轉移。Thedoctordoesn’tthink(that)thepatientiscapableoftravelinginhealthcondition.=Thedoctorthinks(that)thepatientisn’tcapableoftravelinginhealthconditionIdon’tbelieve(that)youarerightonthispoint.=Ibelieve(that)youarenotrightonthispoint.If引導的賓語從句不能位于介詞之后。也不能和ornot連用。Italldependsonwhetherwecangettheircooperation.Iwonderwhethertheyneedhelpornot.表語從句表語從句就是用句子形式作的表語，位于系動詞之后，連詞that可省略；Myproblemishowwecanreducethecostinproduction.Theattractionbetweenthesunandtheearthiswhatkeepspullingtheearthintoacurvedpath.Theproblemis(that)wedon’thaveenoughaccommodationforallthestudents.用asif(athough)作連詞時,可用虛擬語氣，也可用陳述語氣.Itlooksasifhehaspromisedtocome.Ifeelasifitweretheendoftheworld.(虛擬)If不能引導表語從句。Thequestioniswhethertheyhasgotincontactwiththeheadquarter.四、 同位語從句同位語從句是用句子形式表示的同位語，用于說明前面名詞的內容，使之更加明確。同位語從句前的名詞通常是一些需要進一步說明其內容的詞，如：conclusion,fact,hope,idea,opinion,suggestion,news，reason,thought,belief,truth等。主要由that引導，也可用what,where,how,when,why，whether等引導同位語從句的that是連接詞，無詞義，屬虛詞，不能充當句子成分。If不能引導同位語從句。如：IstillhavesomehopethatIwillsucceed.Ihavenoideawhattimeitisnow.Thefactthathehasspokentothepressaboutthiscausedusalotofembarrassment.Whethertheywilljoinushasn’tbeenmadeclear.狀語從句狀語從句就是用句子形式表示的狀語，用來說明主句中的謂語、狀語、定語或整個句子。故而又稱為副詞性從句。帶狀語從句的復合句中，主句結構比較完整，沒有它主句意思依舊成立。而在帶有名詞性從句的復合句中，該名詞性從句是全句不可或缺的部分，否則句子意思就不完整。名詞性從句在整個句子中的位置是較為固定的，一般不可更變。而狀語從句可置于主句之前，也可置于主句之后，前置時常常用逗號點開，后置時一般不用逗號。狀語從句分為時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結果狀語從句、目的狀語從句、條件狀語從句、方式狀語從句、比較狀語從句等九種。每種狀語從句各自有一定的連接詞語。時間狀語從句時間狀語從句通常由下列連詞引導：When,while,whenever,since,after,as,once,until,assoonas,before,so(as)longas,till,themoment等，例如：Onceyouseeher,youwillneverforgether.WhileBettywasgettingdressed,shekeptlookingattheclock.Whenitrains,Iusuallygotoworkbybus.注：用since(自以來)引導時間狀語從句時，主句要用完成時態,since從句則常用一般過去時態或現在完成時態，若要說明某事發生以來至今的時間長度，要用Itis(Ifsbeen)+時間詞語+since的句型結構，如：Ihavecomehereseveraltimessinceyouleftus.It’sthreesincemydaughtercaughttheflu.注：連詞when,while及as都可表示“當時”，但用法有區別：用When時，從句和主句的動作可以同時發生，也可以先后發生；用as,while時則強調從句和主句的動作同時發生，從句的謂語用進行時態，表示“隨著'，“正當”,“一邊……一邊”的意義，while所引導的從句，謂語通常用延續性動詞的一般時或進行時。例如：Shedroppedtheletterwhenshesatdown.WhilemyparentswerewatchingTV,Iwaspreparingformylessonsofthenextday.Asthenationaleconomyisdeveloping,ourlifehasgreatlyimproved.地點狀語從句地點狀語從句用以下連接詞引導：where,whereverWhenpreviewinganewlesson,makemarkswhereyouhavequestions.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.WhereverIam,Iwillbethinkingofyou.原因狀語從句引導原因狀語從句通常由以下連詞引導：Because,since,as,nowthat,inthat,forthereasonthat,seeingthat等.其中because“原因”語氣最強，表示有必然的因果關系，所引導的從句是整個句子的重心所在，位置一般在主句后，需要強調時，也可前置。Since表示一種間接或附帶的原因，可譯為“既然”，as的語氣更弱。Wedidn’tgotothatrestaurantbecausetheservicetherewasquitepoor.Sincewehavegotsomuchdisagreement,theplanwasnotpractical.Astheyliveinthecountryside,theycanenjoythefreshair.Seeingthatyouareinexperienced,youarenotforthejob.nowthat=since,inthat=becauseNowthatthetrainhasleft,wecanwaittilltomorrow.Thisplantisuniqueinthatitcanlivewithoutwater.注：當 because置于句首時,后面的主句切不可象漢語那樣再加上一個so(所以)，在漢語中習慣說”因為……所以”，但英語的because是不能與so相呼應的.條件狀語從句引導條件狀語從句的連詞有：if,unless,incase,so(as)faras,provided(that)onconditionthat,suppose,supposing(that),as(so)longas等。條件狀語從句的謂語動詞一般不用將來時態，即使句中有表示將來時間的狀語，也要用一般現在時，將來時態由主句表示，例如：Ifyouaregoingtovisitantforeigncountry,youwillneedapassport.Youwillfailunlessyoutryharder.Themassmeetingwillbepostponedincaseitrains.Plantswillgrowwellprovided（that）theyaremoderatelywatered.YOucanusemycaraslongasyoudrivewithgreatcare.方式狀語從句引導方式狀語從句的連詞有：as,justas,asif,asthough等：Airistomanaswateristofish.Youcandowhateverasyoulike.Irememberthewholethingasiftheyhadhappenedyesterday.讓步狀語從句引導讓步狀語從句的連詞有：though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,however,nomatter,whether?or,whoever等.其中由however,nomatterhow引導的讓步狀語從句，其后須緊跟形容詞或副詞，在從句中做狀語。Howeverhardhetried，heneverseemstobeabletodotheworkwell.though,although引導讓步狀語從句時，主句中不能用并列連詞but例如：Althoughthisistrueofsomepeople,itisnotofall.Weneedtochecktheinformation,thoughwethinkitcorrect.由as引導的從句，須將相關的形容詞、副詞或名詞置于句首，構成倒裝結構。Womanasshewas,shewasbrave.注：1）as引導的讓步狀語從句一般表現為：形容詞（副詞、名詞）+as+主語+其他結構，若是名詞，名詞前不能加冠詞.Proudasheis,hedaresnotseeme.Fastasheruns,hacan’tcatchupwithme.Childasheis,heknowsalot.2）相對于however,whichever,whatever和whoever在從句中經常做表語、賓語和主語，根據需要，whichever和whatever后還可加上相關名詞，使句子意思更完整.Whicheveryouchoose,choosethebest.（賓語）Whateveryoumaysay,Iwon’tchangemymind.（賓語）Whoeverheis,heshouldfollowtheorder.（表語）Whicheversidewin,Ishallbesatisfied.（主語）結果狀語從句結果狀語從句表示發生某個行為會造成什么結果，結果狀語從句總是置于主句之后，常用的連接詞有：sothat,so?that,such（a）?that,suchthat,that等.Youwentearly,sothatyoufinishedyourworkontimeTheprofessorgaveussuchanexcellentspeechthatwewillneverforgetit.Wedidverywellintheexam（so）thatwewerepraisedbytheteacher.目的狀語從句目的狀語從句表示要到某種目的而發生某個行為，通常由下列連詞引導：sothat,that,incase,itorderthat,lest,forfearthat, 等，從句中常使用情態動詞may,might,can,could或will.例如：

Theyshoulddotheirutmostinorderthattheymaybeabletofulfillthetask.Heworkshardsothathecansupportthewholefamily.BringthepicturecloserthatIcanseeitclearly.注：forfearthat,lest這兩個連詞引起的從句，謂語要用(should)+動詞原形(do)。Batteriesmustbekeptinthedryplaceslestelectricityshouldleakaway.Pleaseremindmeofitagaintomorrow,lestIshouldforget.比較狀語從句比較狀語從句表示對兩個人或兩件事物的某些性質，特征方面，在程度上進行比較，常用連接詞有：than,as*?as,notso(as)?as,the+比較級…the+比較級…，例如：Actionsspeaklouderthanwords.Thegreaterthedegreeofindustrializationinacountry,thehigherthestandardofliving.Heisastalkativeasyou.Heisnotsokindashissistertothestudents.鞏固練習Makeyourbestchoice:ItisnoteasytodecideareportonUFOistrueornot.A.that B.whether C.if D.howWeareconsideringbuyingahouseinShanghai,butwewanttofindoutA.whatthepricesare B.whatarethepricesC.howpricesare D.whatpricesareIwassoshockedthatIdidn’tknowtosaythen.A.how B.where C.what D.whichIknownothingaboutthatcountryitisverycold.A.if B.unless C.until D.exceptthatametalcorrodesornotdependsontheactivityofthemetalandtightlythecorrosionproductssticktothemetal.A.If;how B.how;that C.Whether;howD.That;soIdon’tdoubtheisanhonestperson.D.whenD.whatD.whenD.whatD.besidesthatTheproblemiswecangettothedestinationontime.A.that B.if C.whetherMaryusuallygoestoworkonfootitrains.A.exceptthatB.exceptwhenC.except9.isthebestsalesmaninthiscompany?A.Whomdoyouthink B.WhodoyouthinkC.Doyouthinkwho D.WhoyouthinkIdoubt.A.ifyouwillkeepyourpromiseB.whetheryouwillkeepyourpromiseC.iftokeepyourpromiseD.ifyoukeepyourpromiseAdvertisingisdifferentfromotherformsofcommunicationtheadvertiserpaysforthemessagetobereleased.A.inthat B.nowthat C.forall D.beca